Synecology ako pūnaha kaiao

Ecology whakaritea ki huaota, kararehe, me te anatomy ko ngā taitamariki ako koiora e puta i roto i te rau tau pokapū o-19. tirohia te reira i te hononga o ngā ora me ratou hapori ki ia atu, me te taiao-a-tinana. Ko tētahi o ona wāhanga - synecology - tirohia rauropi, me he wahi o te biogeocenosis ona kaiao ora: tipu, pepeke, harore, kararehe i roto i te mahi tahi ki ia atu. Pūtaiao iho kua ona takenga mai i roto i te mahi o ngā pūkenga pērā i L. Dollo, O. Apera, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

I roto i tenei tuhinga, ka ako tatou i nga ariā taketake o te wāhanga mātauranga rauropi, me te kitea i roto i te hanganga me te mahi o ngā pūnaha kaiao.

Biogeocoenoses wāhanga rite te ao koiora

Fakataha takitahi i ngā momo rerekē - taupori - ora segregated. E tahoê ratou ki hapori nui - biocenoses. Ano, i roto i te mau taata i roto i te puunaha hauropi homai whakatika momo o te whanaungatanga, pērā i te allelopathy, te pirinoatanga, te, whakataetae, hononga trofotsenoticheskie. Ngā Akoranga Synecology te whanaungatanga o te rauropi e kua whakaurua i rauwiringa kaiao, me tūhura te pū o interspecies whanaungatanga o ngā tipu me ngā kararehe o te pūnaha e hanga he hapori hihiri.

He aha te auraa e te pūnaha kaiao

Kei te inaianei ano whakamahia i roto i te pūtaiao taiao He kore noa te wā "biogeocoenosis", engari ano hoki he mea pēnei i "hauropi", whakaurua e Arthur Tansley. E whakamahia kupu rua ki te kōrero ki ngā pūnaha tūturu me ratou wāhanga: fitosoobschestv me kararehe taupori e synecology rangahau e hāngai ana i runga i nga tirohanga o te hononga o nga kaiao ora katoa me to ratou taiao. Me kï reira e waenganui i kore kia aifaito te ngā rua. Ko te wā "biogeocoenose" hoatu V. Sukachyov, te maua e te tikanga nui, mo complexes maori ki te huringa o te mea, me te pūngao rere tupu i roto ia ratou. Ko te ariā o "puunaha hauropi" he whānui, rawa i roto i te tuhinga pūtaiao, me te rongonui, kua whakamahia e tika ana ki ona motupaika i teie nei ki te tohu i te whānui o complexes koiora, e rua māori, me te tāwhaiwhai momo.

Theory biogeocoenose V. N. Sukacheva

whakaaro pūtaiao i hanga i raro i te mana o rongonui ōmataora Russian Dokuchaev, whai wāhi i roto i te pūtaiao oneone, a Vernadsky - te kaiwhakarewa o te ariā o te ao koiora. Na roto i te whakakotahi i te mohio o geochemistry, o Forest, kua hanga geobotany V. Sukachev he ako hou - biogeocenology. Ia, me te synecology - wāhanga ecology, e tuatapapa i te hononga o ngā kaiao ora i roto i te biome, whakaaro nga tauira o te whanaungatanga interspecific me taupori o takitahi no ki te Phytoplankton me zoocenoses. I runga anō i te whakaaro o te pūtaiao, nga papa katoa o te ao koiora tonu o te ora, i roto i nei i reira he tukanga o interconversion o koiora me te pūngao. mahi ratou rite te turanga o te mekameka kai.

ngā ratou kaihanga - kaiao autotrophic, rawa tipu. consuments aru tuatahi, tuarua, tuatoru kia, e he heterotrophs.

Te hono whakamutunga i roto i te mekameka kai he utilizers o mate organic mea - kaiwhakapopo. Ēnei ngā huakita oneone, saprotrophs harore hoki etahi ngārara. Katoa ngā āhuatanga o te natura popohe, i huaina ngā i roto i te rauwiringa kaiao pērā i te oneone, te wai, te huru, biotope.

synecological Rangahau Methods

I roto i nga ra wawe o te pūtaiao, pūtaiao riro raraunga whakamātautau ki te awhina o rangahau - haerenga. I roto i te rau tau waenganui-20, kua riro taua tikanga tino rite te tikanga pahoho-a tawhio ngā whakataki, radiotreking. I roto i te rau tau 21, kua riro te reira whakamahi hohe aroturuki ki te awhina o āmiorangi whenua tāwhaiwhai mo te kaupapa o ngā taupori kararehe. Hei tauira, tino mawehe ana-maikuku nui kararehe, tapaina radiochipami. Homai te meka e synecology - tenei wāhanga ecology, e tuatapapa i te hononga i waenganui i te maha nui o ngā kaiao ki tetahi ki tetahi, whakamahia te kairangahau he tātaritanga pāngarau me cybernetics. Kei te whakamahia te whakamutunga mo te whaihanga me te matapae o te wāhanga e hanga ake nga pūnaha tūturu.

Ko tirohia te phytosociology mahi

Plants Ko nga kaiuru tino nui i roto i te pūnaha rauropi o te ora. Ka rite ki te hua o te ahotakakame, whakarato ratou te tahi atu kai mea ora katoa, hoatu he rahui pūngao etahi. Synecology tirohia te hononga i waenganui i te wāhanga me te taupori phytocenosis o ngā kaiao heterotrophic, ngārara, huawhenua-me kaikiko.

Ko te hanganga floristic o te tipu hapori te nuinga biotsenozov rawa uaua, me te huaina momo momonatanga. kaiao Plant i roto i rauropi māngai i roto i te puka o ngā taumata, i te mea nui hoki te whānuitanga o ngā niches kaiao. Ko te kanorau whakapae o ngā tipu i huaina mosaic, me, i roto i te rerekē ki te hōhonu, iti tei runga i te roa o te awatea. Ko te mea tika e tika ana ki te momo o te whanaungatanga, pērā i allelopathy me te whakataetae. hapori Plant huri ratou akiaki e tika ki ungeri circadian me whakatupuranga, pērā i ngahere, geokataklizmy, ahi ngahere.

Ko te take mo te akiaki taupori o taupori kararehe

Pērā pūtaiao mohiotia rite S. Severtsov, N. V. Turkin, C. L. Elton, ako nga huringa i roto i te maha o te mau taata hapori intraspecific. Na i tapa Charles Hewitt te wā "ngaru o te ora". puta ratou i roto i complexes tūturu me ki ngā tukanga trofotsenoticheskimi he tohu o te pūmanawa aahuatanga o te rauwiringa kaiao. He hiranga mahi nui mo nga mehua anti-urutā e whakahaere nga ungeri circadian o kiore hua, horahanga mate zoonotic, pērā i whiu me te tularemia o Ako o akiaki ine o takitahi. titiro hoki Synecology te pānga o te mahi a te tangata i runga i te zoocenoses mana, i roto i ngā whakaiti o taupori o ngā momo onge, me te korehāhā, whakaiti i roto i te maha o ngā hapori o te kararehe arumoni faufaa.

Ngā momo o te whanaungatanga o ngā kaiao i roto i nga Biomes

A haamana'o na i taua synecology - rauropi e tuatapapa i te hononga i waenganui i te mau taata o otaota me ngaa kararehe. Ko ētahi o ēnei kotahitanga, whakataetae, allelopathy. Hei tauira, i roto i te phytocenology roa i mōhio o nga meka o te incompatibility o etahi o nga otaota ki ia atu: E faatae mai wōnati pango paitini mō te pome me te hua kohatu rakau taonga inhibits ratou tupu me te fruiting, a hoki arata'i ki te mate o ngā tipu.

Kotahitanga - te puka o te coexistence o taupori o ngā momo rerekē, i nei ahu kaiao painga tahi (te pāpaka moke me te humenga moana, flagellates e ora i roto i te whekau o pepeke, me te tauturu ia ratou wahia iho cellulose).

utu Energy i roto i te ao koiora

Biogeocoenoses whakatu he anga ora o te whenua, kawea te faafariuraa i roto i rite te koiora me te pūngao, me he pūnaha tuwhera. Me te tomonga o te pūngao marama enei pūnaha taiao. Phototrophs tona whakamahinga mo te kōtuitui o ngā matū waro, te rāpoi ngota o te ATP me ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te huringa tahi o te koiora me te pūngao.

E ratou he tirohanga o te koeko kaiao me tona mekameka supply. Akiaki o te pūngao i te raro taumata arataukai ki pupuri teitei nga ture whānui o te ahupūngao, ano, te rerekētanga i waenganui i nga taumata pūngao o te moe, pātata moni ki 10-20%, i he toreretanga ki te toe pūngao kei te rite te wera. I roto i tenei pepa titiro tatou ki te wāhanga o te rauropi - synecology, a kitea tikanga o tona rangahau, me te hiranga o te ora-tautoko mo te ao koiora.