Stomata i roto i te tipu: te tāutu, wāhi, mahi. Te tikanga o te stomata i roto i ngā tipu te kupukupu

Ko te stomata o te tipu - he kilí, kitea i roto i te papa kiriwaho. E whakamahia ratou ki te whakaeto wai me te hau whakawhiti te taikaha o te puawai ki te taiao.

waiho ratou hoki te wa tuatahi i mohiotia i roto i 1675, ka whakaputaina taiao Marcello Malpighi tona kitenga i roto i Anatome plantarum. Heoi, kihai i taea e ki te whakaoti o ratou whakaaro tūturu, i ko te hiringa mo te whanaketanga o whakapae, me te rangahau heke mai ia.

History o te ako

ka mau tukapaku Next nāianei Marcello - Neemiya Gryu. te whakaaro ia e te uara o stomata i te manawa o ngā tipu rite ki te tūranga o te pukorokoro i pepeke, a i roto i te tahi mau rave'a i tata ki te pono tona pōhēhētanga.

I roto i te rau tau XIX, roa-e tatali te ahunga whakamua i roto i te rangahau. Ngā mihi ki a Hugo von inoi me Haimona Schwendener ka mohiotia parau tumu taketake o te stomata me ratou whakarōpū i te momo o te whare.

Kua whakaratohia ēnei āhuatanga i te hiringa kaha ki te māramatanga o te mahi roa, engari tonu etahi āhuatanga o rangahau mua ki te kia ako noa nei.

hanganga o te rau

Enei wahi o te tipu, kia rite ki nga kiriwaho me te stomata, tirohia ki te whakaritenga ā-o te pepa, engari kia ako tuatahi koe tona hanganga waho. Ko te kupu, ko te rārangi ngā:

• pereti Leaf - he papatahi, wahi ngāwari, te kawenga mō te ahotakakame, te whakawhiti haurehu, te whakaetonga o te wai me te whakatö vegetative (mo etahi momo).
• Turanga i te mea papanga mātauranga, e te kaimahi ki te whakapiki ake i te rihi me te kakau. Hoki ki reira te piri te whārangi ki te kakau.
• Stipule - rua hanganga o te turanga, tiakina te puku axillary.
• Tātārau - rau maaro wahi honotanga te paraharaha ki te kakau. Ko ia te kawenga mō ngā mahi faufaa: takotoranga ki te marama tupu me te i roto i te papanga mātauranga.

Ko te waho hanganga o te pepa e rerekē ahua i runga i te āhua me te momo (ohie / matatini) rānei ko nga wahi katoa i whakarārangitia i runga ake e reira tonu.

Hoki ngā pūrere ā-ngā kiriwaho me te stomata, me te momo o te hanga papanga me te uaua. Ia o nga mea timatanga he ona ake hanganga.

Hei tauira, te papanga hipoki o titoa te pereti taha waho te o pūtau ora, rerekē i roto i te rahi me te āhua. Ko te ausia tino o e whai te mārama e taea te rā ki te tomo ki roto ki te whārangi.

pūtau iti kei ahua hohonu i roto i chloroplasts, e hoatu i te matomato rau. Nā ki o ratou āhuatanga, i huaina ratou makatea. Tei runga i te tohu o te Hydration e ka kōpeke, i waenganui hanga ratou te wāwāhi stomatal.

hanganga

Ko te roa o te stomata o te tipu rerekē i runga i te momo, me te whānuitanga o te kapinga e tango te reira. Ka taea e te nuinga o kōputaputa nui tae te rahi o te 1 cm. hanga ratou nga pūtau kaitiaki stoma e whakahaere te taumata o tona whakatuwheratanga.

Ko kaua matatini, me te rerekē mō ngā momo motuhake te tikanga o to ratou kaupapa. Te nuinga o ratou - e taea kiko pūtau turgor e rua heke me te hua, reira huri te whakatuwheratanga o te stomata - i runga i te taumata wai me chloroplasts rānei.

wāwāhi stomatal Taumu'a

Pea, kahore he hiahia ki te noho i runga i tenei āhuatanga, kia rite ki te mahi rau. e mohio ana ia e pā ana ki reira ara he kura. Ko mo e whakatau i te stomata? Ratou mahi - ki te whakarite tukuwai (te tukanga o te nekehanga wai i roto i te tipu, me ona whakaetonga roto i nga whekau waho pērā i rau, kakau me te puawai), tutuki nei e tika ana ki te mahi o ngā pūtau kaitiaki. tiaki ana tēnei tikanga i te tipu ki whakamaroke i roto i te rangi wera, me te ārai timata tukanga putrefaction i raro i ngā tikanga o te haumākū nui. Ko te kuware Ko tōna mahi: ka kore nui pēhanga teitei i runga i te taiepa taka te nui o te wai i roto i nga pūtau, ka kati stomatal wāwāhi me te pupuri tonu e hiahiatia ana ki te paturu i te ihirangi makuku.

I te anga ke, arata'i tona maha atu ki nui haere te pēhanga me kōputaputa tuwhera i roto i nei evaporates makuku te taikaha. Nā ki tenei, te tūranga o te stomata i roto i te meangiti tipu he nui ano hoki, mai heke te pāmahana rangi e a tawhio noa i roto i tukuwai.

Well i raro i te āputa ko te kōhao rangi, e te kaimahi hoki utu hau. tomo Air te tipu i roto i te kōputaputa, ki te tīmata atu te tukanga o te ahotakakame me te respiration. Kei te ka tukua hāora i te taikaha ki te huru i roto i te wāwāhi stomatal kotahi katoa. I roto i tenei take, kei te maha whakamahia tona aroaro ngaro ranei mo te whakarōpū o ngā tipu.

mahi pepa

Ko te whārangi o te tinana waho, i roto i nei rere ahotakakame, respiration, tukuwai, Guttation me whakatö vegetative. Ano, he mea e taea ki te whakaemi makuku me te mea organic roto i stomata, engari whakarato hoki ngāwari nui ki te taiao tipu matatini.

Ka rite ki te wai - te taiao intracellular matua, excretion me te tohanga o te wai i roto i te rakau puawai ranei he ōrite nui hoki tona mahi. I roto i tenei take absorbs te tipu% 0.2 anake o te houku haere therethrough, haere te toe tetahi wahi ki te tukuwai me Guttation, e puta tika ana ki te kaupapa o tai kohuke rewa me tautauā.

maha puta reproduction vegetative mā te tapahi, me te hutia rau puawai. E tupu maha tipu roto i roto i te ara rite rite te ara anake ki te tiaki i te viivii ore o ngā momo.

Ka rite ki kī mua, tauturu i te rau whakarerekētia ki te urutau ki rerekē ngā āhuatanga taiao. Hei tauira, te huringa i roto i te tarakina o ngā tipu koraha āwhina whakaiti makuku whakaetonga, pūhihi faananea aukati mahi, a kei te maha rahi nui whakamahia mō fluids tiaki me ngā matūkai te wahi e kore e tukua ngā takiwā makariri rakau ki te whangai wā.

Na ko mutunga te rārangi. A, no te he reira uaua e kore ki te ite e teie mau mahi ko te taua hoki puawai rau me te rakau.

I te tahi mau tipu e kore e whai stomata?

Mai wehia te stomatal āhuatanga o te tipu teitei, he wātea i roto i ngā momo katoa reira, a hape whakapono te ngaro te reira, ara, ki te kahore he rau rakau puawai ranei. Ko te okotahi anake ki te ture o te rimurapa me ētahi atu pükohu.

Ko te hanganga o te stomata me ratou mahi i roto i conifers, kaponga, horsetails, floaters me otaota mossy rerekē i te hunga o te pua. Te nuinga o ratou wehia tuwhera ra, me te whai wāhi mātātoa i roto i te utu hau me te tukuwai; okotahi he cacti me Otaota Maroke, he whanui tuwhera i te po, me te tata ki te tīmatanga o te ata i roto i te tikanga ki te whakaora wai i roto i rohe maroke nei kōputaputa.

Ko te stomata o te tipu, rewa runga i te mata wai nei rau, e kei anake i roto i te kahu o runga o te kiriwaho, me "sedentary" rau - i te raro. He hakari i runga i ngā taha e rua o te pereti te tahi atu momo o ēnei i'ai.

stomata wāhi

I roto i ngā tipu dicotyledonous kei Kosi stomatal i runga i ngā taha e rua o te pereti pepa, engari ratou tokomaha i te raro, ko te paku nui atu i te tihi. Tenei rerekētanga Ko e tika ana ki te hiahia ki te whakaiti i te whakaetonga makuku i te mata pai-marama o te pepa.

Hoki monocots kahore he pau i runga i te wāhi o te stomata, mai tei te reira i runga i te ahunga o mau api tupu. Hei tauira, rau o te kiriwaho tipu, hāngai poutū, kei te taua maha o kōputaputa i te runga, me te i roto i te apa o raro.

Ka rite ki whakahuatia mua, nga rau māngi i runga i te whakararo o te stomatal wehia ngaro, no te mea mimiti ratou wai i roto i te cuticle, me te tipu tino moana e whai taua tawhiti-te moti.

Kei Stomata o conifers i raro i hohonu te kiriroto, reira whakaiti ratou kaha ki te tukuwaitanga.

Hoki, mai i te mea rerekē ki te faatura ki te mata o te kiriwaho te tauwāhi. kia hāngai te i'ai ki te atu "kiri" pūtau haere i runga ranei i raro, ki te hanga i nga rarangi auau kia matapōkeretia marara i runga i te kiko paninga ranei.

Cacti, sukullentov me ētahi atu tipu he mea motu ranei whakarerekē, ka puta ki ngira, e kei te stomata i runga i te kakau me wahi kikokiko nei rau.

momo

Kua wehea te stomata o te tipu ki maha momo i runga i te wāhi o ngā pūtau tahi rānei:

• Anomotsitny - i titiro te rite te noa tino, te wahi e kore e te taha o te matūriki rerekē i te ētahi atu e te hunga i roto i te kiriwaho. Ka rite tetahi o ana akatuke'anga ohie e taea te huaina momo laterotsitny.
• Paracytic - Kei te āhuatanga e te tapiri pūtau tahi stomatal whanaunga wāwāhi whakarara.
• Diatsitny - e rua anake taha-matūriki.
• Anizotsitny - pato tūturu tipu anake tupu, ki toru ngā pūtau tahi, he mārika i rerekē i roto i te rahi kotahi o nei.
• Tetratsitny - he angamaheni mo monocots, kua wha pūtau tahi.
• E katia reira taha matūriki huri noa te mowhiti maukati - Entsiklotsitny.
• Peritsitny - angamaheni o te stoma, e kore te hono ki te pūtau ◊oku ◊oatu fakataha mo ia.
• Desmotsitny - rerekē i te tetahi o mua anake i te momo o i'ai honoa ki matūriki āpiti.

Tenei ko nga momo tino rongonui anake.

Pānga o Take Taiao i runga i te hanganga waho o te pepa

Ko te tino nui hoki te ora o te tipu te tohu o tona urutau. Hei tauira, mō ngā wāhi mākū āhuatanga e mau api rau nui, me te maha nui o stomata, i roto i rohe maroke, mahi tenei huarahi rerekē. No puawai rakau ranei e kore e rerekē i roto i te rahi, ka kua te tau kua heke tino, ki te ārai i te whakaetonga nui.

Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e kite i te aha nga wahi o nga otaota i raro i te mana o te huringa taiao unpredictably i runga i te wā e pā te maha o te stomata.