Ripanga o rarangi i roto i te Tsarist Russia. Ripanga o rarangi o te Russian Federation

"Ripanga o rarangi" Tsarist Russia (1722-1917) predstalyaet he ture i runga i te tukanga mō te whakahē ki te mahi ā-iwi i roto i te käwanatanga Russian me te Russian Empire, reira tohu hoki te ōwehenga o rerekē rarangi tūranga matua me te tikanga i roto i nei te whakatairanga i roto i te ana'iraa.

I whakaaetia te reira e Pita ahau i roto i Hānuere 1722, ka roa noa Whiringa 1917 ki te maha huringa. I roto i te tahi mau rohe e whakahaeretia ana e Cossack me nga Kawanatanga ma, noho tona mahi tae noa ki Oketopa 1922. e kore e Ture "Ripanga o rarangi" o te Russian Federation tīariari.

History o hanga

ka mau a Tsar Pita he wahi kaha i roto i te hanga me te whakatika o tenei ture, e hāngai ana nei i runga i tarahu i te rārangi o rangatira o nga kingitanga Prussia, Wīwī, Danish, me te Swedish. Pita iho whakatikatika i te tauira taratara, hainatia ana e ia i roto i 1721, engari i mua i whakahau te tānga ki te kawe i te ture ki te kaumatua.

Ko te ihirangi o "Ripanga o rarangi" Tsarist Russia, anake te kaumatua, i kitea ano i roto i te Admiralty me te Military Chamber, i reira he maha o kōrero i hanga e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te tuu i roto i te rarangi rarangi o utu utu, me te te whakataki o rangatira Russian tawhito i roto i te tepu, me te ki runga ki whakakore i te tūemi ki runga ki whiu mō te mahi i roto i te wahi, i ko runga ake i te paetukutuku te hāngai i roto i te hahi. ngā raraunga katoa i, Heoi, mahue kahore whakaaro atu i roto i te ture "Ripanga o rarangi" (kingitanga Russian). I roto i te tuhi ake i tae te putanga whakamutunga i te mau melo o te kaumatua me Bruce Golovkin ko Dmitriyev-Mamonov me Matyushkin - whakatairangatia ana ki te whānui nui.

"Ripanga o rarangi": me pehea ki te mahi i te State i Tsarist Russia

January 24, 1722 whakaaetia te kingi te tuhinga. wehea rarangi katoa inaianei ki te momo e toru e whai ake nei: he harangotengote, hōia, me te marae. Ratou ano ngā 14 akomanga rerekē.

"Ripanga o rarangi" i roto i te Russia tsarist ngā o te katoa o ngā tūranga 263, engari ka i whakakorea etahi o taua mea, a roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 18, ngaro i toe.

hanahana tuku

14 māka th (Fendrick, a muri, ki te 1730, warati Āpiha) hoatu te tangata te tika ki te rangatira tuku, i roto i te mahi ā-iwi i whiwhi i runga i te taenga ki te kōeke waru (ana'iraa o te āteha Collegiate) me te 14 (arā, Collegiate kairēhita) te tika ki te whakarato anake te hanahana o tona waka.

Manifesto hanahana tuku, whakaputaina Pipiri 11, 1845, i riro tahi ki te hanga o te piha haapiiraa 8 (i tuhituhi reta ki te upoko i te kōmihana). Whanau i mua ka reira to ratou papa, he tamariki he kāwai motuhake. i huaina ratou te rangatira rangatira 'tamariki. I roto i tenei take, kia homai tetahi o ratou rangatira tupu i runga i te tono a tona papa.

Huringa i roto i te heke mai i roto i te "Ripanga o rarangi"

I roto i te Hakihea 1856, Alexander II whāiti e ture te tika ki te whiwhi i te kaupapa o tuku paetukutuku hanahana o te kānara (tenei auroro 6), me te mahi ā - kōeke 4.

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea te kite, te putanga taketake, i i he "Ripanga o rarangi" i roto i te Tsarist Russia i te huri rite ki te hua o te whakahou mo tata e rua rau tau. Kua riro te tokomaha o tūranga haukāinga, te ingoa o rarangi tivira, ahakoa o nga mau ohipa tūturu o ratou māngai.

taitara Whakakahoretia

Hei tauira, te ingoa "āteha Collegiate", "te hēkeretari Collegiate", "State Kaunihera," "kaitohutohu Collegiate" i te tuatahi te auraa te tūranga takaro mema poari ki pōti whakatakotoria, akoako, te kaituhituhi poari me te peresideni o "Te State" poari. i huaina Tiamana o Kooti Kooti "te whakaaro marae." I roto i te 1726, i whakakorea nga marae i runga ake-whakahuatia, a noho te paetukutuku o te ingoa tae noa ki 1917.

hoatu "Ripanga o rarangi" i roto i te Tsarist Russia ha faingamālie ki te iwi pūmanawa, ngā māngai o te akomanga o raro, ki te kōkiri, tae atu ki te tiki i te rangatira.

rarangi wehenga

i wehea rarangi ki āpiha whare whakawa, tino kawana i (ki runga, ki te kōeke 9, arā, te paetukutuku o te tauturu pekanga / rangatira urutomo) me tianara. ngā matou nga rarangi o nga akomanga tuatahi e rua (tianara runga). I mahara ratou ki tona tono: hoki rangatira matua - "tau Honor", i hāngai Ofitserova kia huaina ki - "tou Whakahonoretia," te tianara - "tau Kawana", me ngā māngai o te akomanga tuatahi e rua - "tau Kawana."

Takitahi tu rarangi Kōeke 5 (State Kaunihera / kaiwhakahauhau), Kei te kore whakarārangitia i roto i kore te tianara ranei nga rangatira, i mahara ratou ki te pīra i te whai ake - ". Tō Honor"

Kī, ahakoa kore te āta whakaritea ai, i homai anake ki nga tangata. Wife ki ohipa i roto i runga ki hopohopo ratou tane, me whakaaro ngā kōtiro takakau i te maha o ngā kōeke o raro ake i o ratou matua. whakamōhio hoki i te ture kia rite ki ai te tono mo te wahi me te hōnore runga ake tona paetukutuku i roto i ngā huihuinga ōkawa, me ngā whakanuitanga tūmatanui okioki pai, i te rite ki te utu o te tangata e rua nga marama ', o nei 2/3 o te moni e hiahiatia ana ki te tiki i te kaiwhāki. utaina te taua e tautea te mo te taumahi o te tangata o raro te ana'iraa koutou pae. Tēpara, waka, āhua - Me kia mea katoa i roto i runga i te paetukutuku te nohoia.

Manakohanga rangatira hōia Pita ahau

Pita ahau, fakamamafa'i puta noa i roto i te hiahia ki te whawhai harangotengote, kihai i hiahia ki te whakaturia mo te tangata i roto i te mahi ā-iwi, te rangatira hāngai o te piha haapiiraa tuatahi. Ko, i whakakikitia e Osterman, aifaito ki takawaenga paetukutuku mana Chancellor (upoko o te ratonga takawaenga) ki reira.

Kapa o te piha Privy Kaunihera i whakapumautia e ahau i muri anake. faaite a Pita manakohanga i roto i te meka, ki te i roto i te ope ki te paetukutuku o te piha haapiiraa 14 e tutuki rangatira tuku, te mahi ā - anake ki te taitara o Collegiate Ateha (Grade 8, te ana'iraa upoko āpiha). Tīmata i 1856, ko ki te tiki i te ana'iraa o te whānui e hiahiatia ana mo tenei, e ko ki riro te runanga kāwanatanga tūturu.

Tohu faatura tenei i roto i te mea ano hoki te ana'iraa rawa iti (e kore e ara te whānui o), i i te peresideni poari, "Ko te State", e ko, te minita mō ngā ariā Pākehā.

rite muri Minita rarangi kaitohutohu ngaro, me te kaitohutohu ngaro tūturu.

Pānga i runga i te hapori, me te rangatira

Ki te kī te whakataki o tenei ture onamata (tangata nunui, rangatira) kihai i whakakorea ōkawatia, engari kua mutu mai ratou ūnga. "Ripanga o rarangi" i he mana nui i runga i te whakarau hītori o te rangatira, me te i runga i te hōtaka mōhiohio. ko te paetae whaiaro anake te regulator kapu o te kai mahi. Momo, "honore pāpā" Kua ngaro tikanga katoa i roto i tenei whakaaro. Ko te hiranga hītori nui o tenei tuhinga rite te "Ripanga o rarangi" i roto i te Tsarist Russia tenei.

Na roto i te marae, me te mahi ā kua kua wehea hōia. Ko te rironga o te tohu ariki rangatira, i te whakaturengia ngā paetae whaiaro. pāngia tenei kua te katoa o te rangatira i runga i democratization, whakatōpū o te mahi tuari o tona huru, me te te wehenga o te piha haapiiraa i roto i ngā rōpū hou - Whaiaro a ka u.

raro te kapatanga piha i roto i te ope (14 piha haapiiraa, Fendrick, a muri, ki te 1730 - liahona) homai tonu te tika ki te whiwhi i te hanahana no te huaai katoa. I muri mai, te Faaiteraa i te 1845, ka anga reira ki te hoatu noa i te kōeke 8, a i roto i te mahi ā - te 5.