Reo rongonui Superstring ariā mō horoi

Superstring ariā, i roto i te reo rongonui, ko te ao e rite ana te huinga o wiriwiri whenu o pūngao - aho. Ko ratou te pūtake o te natura. whakaahua ana whakapae te tahi atu huānga - branes. matū katoa i roto i to tatou ao ngā o wiri o aho me branes. He putanga tūturu o te ariā, ko te whakamārama o te mahara. Ko Ko te aha te pūtaiao whakapono e kei reira te kī ki te whakakotahitanga o te mahara ki ētahi atu taunekeneke.

whakawhanakehia te ariā te

Ko te ariā o te mara kotahi, superstring ariā - pono pāngarau. Ka rite ki ariā tinana katoa, kei te hāngai ki runga ki nga whārite e taea te whakaatu ai i roto i te ara tetahi.

I teie mahana, mohio kore tetahi rite ki ta e waiho te putanga whakamutunga o tenei ariā. Ko te pūtaiao i te whakaaro, kaua nuinga ki o ona āhuatanga noa, engari kahore tetahi kua ano haere ake ki te whārite whakamutunga e kia taupokina kore ano kua taea ki te whakaū i te reira katoa o superstring ariā me te whakamātau (ahakoa turaki rawa). Kua hanga Physicists te putanga māmā o te whārite, engari na tawhiti e kore e whakaahua rawa reira i to tatou ao.

ariā Superstring mō tīmata

I roto i te whakapae i runga i ngā whakaaro matua e rima.

1. Waitohungia Superstring ariā e kua hanga nga taonga katoa o to tatou ao ake o wiriwiri whenu o te pūngao me te kiriuhi.
2. tamata ia ki te houhanga rongo ngä whānui (mahara) ki te ahupūngao aronui.
3. ka whakauru Superstring ariā katoa o nga ope taketake o te ao.
4. Waitohungia tēnei whakapae he hononga hou, supersymmetry, i waenganui momo faufaa rerekē e rua o matūriki, bosons me fermions.
5. E whakaahua ana te ariā he maha o atu, āhuatanga te tikanga koia črā ko o te ao.

Aho, me branes

A, no te whakatika te ariā i roto i te 1970, ngā whenu pūngao i roto i reira whakaaro i ngā 1-ahu - aho. Ko te kupu "-ahu kotahi" tohu e te aho kua kotahi anake taha, roa, rite te ātete ki, hei tauira, he tapawha, e kua he roa, me te teitei.

E wehewehe ana enei ariā superstring ki e rua ngā momo - katia me tuwhera. He tohutohu e kore e e i roto i te whakapā ki ia atu Open string, i te aho kati ko te koropiko ki kahore he pito tuwhera. Ka rite ki te hua, i kitea ai e enei aho, aho huaina te momo tuatahi, kitea 5 ngā momo taketake o taunekeneke.

hāngai taunekeneke e i runga i te aho kaha ki te tūhono me te faaite i to ratou mau tohutohu. Mai taea huihui mai nga pito o te aho tuwhera ki te hanga i kati, e kore e taea ki te hanga i te ariā o superstrings, e kore tae atu i te aho kononga.

Tenei whakamatauria nui rite aho kati i ngā āhuatanga e kua whakapono ki te ahupūngao e taea whakaahua mahara. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ua ite aivanaa e te ariā superstring, hei utu o whakamārama nga matūriki mea e taea te whakaahua i to ratou whanonga me te kaha o te mahara.

Tau matahiti i muri i kitea ai e, i roto i te tua ki te aho, me te tahi atu āhuatanga faufaa o te ariā. Ka taea te whai whakaaro mai ratou ka rite ki ngā rau brane ranei. Ka taea te piri aho ki a ratou tetahi taha e rua ranei.

mahara aronui

ahupūngao Modern E rua ture pūtaiao matua: te ariā whānui o ngä (GR) me te aronui. tohu ratou he mara tino rerekē o te pūtaiao. Aronui mo ahupūngao ki te matūriki anihi o tūturu me GTR, rite ki te tikanga, whakaahua ana te āhua o te tauine o aorangi, ikarangi me te ao rite te katoa. Whakapae e tamata ki ngā ratou ka karanga, ko te ariā o te mahara aronui. Ko te fafau tino o enei ko inaianei te aho.

miro Kati hāngai ki te whanonga o te mahara. I roto i ngā, riro ratou āhuatanga graviton matūriki kawe mahara i waenganui i ngā.

ope hono

whakamātau Aho ariā ki whakakotahi i te ope e wha - hiko, kaha me te ngoikore ope karihi, me te mahara - ki te kotahi. I roto i to tatou ao, faaite mai ratou ia ratou kia rite ki te ari rerekē e whā, engari whakapono pūkenga string e i roto i te ao wawe, ka i reira nga taumata tiketike mīharo o te pūngao, kua whakaahuatia katoa o enei ope e aho, te pāhekoheko ki ia atu.

supersymmetry

Ka taea te wehea matūriki katoa i roto i te ao ki e rua ngā momo: bosons me fermions. Aho ariā matapae e reira ko he hononga i waenganui i a ratou, e mohiotia ana ko supersymmetry. Ki te takoto te tikanga kia tīariari supersymmetry mo ia boson me fermion mo ia fermion - boson. Kia aroha mai e kore te experimentally whakapumautia oraraa o taua matūriki.

Supersymmetry Ko te hononga pāngarau i waenganui i nga āhuatanga o whārite tinana. i kitea ia i roto i te wāhi rerekē o te ahupūngao, me tona tono arahina ki te Whakaingoa Anō o te ariā o te supersymmetry string (superstring ariā ranei, i roto i te reo rongonui) i roto i te pokapū o 1970 o.

Ko tētahi o nga painga o te supersymmetry ko e nui te reira e ohie te whārite, tuku ki te whakakore i ētahi taurangi. Te kore supersymmetry arahi whārite ki ngā whakahēnga tinana, pērā i te uara mure me pohewa taumata pūngao.

Mai kore i kitea aivanaa i te matūriki tohu e supersymmetry, he reira tonu he whakapae. He maha physicists whakapono e te take mo tenei - te hiahia mo te nui nui o te pūngao, e pā nei te ki te taimaha o te whārite o Einstein E = mc ^{2 mohiotia.} Ka taea e ēnei matūriki tīariari i roto i te ao wawe, engari rite kua matao reira iho, a muri iho i te Big Bang, te horapa pūngao, kua oho enei matūriki ki taumata pūngao iti.

I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te aho wiri matūriki pūngao rite tiketike ngaro pūngao, i hanga ratou āhuatanga ki te wiri raro.

tumanako kairangahau e kitea arorangi whakamātau ranei ki accelerators matūriki whakau ariā, tautuhi etahi o huānga supersymmetric ki pūngao teitei.

inenga atu

Ētahi atu putanga pāngarau o string ariā ko e hanga ana e ia tikanga i roto i te ao, he nui ake i toru te maha o ngā inenga. I tēnei wā, i reira e rua whakamārama mō tenei:

1. Kua takai inenga atu (e ono o ratou), ranei, i roto i te kupu o te aho ariā compactified ki te rahi iti mīharo, ki te kite ko wai e kore e angitu.
2. i titi matou i roto i te brane-ahu 3, ka whakawhānui atu ngā āhuatanga tua atu i te reira, a kahore e wātea ana ki a tatou.

He wāhi nui o te rangahau i roto i pūkenga ko te whakatauira pāngarau o pehea kia hono enei tūranga atu ki to tatou iho. hua Tata matapae e ka hohoro kia taea ki te kitea enei āhuatanga anō (ki te tīari ratou) i roto i te ngā ū mai, rite kia nui atu tūmanakohia mua ratou pūtaiao.

māramatanga o te whakaaro

Ko te whāinga rapu e pūtaiao tirotiro superstrings - "ariā o nga mea katoa", arā, he whakapae kotahi tinana e i te taumata taketake whakaahua ana mooni tinana katoa ... Ki te angitu, i taea e te reira whakamārama maha pātai mo te hanganga o to tatou ao.

Whakamārama o mea me te papatipu

Ko tētahi o nga mahi matua o te rangahau hou - te rapu mō rongoā ki matūriki tūturu.

timata Aho ariā rite te ariā whakaahua i te matūriki pērā i hadrons, ngā āhua vibrational teitei o te aho. I roto i te nuinga o formulations hou, mea, kitea i roto i to tatou ao, ko te hua o te wiri o aho me branes ki te pūngao i raro. Ko te wiri whakaputa atu matūriki nui-pūngao, e te hunga e kore e te tīariari i teie nei i roto i to tatou ao.

Ko te papatipu o enei matūriki pūmotu ko te faaiteraa o te āhua o te aho, me branes compactified takai i roto i ngā āhuatanga atu. Hei tauira, i roto i te māmā, ka e takai ratou i roto i te āhua o te tōnati, ka karanga mathematicians me physicists Torus string taea te roropi tenei puka i roto i ara e rua:

• koropiko poto i roto i te pokapū o te Torus;
• koropiko roa huri noa te paenga waho katoa o te Torus.

Ko te koropiko poto ko te matūriki marama, me te nuinga - kino. A, no te roropi koe te aho huri noa te toroidal compactified whanganga i te hanganga o ngā huānga hou ki papatipu rerekē.

Superstring ariā poto me mārama, noa, me te huatau whakamārama te roa whakawhitinga i roto i te papatipu. inenga tiango Ko Torus nui uaua, engari i roto i te parau tumu mahi ano ratou.

Ko ara taea, ahakoa he uaua ki te whakaaro e takaia te aho te Torus i roto i rua tohutohu i te wa ano, i ka hua i roto i te tahi atu matūriki ki te papatipu rerekē. Ka taea hoki e Branes roropi te āhuatanga anō, te hanga atu ara whai wāhitanga.

Whakamāramatanga o te wāhi me te wā

I roto i te putanga maha o superstring ariā o tiango inenga, hanga koia črā ko i te taumata o te whanaketanga hangarau o nāianei ratou.

I reira e kore te mea te reira mārama mehemea i taea e aho ariā whakamārama i te āhua taketake o te wāhi me te wā atu i meatia e Einstein. Te reira i ahu Ko te puipuitua ki te ngā i te aho, me te tikanga tūturu motuhake e kore.

whakahere tatou te whakamārama, e kore te tino oti, e pā ana ki te tāpaetanga o te wāhi-wā rite te pärönaki o te tapeke o nga taunekeneke aho katoa.

e kore e tenei huarahi te whakatau i nga whakaaro o etahi i physicists kua arahina e ki fakaanga o te whakapae. ariā whakataetae o te mahara koropiko aronui rite te tïmatanga te whakamahi i te quantization o wāhi me te wā. whakapono etahi e te mutunga ka waiho reira anake hei huarahi rerekē ki katoa o te whakapae taketake taua.

Quantization o mahara

Ko te paetae matua o tenei whakapae, ki te whakau, ka waiho he ariā aronui o te mahara. whakaahuatanga o nāianei o te mahara he maiorooro ki aronui ahupūngao i roto i ngä whānui. Last, marutuna here i runga i te whanonga o matūriki iti, i te ngana ki te tūhura i te ao i roto i te tauine tino iti arata'i ki ngā whakahēnga.

Ko te whakakotahitanga o ope

I tēnei wā, e mohiotia physicists e wha ope taketake: mahara, hiko, ngoikore, me te kaha taunekeneke karihi. Mai i string ariā titau te reira e kotahi ratou katoa faaiteraa o te taua.

E ai ki tenei whakapae, rite te ao wawe hū ai i muri i te bang nui, ko reira he pāhekoheko kotahi i wahia ki whakahaere rerekē i teie mahana.

Ngā ki pūngao tiketike tukua ake ki te kitea tatou te uniana o enei ope, ahakoa he tawhiti tua atu whanaketanga hangarau o nāianei enei ngā.

e rima kōwhiringa

I muri superstring revolution i roto i 1984, ka mau te whanaketanga wahi i te tere ohooho. Ka rite ki te hua, tahuri hei utu o tetahi ariā e rima, ka karanga momo ahau, IIA, IIB, HO, HE, ia o nei te tata rawa whakamārama ana to tatou ao, engari e kore e ki te mutunga.

Ahupūngao, mo putanga o aho ariā i roto i te tumanako o te imiraa i tātai pono ao, hanga 5 rerekē rerekē o te whaiaro-ranea. Etahi o ratou āhuatanga whakaatu te mooni tinana o te ao, i teka etahi.

M-ariā

I te amuiraa i roto i 1995, te ahupūngao Edward Witten e whakaarohia he otinga maia ki te whakapae e rima. I runga i te kitea tata o whene, hei ratou katoa take motuhake o te ariā kotahi whānui huaina Witten M ariā o superstrings. Ko tētahi o nga ariā matua ka reira brane (whakarāpopototanga o membrane), ngā taketake he neke atu i te kotahi taha. Ahakoa kore i te kaituhi e patua ana te putanga tonu, e kore te mea pera tawhiti nei, te ariā M o superstrings ngā o te āhuatanga e whai ake nei poto:

• 11-taha (10 me 1 taha te pae mokowā);
• whene, e arahi ki te rima ariā whakamārama i te mooni tinana taua;
• branes - aho, me neke atu i te 1 inenga.

tūhuratanga

Ka rite ki te hua, hei utu o tetahi i reira ko 10 ⁵⁰⁰ whakatau. Hoki te tahi mau physicists ko reira te take o te raruraru, etahi i tangohia e te parau tumu anthropic, e whakamārama te āhuatanga o te ao ki to tatou aroaro i roto i reira. tonu te reira ki te kia tūmanakohia, ina e kitea pūkenga ara tetahi ki te whakatere i te ariā superstring.

Ētahi tikanga mea e kore ko to tatou ao te kotahi anake. Ko te nuinga o putanga tuwhena tukua te oraraa o te tau mure ore o universes, etahi o nei i roto i kape tangohia o to tatou iho.

ariā o Einstein Waitohungia te oraraa o te wāhi whakaiti, e kiia nei ko te wormhole Einstein-Rosen piriti ranei. I roto i tenei take e pā ana te pae mamao e rua irava poto. Superstring ariā e āhei kore anake e, engari ano hoki te hononga o ngā mamao o te ao whakarara. Ka taea e ara e koe te nuku i waenganui i universes ki ture rerekē o te ahupūngao. Heoi, ko te kōwhiringa pea, ina ka meinga te ariā aronui o te mahara ratou oraraa taea.

He maha physicists whakapono e te parau tumu holographic, ka kei te kōrero katoa i roto i te wāhi rōrahi, hāngai ki te kōrero tuhia i runga i te mata, ka tukua he māramatanga hohonu o te ariā o ngā whenu mana.

Ētahi whakapono e te ariā superstring taea inenga maha o te wā, hua i roto i taea e te ara i roto i a ratou.

I tua atu, i roto i te anga o te whakapae i reira he he rerekē ki te tauira Big Bang, kia rite ki a nei to tatou ao te hua o te tutukinga i waenganui i rua branes me haere i roto i huringa toutou o e fakatupú, me te whakangaromanga.

Kua nohoia te whakarau hopea o te ao nga wa katoa i physicists, me te putanga whakamutunga o te aho ariā e taea te āwhina te whakatau i te kiato o te mea, me te tamau cosmological. E matau ana enei uara, ka waiho cosmologists taea ki te whakatau, ka manawapa ki ranei te ao noa, tae noa ki pakū reira, tīmata ano katoa.

Kahore tetahi e matau i te mau hopearaa o te ariā pūtaiao, rite te roa rite kore e e whakawhanakehia ai, ka whakamatautau. Einstein, tuhituhi te whārite E = mc ^2, kihai i ti'aturi e, e arahi ai ki te putanga o patu karihi. kihai i nga kaihanga o te ahupūngao aronui mohio e ka waiho te pūtake mo te taiaho me te transistor. A ahakoa e kore te mea ano mohiotia he aha e te taua ariā pono ariā, whakaaturanga hītori pono ka e whiwhi tahi mea faahiahia.

Mō ētahi atu mōhiohio i runga i tenei whakapae e taea te kitea i roto i te pukapuka Endryu Tsimmermana "Super Aho Theory mo horoi."