Pūrere karihi: te mau parau tumu whakahaere, me te ara iahiko wae

Hoahoa me te mahi o te pūrere karihi e hāngai ana i runga i te arawhiti me te mana tauhohenga karihi whaiaro-paturu. Kei te whakamahia te reira i rite te taputapu rangahau mo te hanga o kanoirite iratuki, me rite te puna pūngao mō te tipu te mana karihi.

pūrere karihi: te parau tumu o te mahi (poto)

Whakamahia konei tukanga wehenga i roto i nei, motumotuhia te karihi taimaha ki e rua whatiwhatinga iti. Ko enei kongakonga i roto i te āhua rawa oaoa, me te emit ngā iramoe, me ētahi atu matūriki ira me pūaho. Ka taea e ngā iramoe wehewehenga hou rite ki te hua o nei e tukuna ratou ara ake, a na i runga i. Tenei tau whaiaro-patururaa tonu o disintegrations i huaina mekameka tauhohenga. I te wa ano, he nui nui o te pūngao, te hanga o e ko te whāinga o te whakamahi o te mana karihi.

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o te pūrere karihi, me te tipu te mana karihi he taua e tukua 85% o te pūngao koroni wāwāhi te i roto i te wa poto rawa i muri i te tīmatanga o te tauhohenga. whakaputaina te toe tetahi wahi e te piraunga ira tukituki o ngā hua wehenga, i muri i paopao ratou iramoe. mehanga iratuki Ko te tukanga i roto i nei te ngota tae te āhua on. tonu ia me i muri i te wehenga.

faarahi te tauhohenga poma mekameka ngota i roto i kaha, ka te nuinga o te rauemi kia wahia ra ano. rawa hohoro tenei tupu, te whakaputa i te tino kaha pahūtanga āhuatanga o taua poma. Tikanga me te mahi o te pūrere karihi e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te tiaki i te tauhohenga mekameka i runga i te taumata tata tamau whakaritea. Kei te hangaia te reira na taua pahū kore e taea e poma rite ngota.

Tauhohenga mekameka me te fakaanga

whakaritea Ahupūngao wehenga piere te e te mekameka tauhohenga tūponotanga i muri whakangotangota iramoe paheke. Ki te heke taupori tata, te tere o te wehenga i roto i te mutunga, ka taka ki te kore. I roto i tenei take ka hei te piere i roto i te āhua subcritical. Ki te mau tonu te taupori iramoe kei te i te taumata tamau, ka noho pūmau te auau wehenga. Ka waiho te piere i roto i te huru fifi. A hopea, ki te i runga i te wā tupu o te taupori iramoe, wehewehe i te tere me te mana ka nui ake. riro supercritical āhua matua.

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o te pūrere karihi i muri. I mua i te tīmata te taupori iramoe he tata ki te kore. Na, tango ngā nga rakau mana i te matua, te whakanui ake i te otaota wehenga e poto tahuri te piere i roto i te āhua supercritical. I muri pa i te ngā mana te tauanga tetahi wahi hoki rakau mana, te huri i te nui o ngā iramoe. I muri tonu i te piere kei roto i te huru fifi. A, no te mea e tika ana ki te mutu, kōkuhu te operator rakau tino. Kōpeke tenei te wehenga me te e te matua i roto i te āhua subcritical.

momo o reactors

Te nuinga o te pūngao ngā kei te whakaputa i te wera e tika ana ki te pei kapohau, e peia generators o hiko o tāuta karihi i roto i te ao. Ano, i reira e maha reactors rangahau, me etahi whenua i mua ranei kaipuke mata, aia e te pūngao o te ngota.

tipu te mana

He maha ngā momo o tenei momo o te piere, engari whānui tangohia hoahoa o te wai marama. I roto i te tahuri, ka taea te whakamahi i te reira i roto i te wai pressurized te wai kohua ranei. I roto i te take tuatahi te pēhanga tiketike wai te tahu e te wera o te matua me te tomo i te generator mamaoa. I reira, haere te wera i te tuatahi ki te ara iahiko tuarua ko, kei atu te wai. Ko te mamaoa hanga te mutunga tavini rite te inu mahi i roto i te huringa steam mīhini huri hiko.

Ko te piere Ko mahi he momo e koropupu ana i runga i te parau tumu o te huringa pūngao tika. Water haere i roto i te matua, ka kawea mai ki te whewhe mo te taumata pēhanga reo. steam kukū haere i roto i te raupapa o ngā whakawehe a ka pai dryers i roto i te oko piere, hua i roto i tona āhua sverhperegretoe. Kei te ka Superheated mamaoa whakamahia rite te wai mahi, te mīhini huri hiko tītaka.

High-pāmahana hau-matao o

High-pāmahana piere hau-matao (HTGR) - he pūrere karihi, e hāngai ana te parau tumu o te mahi kei te i runga i te whakamahi o te graphite rite te ranunga wahie o te wahie, me te microspheres. E rua whakaaro whakataetae:

• German pūnaha "Wetekina-makona", e whakamahi ana i te huānga wahie porohita 60 mm te whānui, arā, o te ranunga o te wahie, me te graphite i roto i te anga graphite;
• te putanga American o te poro hexagonal graphite e interlock ki te waihanga i te matua.

I roto i te wā e rua, ngā te wai meangiti o te haumāmā i raro i te pēhanga o e pā ana ki 100 atmospheres. Ko te haumāmā pūnaha Tiamana haere i roto i te āputa i roto i te apa o te porohita huānga wahie, me i US - i roto i tatau i roto i te poro graphite whakaritea taha te tuaka pokapū o te matua piere. Ka taea e ngā kōwhiringa rua mahi i pāmahana tiketike rawa, mai i te graphite kua tino he pāmahana whāhau tino tiketike, me te haumāmā te matū e mangere. Ka taea te whakamahi haumāmā Hot tika rite te inu mahi i roto i te mīhini huri hiko hau i te pāmahana teitei ranei e taea te whakamahia mō te whakaputa wai huringa mamaoa wera.

Wai-whakarewa pūrere karihi: ara iahiko, me te parau tumu mahi

reactors nohopuku ki te konutai coolant kua riro nui aro i roto i te o 1960-1970. Na ka whakaaro reira e ratou kaha ki te whakaputa uri wahie karihi e hiahiatia i roto i te heke mai tata ki te whakaputa i wahie mo te ahumahi karihi tere tipu. A, no te ka reira mārama e he ainei tenei tumanako, memeha ngākau i roto i te 1980. Heoi, i roto i te Hononga o Amerika, Russia, France, Britain, hanga Japan me Germany he raupapa o reactors o tenei momo. Te nuinga o ratou te mahi i runga i konukarihi hāorarua i te ranunga o te konuwhiro hāorarua ranei. I roto i te Hononga o Amerika, Heoi, tutuki te angitu rahi i ki wahie whakarewa.

CANDU

Kua arotahi Canada ona mau tautooraa i runga i nga reactors, e whakamahi konukarihi tūturu. Faaore i te hiahia mo tona fakatupulaki ki te whakamahi i te ratonga o ētahi atu whenua. Ko te hua o tenei kaupapa ko te piere Deuterium-konukarihi (CANDU). Whakahaere me te meangiti reira hua wai taimaha. Hoahoa me te mahi o te pūrere karihi ko ki te whakamahi i te tank ki te D makariri ₂ E i te pēhanga kōhauhau. rohe Active î korere o zirconium koranu wahie o konukarihi tūturu, i roto i nei honotanga meangiti tona wai taimaha. whakaputaina hiko e wehewehe te whakawhitinga wera i roto i te coolant wai taimaha, huri nei te i roto i te generator mamaoa. Te mamaoa i roto i te koropiko tuarua ka haere i roto i te huringa mīhini huri hiko tikanga.

whakaurunga rangahau

Hoki te rangahau pūrere karihi te tino maha whakamahia, te parau tumu o e ngā i roto i te whakamahi o te pereti tautauā wai, me te konukarihi wahie āhuatanga i roto i te hahi puka. Nehenehe o te mahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā taumata mana whānui i te torutoru rau watt ki megawatts. Mai te mana whakatupuranga e kore ko te whäinga tuatahi o reactors rangahau, kua āhuatanga ratou i te pūngao waiariki hangaia, me te kiato o te matua ngā iramoe pūngao iti. Ko reira e tauturu i enei tawhā ki te ine i te kaha o te pūrere rangahau ki te kawe i roto i akoranga motuhake. ahu pūnaha mana-iti ki te mahi i ngā whare wānanga, me te e whakamahia mō te whakangungu, ka hiahiatia te mana nui kei roto i ngā taiwhanga rangahau mō te whakamatautau rauemi me ngā āhuatanga, me te mo te rangahau whānui.

Ko te rangahau piere tino noa karihi, te hanganga, me te parau tumu o te mahi ko te rite e whai ake nei. Kei tōna rohe kaha i roto i te raro o te poka wai hohonu nui o te wai. whakahaere tenei kitea me te hongere tohatoha i e taea te whakahaua nga kurupae iramoe. I ngā taumata mana iti i reira he kore hiahia ki te papu i te coolant, rite ki te mau tonu i te āhua haumaru whakahaere o te iakawe tūturu o te coolant whakarite tohanga wera rawaka. Kei te nuinga o te wā kei te exchanger wera i runga i te mata ranei i roto i te wahi o runga o te poka wahi putu te wai wera te.

tāutanga kaipuke

whakamahi Original me tuatahi o reactors karihi ko ratou te whakamahi i roto i mua. Ratou painga matua ko e, i roto i te rerekē ki ngā pūnaha parariraa pōhatu wahie mō te whakaputa hiko e kore ratou e rapu utu rangi. Nā tēnei, ka taea e noho ngaro submarine karihi mō te wa roa, a me wā ara submarine diesel-hiko tikanga ki te mata, ki te rere o ratou motors rangi. pūngao karihi whakarato te painga kaipuke rautaki Navy. Ngā mihi ki a ia, kahore he hiahia ki te whakakī anō i roto i ngā tauranga ke ranei i taraka ngāwari whakaraerae.

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o te pūrere karihi i runga i te waka ruku whakarōpūtia. Heoi, kua mohiotia ai e i roto i te USA whakamahi reira konukarihi tino e whai take, me te whakapōturinga me tautauā he wai marama. I kaha te awe te hoahoa o te pūrere tuatahi ruku karihi USS Nautilus e tāuta rangahau kaha. Ko tōna āhuatanga ahurei ko te tawhē tauhohenga tiketike rawa, te whakarato i te wā roa o te mahi i waho te tamaa, me te kaha ki te tīmata anō i muri i mutu. Me kia tino ata teihana Power i roto i mua, ki te karo rapunga. Ki te whakatau i nga hiahia motuhake o ngā akomanga rerekē o mua kua whakapumautia tauira rerekē o te tipu kaha.

US Navy i runga i kawe rererangi whakamahia pūrere karihi, te parau tumu o nei whakapono te ki te tono i te pahi hopu nui. Taipitopito o ratou hanganga, me te kore i whakaputaina.

Haunga te United States, he submarines karihi i roto i te UK, France, Russia, China ko India. I roto i ia take, kihai i whakakitea te hoahoa, engari kua whakapono reira e he katoa ratou tino rite - ko te putanga o te taua whakaritenga mo ratou āhuatanga hangarau tenei. Russia hoki kua he kaipuke iti o icebreakers karihi, i whakapumautia te taua piere rite i roto i mua Soviet.

utanga ahumahi

Hoki ngā take o te hanga o patu kōeke te konuwhiro-239 whakamahi i te pūrere karihi, te parau tumu o e ngā i roto i te hua nui ki te pūngao taumata iti. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e noho o te konuwhiro i roto i te matua wā roa-arata'i ki te haaputuputuraa o hiahiatia ²⁴⁰ Pu tenei.

hanga o te tritium

I tēnei wā, ko te rauemi matua riro i taua pūnaha he tritium ⁽³ H ranei T) - te tiaki mō pōma hauwai. Konuwhiro-239 kua he roa hawhe-ora o 24.100 tau, na te whenua ki te patu karihi e whakamahi tenei huānga, rite ki te tikanga, kua atu te reira i te tika. I roto i te rerekē ki te ²³⁹ Pu, te hawhe-ora o te tritium ko e pā ana ki 12 tau. Ko te kupu, ki te mau tonu te rārangi e tika ana, me kawea tenei kanoirite iraruke o hauwai i tonu. I roto i te US, te awa Savannah (South Carolina), hei tauira, he maha ngā reactors wai taimaha, e hua tritium.

mana māngi

Hanga e reactors karihi, nehenehe o te whakarato hiko, me te mamaoa whakawera mukua ngā wāhi taratahi. I roto i Russia, mo te tauira, kitea e matou te whakamahi o ngā pūnaha mana iti, āta hangaia ki te whakatutuki ki te kainga Arctic. I roto i Haina, te mahana nga kai 10-megawatt tipu HTR-10 me te'inisititiutí rangahau mana hiko, i roto i nei kei reira. E kawea whanaketanga o reactors iti te mana aunoa ki kaha rite i roto i roto i Sweden me Canada. I roto i te wā i te tau 1960 ki te 1972, whakamahia te Army US reactors kiato wai ki te whakarato turanga mamao i roto i te Greenland me Antarctica. i whakakapi ratou e tipu mana wahie-hinu.

hōpara ātea

I tua atu, i hangaia nga reactors mō te mana me te kaupapa i roto i te wāhi. I roto i te wā i 1967 ki te 1988, whakatūria te Soviet Union he tāuta iti karihi i runga i te "Kosmos" āmiorangi ki homai taputapu me te telemetry, engari kua meinga tenei kaupapa here hei ūnga mō te faaino. tomo I iti rawa tetahi o enei āmiorangi kōhauhau o te whenua, meinga contamination iraruke wāhi mamao o Canada. whakarewahia te United States kotahi anake amiorangi ki te pūrere karihi i roto i 1965. Heoi, kaupapa i runga i to ratou whakamahinga i roto i te misioni wāhi hohonu, rangahau topu atu aorangi ranei i runga i te turanga kaupeka pūmau tonu ki te kia whakawhanakehia. Ko te tino ki te waiho i te pūrere hau-matao o wai-whakarewa ranei karihi, te mau parau tumu tinana o e whakarato te pāmahana teitei taea e tika ana ki te whakaiti i te rahi o te whakamahana tenei. Ano, ki te wāhi piere mō taputapu kia rite kiato rite taea ki te whakaiti i te nui o te rauemi e whakamahia ana mo te hipoki, me ki te whakaiti i te taimaha i roto i whakarewatanga me wāhi rere. Ka whakarite kaha Fuel mahi o te piere mo te roanga o te rere wāhi.