Kōhinu leaded

Kei penehīni leaded tetraethyl mata, i te mea he pūāhua pūhui organometallic paitini. I mua, i whakamahia ai hei tāpiri anti-tukituki mo kora, me te whakaaro o tona whakamahi i ki ake i te tau wāwaro.

Antiknock pānga o te pūhui i whakatuwheratia «General Motors» pūtaiao American o te kamupene i roto i te tau 1921. Ma'imi Thomas Midgley, pai mōhio o te āhuatanga kino o te mata tomo te penehīni leaded, whakaarohia ki te whakakapi i te kupu "mata" i runga i te iti ka matau e te nuinga o te iwi, te kupu "mewaro". Ehara i te mea roa, ka tīmata nga nunu'a nanakia o tenei tenenga ki pā iwi mau mahi i roto i te kamupene "Motors General". timata disorders hinengaro me mate e pā ana ki te kawe atu i te ora te tangata, me te tei faatumu whakangaro i te hauora o ngā kaimahi. Otiia, ko te nuinga o hangaia i roto i te penehīni US roto mata.

I roto i te mutunga o nga tekau - rima tekau wawe o pēhea te kino leaded penehīni tino korero i nga pūhara, engari no te mea o te āna kaha o ona hua e kore i taea e te whakahaere ki te whakakorehia i te hanga o tenei paihana. Anake i roto i te 1972 i te kanga ki runga ki te whakamahi o te tetraethyl mata, engari ka mau te reira e rave rahi atu tau i mua i te reira e taea ki te whakakapi rawa te mākete. I roto i te 1986, poua ki te hanga o te wahie, kei roto i roto i tona mata, hanganga tetraethyl i waho. Timata whakaora o te iwi American: taumata toto mata o te taupori heke i 78% i roto i te 1994 whakaritea ki 1978 tau. Ko reira he wikitoria o te tikanga noa i runga i te moni pepeha.

hoki whānui te whakamahia penehīni leaded i roto i te Soviet Union. I roto i te 80 o rau whakamutunga timata te makanga o te whakamahi o te tetraethyl mata, i mutu i te tau 2003. January 1, 2000 i runga i te rohe o whenua ki waho i te EU, kua tino rāhuitia penehīni leaded. whakarerea China te whakamahi o te tetraethyl mata i roto i te tau 2001. I tēnei wā, e kore e te nuinga o te ao hua te taonga. I roto i te UK, tonu ki te tuku i te nui iti, whakamahia hei tāpiri ki te penehīni ki mo waka hōiho, engari e kore te mea pai ona production me whakamahi tika ki nga takoha tiketike rawa whakaritea i runga i ngā kaiwhakanao. Tetraethyl ki te whakamahi i roto i te maha o ngā whenua underdeveloped no o te cheapness o tona production tonu. Ēnei whenua ngā Afghanistan, Yemen, Te Tai Tokerau Korea me rave rahi atu whenua.

Kei te ngana teie mahana i roto i te ao ritenga ki te whakamahi i te penehīni unleaded, e kei tetraethyl mata, e kore e pā hauora o te iwi, a ka kore e ofati i te taiao. Ki te whakapai ake i te kounga o te penehīni, kua faaterehia te reira i roto i te ngā tāpiritanga, me te whakaiti hoki te ihirangi ōrau o te pira kino (whanariki, kakara , a na i runga i. P.). kia roto i penehīni Unleaded nga resins tūturu whakaae kukū (kaua e neke atu i te 5 mg ia 100 cm3). Ano, Me kia wehewehe i te pēhanga kohu kukū me te hanganga hautanga penehīni. Ko te pai me te tino-utu whai hua o tona ahua mō waka whakaaro ki te kia o A-98.

Kei te penehīni o wāhanga, e kua hua rite ki te hua o te momo o ngā tukanga ahumahi. Ko ētahi o ēnei, mo te tauira, hāngai Māturu o te hinu, te papatanga catalytic o catalytic ina ripeneta, te hinu hau hydrocracking mārua, me ētahi atu tikanga me ngā tūāhua.

E kore e te hanganga penehīni whakawhirinaki anake i runga i te tikanga o tona production, engari ano hoki atu te tohu. Ko te teitei te tau wāwaro, te teitei te kounga o te penehīni. Penehīni A-95 he mahi ki runga ake i te A-92 penehīni. he tau wāwaro runga ake i te ara Aviation wahie he, e tika ana ki te meka i te whakaritenga mo ratou he teitei.