Ko te hope'ao te ino o te waehere ira: te taketake

Ua faaite te waehere ira te rite codons, he pūnaha o whakawaehere mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga o te pūmua, tūturu i roto i te kaiao ora katoa o te ao. Te wetemunatanga tango tekau tau, engari ko te meka e te vai ia, i matau pūtaiao e tata te rau. Rehe, pū, unidirectional, a rawa te hope'ao te ino o te waehere ira whai auraa koiora.

History o ngā āhuatanga

Kua tonu kua matua i roto i te koiora te raruraru o whakawaehere mōhiohio ā-ira. E te hanganga poukapa o te waehere ira, whakamua pūtaiao kaua āta. Mai te kitea o J. Watson me Crick i roto i 1953. tomo te hanganga helix rua o DNA te wāhanga o whakaoti i te hanganga waehere ano, i ue'i te whakapono i roto i te kororia o te natura. Ko te hanganga rārangi o pūmua, me te DNA o te hanganga ano Poiete te aroaro o te waehere ira, te reta i waenganui o nga tuhinga e rua, engari tuhia ki ngā arapū rerekē. A ki te mea kua te tātai reta o pūmua kua matau, ko te tohu DNA te kaupapa o te ako o te koiora, te ahupūngao me te pāngarau.

Kahore he hiahia ki te whakaahua i te kaupae katoa i te otinga o tenei kupu whakarite. whakamātau Direct, whakamatauria a whakapumautia e waenganui i codons DNA me waikawa amino o te pūmua i reira ko te mārama, me te rite aua tū i roto i te 1964 Charles Janowski ko S. Brenner. He atu - i roto i te wetemuna o te waehere ira i roto i te vitro (i roto i vitro) whakamahi i ngā tikanga o te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i ngā hanganga pūtau-free.

Fully i haapararehia waehere wetemuna E. coli i 1966, ōmataora i te kurutetenga huatau i Cold Spring Harbour (USA). Na ka whakatuwheratia e ahau te hapanga (hope'ao te ino) o te waehere ira. Aha tenei tikanga, faataa i te reira tino noa.

tonu wetewaehere

Whiwhi deciphering te raraunga waehere tuku hei kua tetahi o nga ngā tino nui o te rau tau whakamutunga. I teie mahana, tonu pūtaiao ki te tūhura i te hōhonu i te tikanga o te pūnaha rāpoi whakawaehere me ona āhuatanga, me te maha atu o nga tohu, he aha kua whakahuatia i roto i te taonga o te hope'ao te ino o te waehere ira. He ako motuhake o te ahumahi - te take me te kukuwhatanga o te pūnaha rauemi waehere tuku. Taunakitanga hono polynucleotides (DNA) me polypeptides (pūmua) hoatu whanaketanga ki te whanaketanga o te koiora rāpoi. A, e, i roto i te tahuri, hangarau koiora, Bioengineering, āhuatanga i roto i te tupuranga me te tipu tipu.

Ngaahi Tokāteliné, me ngā ture

whakawhitia te mōhiohio e i te DNA ki karere RNA, a ka ki ia i runga i te pūmua - mārika Home o koiora rāpoi. I roto i te huarahi i te ritenga o te tuku ko te taea i RNA ki te DNA me te RNA runga atu RNA.

Ko te poukapa te pūtake o te DNA ranei tonu tonu. Na te tahi atu āhuatanga taketake katoa o te whakawhiti kōrero - he whakaata o te āhua o te whakawhiti o te kopu. Ara, na roto i te raveraa i te tuku ki te ariā o te tahi atu rāpoi kopu, e ka hei te tārua o te hanganga o te mōhiohio ā-ira.

waehere ira

Raina Tapa hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua i te tikanga o codons tautoko (te demoni) nucleotides, e anake 4 (adein, guanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil)), e noa arata'i ki te hanganga o te tahi atu mekameka o nucleotides. Ko te taua maha o nucleotides me kïnakitanga matū - ko te huru matua mō taua te kōtuitanga tenei. (- waikawa pūmua amino nucleotides DNA) Ko te hanganga o te kounga pūmua rāpoi ngota ōrite te nui, me te kounga o te waetahi e kore he. Ko te taiao tuku waehere tenei - pūnaha tuhi i roto i te raupapa o nucleotides (codons) te amino waikawa raupapa o te pūmua.

He maha ngā āhuatanga waehere ira:

• Triplet.
• Te ahurei.
• Takotoranga.
• Disjointness.
• Hapanga (hope'ao te ino) o te waehere ira.
• Ringa rehe e.

Tenei ko te whakamārama poto, e arotahi ana ki te hiranga koiora.

Triplet, haere tonutanga me te stoplights wātea

Ia o 61 waikawa amino e ōrite ana ki te t pū (triplet) nucleotides. e kore e toru te demoni kawe mōhiohio e pā ana ki te waikawa amino me he codons mutu. Ia nucleotide i roto i te mekameka ko te mema o te triplet, a e kore e tīariari i tahaki. I te mutunga, me te timatanga o te mekameka o nucleotides ōrite ana ki te pūmua kotahi, he codons mutu. tīmata ratou mutu päpäho (i te ariā o te muingota o te pūmua) ranei.

Pū, me disjointness kotahi-pointedness

Ia codon (triplet) encodes kotahi anake waikawa amino. He motuhake i ia triplet me e kore e īnaki pātata. Ka taea e tetahi nucleotide no ki tetahi anake triplet i roto i te mekameka. Ko nga wa katoa te kōtuitanga pūmua i roto i te kotahi aronga codons mutu anake, te mana te e.

Ko te hapanga o te waehere ira

Ia triplet o nucleotides encodes kotahi waikawa amino. He katoa o 64 nucleotides, 61 o ratou - waikawa amino whakawaeheretia (tikanga codon), me toru - horihori, e kore e ie waikawa amino whakawaehere (mutu codons). Ko te hapanga (hope'ao te ino) o te waehere ira ko e taea te hanga monoraa i roto i ia triplet - tuwhena (ārahi ki te amino waikawa whakakapinga) me momo (kore e waikawa amino huri te piha). Ko reira ohie ki te tātai e, ki te taea te kawea te triplet 9 monoraa i (1, 2, me te 3 tūranga), e taea te whakakapi i ia nucleotide e 4 - 1 = 3 te atu ahua, ka hei te tapeke maha o monoraa i nucleotide taea 61 ki te 9 = 549.

whakaaturia te hope'ao te ino o te waehere ira kei roto i te meka e 549 kōwhiringa - ko reira nui atu atu e tika ana mō te kōrero zakodirovki e pā ana ki 21 waikawa amino. I roto i tenei take o kōwhiringa whakakapinga 549 23 he mata, ki te hanganga o te codon mutu, 134 + 230 whakauru - he whakaurunga momo, me 162 - tuwhena.

Hei kingi hope'ao te ino me okotahi

Ki te whai rua codons rua nucleotide tuatahi ōrite, e te aroaro nga nucleotides toe ki te piha haapiiraa (purine pyrimidine ranei), te mōhiohio kawe ratou te waikawa amino taua. Ko te nuinga o tenei te hope'ao te ino hapanga ranei o te waehere ira. E rua okotahi - aua ko UGA - tuatahi encodes methionine, ahakoa e whai ki te isoleucine, me te tuarua - te codon mutu, engari e whai ki te whakawaehere tryptophan.

Te tikanga hope'ao te ino me ringa rehe e

Enei āhuatanga e rua o te waehere iranga i te uara koiora rawa. te āhuatanga katoa whakarārangitia i runga ake e āhuatanga o te mōhiohio ā-ira o ngā momo katoa o kaiao ora i runga i to tatou paraneta.

Ko te hope'ao te ino o te waehere ira he uara urutau, rite te tāruarua toutou o te waehere waikawa amino kotahi. I tua atu, tenei te tikanga he whakaiti nui i roto i (e hōloa) o te toru o nga nucleotide i roto i te codon. he whakatinanatanga taua whakaiti te pāpaka mutational i DNA, e uta e maumaui nui i roto i te hanganga pūmua. Ko te tikanga tiaki o kaiao ora o te ao tenei.