Kunenga matū: te wāhanga me te ngako

I rite te tukanga faafariuraa matū pūtaiao i roto i te kunenga matū pera-ka karanga, ka puta te wāhi koki o te tukanga orurehau i muri i hanga i roto i 1777 i te French pūtaiao taiao Lavoisier ngingiha ariā whakaahua i te tūranga o te hāora. Na ka anga te arotake o te ariā taketake katoa me mau parau tumu o te matū, kua puta ke te kupu, me te nomenclature o matū.

akoranga māmā

1789 kite te tuku o te pukapuka Lavoisier, ka tonu te tohutoro matua mō kairangahau me ngā o pūtaiao whanau. Ko te "akoranga matū timatanga" kua te tuatahi i roto i te rārangi ao - Ripanga o tinana ohie, rārangi nga mea timatanga matū mohiotia. Ko te pūtake o tenei Tome Lavoisier takoto ïa hāora ariā o parariraa, ai whakahaua te whanaketanga matū i na te ara tino hou. Ko te tuhaa tino nui i roto i te whakamāramatanga o - wheako, i te mea he aha pōtitia he pūtaiao me te paearu matua, me nga mea katoa e kore e i whakapumautia e te wheako, pērā i te ngota ranei hanganga rāpoi, kihai i Lavoisier whakaaro.

haere kunenga matū kua i roto i te ture whakatakoto ia - te tiaki o papatipu, e pā ana ki te āhua o te āhuatanga o ngā pūhui, ratou rerekētanga i roto i te hanganga mea timatanga. Ko reira ka e kua meinga matū he pūtaiao o whaiaro, ako te hanganga o nga tinana experimentally. e kore i taea e ahau te mea i waho o te kunenga mai matū o te kumi o te tumu parau, a ko te kupu, i te pae hopea whakarerea tangata te mua alchemical, rite whakaaro e pā ana ki te āhua o te mea, me ona āhuatanga huri matemate me hohoro. Ko te pana o tenei tukanga mahi rangahau Lavoisier. Na, e matau ana ara kura e kia whakaaro nga wāhanga o te kukuwhatanga matū (ranei kunenga prebiotic) i te wa i mua i te putanga o te ora i runga i te whenua. I roto i te rau tau tekau ma waru, taua märama o te ao kahore tetahi kua ake i.

te ora

timata kukuwhatanga Chemical i runga i te whenua ao tino oa ina te āta timata te taonga organic ki te puta i rāpoi pararopi, e āta pā te āhuatanga pūngao me te kōwhiringa. Töna tukanga o te whakahaere-whaiaro, e he āhuatanga o ara pūnaha ngā matatini. Ko te kupu, ka puta mai te waro i runga i te whenua. 'I hono kehé, i reira carbonaceous muingota tuatahi o te faufaa taketake mō te ahua e kore anake, engari ano hoki mo te whanaketanga atu o te mea ora katoa.

E kore matou e matau pena tawhiti, he aha te mea te uho o te kunenga matū i roto i te tīmatanga o te ora. Ko te matū o tetahi taonga mohiotia tauwhāiti te whanaketanga tukanga rohe waro wai postulate. Pea, i roto i te ao i reira e te tahi atu aratau o oraraa kōwhiringa o mea ora , me te take mai o to tatou pūmua - ko kore anake te "ara i roto i". He i te kitenga o te huinga ahurei o ngā āhuatanga polymer ki ngā āhuatanga waro depolarizing o te reo wai i roto i te wāhanga wai. i rawaka ki te tīmata i te kukuwhatanga matū o te ora, me te hiahia mo te whanaketanga o mohiotia ki tatou te momo o ngā puka ora katoa enei tikanga.

Tīmata i te tukanga

kore katoa Humanity noa o tona ake pouraka mohio. Rawa e pā ana ki te wahi a ka ki te tīmata i te wāhanga o te kukuwhatanga matū i runga i te whenua. Ko tenei he aha matou, rawa, ka taea e anake mana'o. Here, te tuatahi, i reira kia kia tino tetahi wa.

A, no te whakaoti koe i te huringa tuarua o te whetu hanganga, ina nga hua CONDENSED o pahūtanga o supernovas, nui nei hoatu huaina taimaha huānga wāhi interstellar, tona taimaha e rua tekau-ono. A, no te Ko nga whetu i roto i te whakatupuranga tuarua kitea ratou ake pūnaha planetary, kua wahi kua hiahiatia āhuatanga taimaha te nui rawaka. Te kitenga o te ngako o te whanaketanga matū taea i tetahi wa i muri i te Big Bang i te wā o te hawhe te piriona me te hawhe piriona tau.

Hea timata te ora

Hea taea kua puta ake ia - ano he pātai tuwhera. A, no te hanga maha tikanga ekolyutsii whakarewatanga matū rawa pea taea tupu i roto i tata tetahi taiao. Tenei subsoil me aorangi, me te hōhonu o te moana, me te mata, ara hanganga protoplanetary tika.

Ano, kia mahi kapua hau interstellar hoki rite he ake mo te whawhai i runga i ora mea oa, a kua whakaurua mai ki reira matū organic kitea - me waiwaihā huka, aldehydes, waikawa amino, glycine me atu ahei te mahi rite tīmata rauemi mō te ora i te tikanga o ka timata kunenga matū.

ariā

pupuri ana Ancient Earth ona mea ngaro, a kahore e tangata ano i ngā mōhiohio pono e pā ana ki te tikanga geochemical o tona oraraa i mua i te putanga o te ora. e kore e rangahau arowhenua makona nga pātai katoa, a reira ki te ako ngā whai wāhi arorangi. Na ka hanga e te ariā o te kukuwhatanga matū. E whakaaro tikanga Venusian me Martian o teie mahana ki te kia rite ki te whenua i etahi wāhanga o te kukuwhatanga matū.

Ki te whakamātau i runga i nga tauira, me te kupu whiwhi i te raraunga taketake mohiotia katoa. Hei tauira, te whakamahi i whaihanga o ngā titonga matū me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi i roto i te huru, te wai ōnuku, lithosphere i whiwhi rāpoi organic matatini. Ko nga wa katoa Hoko o raraunga hou i te whakamātau i raro i hanga haafaufaa i te ariā. Na, ka tohua te reira i roto i te maha o whakapae e pā ana ki nga tikanga motuhake a puritia tika peia ope kukuwhatanga matū.

Rangahau i roto i Russia

Life i runga i te whenua hoki kua hanga i roto i abiogenesis, e ko, te whanau o ngā pūhui matū waro nei aroaro he kararehe āhuatanga tua atu i te tinana, me te kahore te whai wāhitanga iti o whākōkī. Ko te wā tuatahi tenei, ka reira te mea he ora i te nonliving.

Na roto i te whakapae Oparin mātauranga i roto i te uofulu o te rau tau rua tekau, e taea ki te hanga i tetahi wāhi i reira nui haere o ratou kukū te, me te wehenga i te taiao o waho e kore ārai ki a ratou te kōrero ki reira rongoā o pūhui tiketike-rāpoi. E huaina ēnei wāhi coacervates pata coacervate ranei.

tāwāhi

Origin kōtuitanga abiotic i whakatinana i roto i te whenua i tahito ra pau i roto i te 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing waikawa amino ki ētahi atu matū organic. Muri puta ariā hypercycles e whakamārama te oraraa o te ora i roto i te akoranga o te kunenga matū o te aroaro o te tauhohenga catalytic, karapīpiti, te wahi i te hua o mua riro te whakakōkī mo te muri.

Anake te tuatahi "protocell" i hanga i roto i te 2008 e te kaikoiora American nei i roto i te takotoranga o waikawa ngakongako me lipids i taea ki te whiwhi nucleotide monophosphate i te taiao. He faufaa mo te kōtuitui o DNA enei imidazole "pereki" whakahohe. A i roto i te 2011 hanga i roto i Japan vesicles ki huānga DNA raro membrane cationic, i i taea ki te wehe, rite ko polirazmernaya mekameka tauhohenga, te tāruarua o te DNA.

whakapae matua

whakamārama kunenga Chemical o te ora i runga i whakapae Earth nga ngā taketake e whai ake nei.

1. puta hei akiaki i runga i te whenua ranei i roto i ngā āhuatanga wāhi, i roto i nei i reira ko te kōtuitanga autocatalytic ugrerodosoderzhaschih rāpoi ngota, me me whai i te ariā buka nui me te momo nui, nui ki te tīmata i te tukanga o te kunenga matū.
2. Tupu hanganga protocellular puta i te rāpoi ngota whakaahuatia ana i runga. Enei māpele kati pūmau taratahi i te taiao, utu pūngao o matū me haere ratou tīpakongia. Heoi i reira hanganga protocellular.
3. Ko te wae i hanga reira ko te kaha ki te whanaketanga-whaiaro - whaiaro-tukuruatanga me whaiaro panoni-o ngā mōhiohio katoa o ngā pūnaha matū. Heoi i reira ko nga wae taketake o te waehere tuku.
4. Ko te atamira i muri - te hononga i waenganui i te ahua me te mahi o whākōkī nga āhuatanga o te pūmua ki RNA me DNA rite nga kawe raraunga. Heoi i reira he mau waehere tuku hiahiatia e te mo te kukuwhatanga koiora.

whakahura

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, Alexander Oparin rite wawe rite nga pia ma o te rau tau whakamutunga whakatuwheratia coacervates. whakaahuatia Next Stanley Miller me Harold Urey i 1953, te putanga o te huru tahito i roto i te whaihanga biomolecules ohie me te tukanga o ratou tupu. korerotia i muri Sidney Foks te ao e pā ana ki te microspheres o protenoidov. I roto i te 1981, T. ko S. Ceku Altmane taea ki te mau i te wehenga o te RNA autocatalytic rite e taea ki te whakauru i te mōhiohio me te catalysis i roto i te rāpoi ngota ribozymes, "whakairo atu" ratou i te mekameka me te tūhono i te toe "pito".

I roto i te 1986, William Gilbert o Kemureti whakawhanakehia te whakaaro o "RNA Ao", ko Gunther von Kidrovski i Germany i te wa ano i te aroaro o te pūnaha whaiaro-replicating tuatahi e hāngai ana i runga i DNA, i ko te takoha nui ki te māramatanga o ngā pūnaha whaiaro-replicating me o ratou mahi tipu. Kua riro Pūtaiao hohoro mua i roto i tenei aronga: whakatuwheratia Manfred Eigen hyperframe, te whanaketanga o rōpū o ngā rāpoi ngota RNA, a hanga Yuliy Rebek te muingota tāwhaiwhai tuatahi e whaiaro replicating-i roto i te chloroform.

Mokowā & Papatūānuku

Ko te Space Flight Center o NASA Dzhon Korlis ako te tukanga tuku o nga puna waiariki o te pūngao moana me ngā matū e hanga te whanaketanga matū motuhake o te taiao wāhi, me tenei ra he ratou hoki archaebacteria tuatahi nohonga tūturu. I roto i te ao sulfides rino, he maha o te whakapae Günter Vehterskhoyzera.

whakaahuatia e ia nga hanganga pākia e whaiaro-replicating tuatahi meinga i runga i te mata o te pyrite (rino pūngāwhā), i hoatu te pūngao e tika ana mō te whakawhitiwhiti matū. I roto i ngā o te kōwhiringa tipu me te pirau tioata pyrite taea tupu me te whakaputa uri, te hanga i te momo o ngā taupori. Kua hoki kua tata ako kohuke paru mo te ahua o rāpoi organic. Heoi, e kore e ano te tīariari he tauira kotahi o te whanaketanga matū, mai kore he tuwhera ano te mau parau tumu o te kaupapa o tenei tukanga.