Waikawa pungatara. Methods o te faaineineraa. tono

Kua waikawa pungatara kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i mara ngā o mahi a te tangata. ahumahi matū Modern ngā reira i roto i te rārangi o te hanga matua, te taumata o tona tuku ko te tohu autaki o te pūmanawa o te hanga matū o te whenua. Katoa tau hua te ao e pā ana ki 160 miriona toni o te taonga.

E ai ki o ratou āhuatanga physico-matū, te waikawa pungatara, ko te waikawa dicarboxylic, tenei pūhui o whanariki tae te kāwanatanga pitihāoratanga teitei (6). I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, tohu te huru te waikawa pungatara kukū te wai hinuhinu taimaha ia kahore tae, e kore ano e hongi. whakamahia te waikawa pungatara te i roto i te wairewa. Ka rite ki whakarewa taea te whakamahi rite te wai noa, me te whanariki trioxide. Kei te whakaaro te reira ki te waiho i te wairewa, ki te he iti iho i te kotahitanga te ōwehenga o te maha o ngā rāpoi ngota o te whanariki trioxide ki te nui o te wai. Runga ake whakamahia tenei faaiteraa taupū te - otinga whanariki trioxide i roto i te waikawa pungatara oleum ranei.

Pungatara production waikawa whakarato tenei tino hanga hua maniua tukanga kohuke, kua whakamahia te reira hei kawehiko i roto i te pākahiko mata-waikawa, te waikawa ko te wāhanga nui i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā tai kohuke me te waikawa. Matū muka, waikano, paoa-whakaputa me pakū i roto i tona hangarau ahumahi he waikawa pungatara. Te kore e kore e taea ki te whakaaro te hinu, whakarewa, pueru, hiako, me te tahi atu ahumahi.

kore kua Ahakoa i te ahumahi kai, kahore te whakamahi o te taonga - whiwhi i te E513 tāpiri kai (emulsifier). Industrial Organic Synthesis, maroketanga (tukanga mō te whiwhi hākawa, diethyl Etere), hydration (hanga o te waihā i ethylene) sulfonation (hanga o teretere , me intermediates mo te faaineineraa o waikano), alkylation (kōtuitanga isooctane, caprolactam, polyethylene glycol), resins whakaora whiriwhiringa mō raina hanga wai māturu - e kore he tetahi o enei tukanga kahore whakamahi o te waikawa pungatara.

Production o te waikawa pungatara whakarato te kiritaki taketake nuinga o te taonga - maniua kōtuitanga. Hei tauira, ki te whakaputa i te ton o maniua Phosphate he tika ki te whakapau i rua ki te toru me te hawhe tana o te waikawa pungatara. Hoki tenei take, tukua hinonga waikawa pungatara ki te hanga o te waikawa pungatara, i roto i ngā ki hanga wheketere whakaputa maniua.

E whakamahia tikanga tukatuka rua mo hanga o te waikawa pungatara. Pungatara production waikawa ko te tikanga whakapā matua me ko iwa tekau ōrau, kua iti nuinga Sinks (pourewa) tikanga. Ahakoa nga tōnounou me ia haapa'oraa, te hanga o te waikawa pungatara i pyrites Sinks ngā i roto i te mahi atu ātaahua utu, te mâ, a kukū tiketike o te hua oti i te putanga.

Aravihi i te tikanga ariā waikawa whakato whakapā pungatara, taea wehea te hanga waikawa pungatara ki toru ngā wāhanga. I roto i te wā tuatahi, tahaki pyrite, mo taua whakaaro te oumu tunu i roto i te "moenga fluidized" pera-ka karanga. Ko te wāhanga tuarua tā te piti hāora o te pūngāwhā hāora rua ki te whanariki waikura (VI), me i te toru o nga wā ko te takanga o oleum, maka nei i runga i tāke, ka tonoa ki kiritaki.

e kore kua kitea waikawa pungatara tikanga hanga Sinks whakamahi whānui hoki o iti hua te viivii putanga, ko te kupu whāiti tona whakamahi.

Ahakoa o nga tikanga, me ngā tikanga mo te faaineineraa, hanga o te waikawa pungatara titau kaiwhakanao ki te utu i nui ake te aro ki te tiaki i te taiao.