Pūnaha Maha-rōpū - ko te pūnaha maha-rōpū Russian ...

pūnaha Maha-rōpū - he reira pai, te kino ranei? e kore e taea e pūtaiao tōrangapū o whenua rerekē āta whakahoki i te pātai. I runga i te ringa kotahi, whakarato reira he whai wāhitanga ki te whakapuaki i te whakaaro nga rāngai tino kanorau o te hapori, me te tiakina ia i roto i te mana. I te tahi atu - i reira he whakama i roto i te ora tōrangapū o tetahi whenua.

pūnaha rōpū

I raro i matau whakaritea te rōpū, te wahi tino kaha o te hapori, e hāngai ana nei i runga i to ratou ake ngākau nuitanga, whakatakoto te hōtaka, me te whāinga ki te whakatinana i te reira e te tikanga o te whai wāhitanga i roto i te mana ranei i roto i tona pu. Ko te oraraa o ngā whakahaere tōrangapū me ratou pāhekoheko whakatau te pūnaha rōpū o te kāwanatanga. E toru ngā momo o taua pūnaha. pūnaha Maha-rōpū - ko te tuatahi o ratou. E parauhia te reira e te aroaro o neke atu i te rua whakahaere tōrangapū e whai tūponotanga tūturu ki te haere mai ki te kaha. i hanga pūnaha Party i raro i te ture o te rōpū kotahi i roto i te whenua, me te kāwanatanga ki te whakakorehia i te mahi o ngā uniana tōrangapū pato'iraa. I roto i te UK, te United States, i reira e pūnaha rua-rōpū. Ahakoa i roto i enei whenua i reira ko te kanga ki runga ki te whakatū me te mahi o ētahi atu rōpū, engari he tupono kiko ki te haere mai ki te mana, he iti ratou, e whakatau te huringa i roto i te nuinga i roto i te Whare o ngā Māngai o tetahi te tahi atu o te ope tōrangapū tino ranei. He he he ahua o te tāwēwē: tuku te mana kei te i te Rīpera ki te Conservatives me hoki.

Ko te putanga o ngā rōpū i roto i Russia

I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, he reira te whakatūnga o te pūnaha multiparty i Russia. I āhuatanga tēnei tukanga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga tino. Tuatahi, ko te rawa tuatahi, ara hetia, ka anga ratou ki te tango i te hanga i te whakahaere tōrangapū o te tahae, okotai tuwhena. Ko te kupu, puritia nga Democrats Social ratou Congress tuatahi i roto i 1898. rēhitatanga Ture o ngā rōpū puta i roto i te tuatahi Russian Revolution, i muri i te Faaiteraa rongonui o Oketopa 17, 1905, i whakaurua rangatiratanga ā-me te tōrangapū mo te iwi o te Russian Empire. Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga ko te meka e te tūranga ārahi o te intelligentsia i roto i te uniana ngā whānui i hanga, he tokomaha o nei i iti nui, te i katoa i reira ko tetahi tukanga o te whakahaere, me te whakakorenga o te tahi mau ētahi atu. Ko te kupu, ko te pūnaha maha-rōpū - ko te āhuatanga pono o te ora tōrangapū i roto i Russia i te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau tenei.

Mahue, tika me te pokapū

Ka rite ki kua tuhia, i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, i reira i rave rahi rōpū tatini i Russia, he tino uaua te ako o nei. Hei mahino pai ko e he pūnaha maha-rōpū Russian, kua wehea whakahaere tōrangapū katoa ki ngā rōpū e toru. Ko te tuatahi ko te tuwhena, feohi pāhoro, hoki e mohiotia ana te maui. Ko te rāngai matau - momo, uniana reactionary whakahē ki tetahi auaha me te panoni. Hoki hopohopo nga centrists whakahaere rite tōrangapū ki ngā hōtaka tano i muri te ohaoha, te huringa āta o te hapori.

Revolutionary Party o Russia

Na roto i te timatanga o te rau tau whakamutunga, i tākekengia hapori Russian maha o ngā whakahēnga nui e ara ake i roto i te hononga ki te whanaketanga o te te moni. E huaina ratou "take matua" i roto i te historiography motu. Ko ētahi o ēnei ahuwhenua kaiahuwhenua ranei pātai, te kaimahi, te pātai o te kaha, me te motu. Heoi, kia tohu te ope tōrangapū katoa nga ara matua o whakaoti enei raruraru. Ko te tuwhena tino i roto i tenei tikanga ko nga mua - te RSDLP (b), karanga hoki te revolution hapori, te Kōawa o whenua me hinonga, te whakakāhoretanga o te taonga tūmataiti me te whakawhitinga ki te hapori rite taua. Whakaaro rangatira a ko kaiwhakahaere he Vladimir Ulyanov pai-mohiotia (Lenin). ko nga Mensheviks iti tuwhena - RSDLP (m), e kitea e e kore te te aamu izmolola te paraoa i te mea e tika ana ki te tunu i te hapori keke. Ratou rangatira, taunaki Huriu Martov te revolution bourgeois-manapori me te otinga āta ki te take matua. nohoia te wahi motuhake e te pāpori-mua i roto i te poraka i mahue (SRS) nei tūnga ratou rite kaiwawao o te koraha, nga riiwhi o nga iho o populism. Nāna ratou te whakawhanaunga o te whenua, arā, te whakawhitinga o ona hapori. ahu ia e Viktor Chernov SRS. Āpiti atu ki enei, i reira i te tahi atu rōpū Russian pāhoro pērā i te Socialists Popular, Sōsialisi-mua, maximalists, Trudoviks me te whānui o ngā rōpū pāhoro motu whānui (te Bund, Revolutionary Ukrainian Party, me ētahi atu).

rōpū ohaoha

Ka rite ki Kua whakawhanakehia taua pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i Russia ki te rēhita ture o nga rōpū centrist ohaoha. I roto i te te tau nui Tuatahi me Tuarua State Dumas, engari e kore e te nuinga, ka mau nga tauira hōia, e kua huaina te centrists maui. ka ui ratou hoko wāhanga o whenua ū i roto i manakohia o te koraha, me nga whāititanga o te arikitanga i te Paremete me te Ture, atu whakahounga. He rangatira e mōhiotia ana o nga tauira hōia ko te tumu kōrero Pavel Miliukov. Ko te kaha tōrangapū matua i roto i te wā o te toru, te wha Dumas ko te Pāti Octobrist, whakaae faufaa nui mo te hītori o te Faaiteraa Russian i runga i 17 o Oketopa nei māngai. Alexander Guchkov, te upoko o te kaupapa, ka awhina i nga ngākau nuitanga o te bourgeoisie nui, tūmanakohia nei te ki ata i te whenua, me te tupu ōhanga atu. Octo na ka karanga Rīpera momo.

poraka matau

Tino nui i runga i te hanganga, engari iti whakaritea i te tīmatanga o te rau tau whakamutunga ko te rāngai tōrangapū tika. Monarchists, nga rau Black, te conservatives - te reira katoa e pā ana ki a ratou. Russian Emperor Nicholas II ko te mema hōnore o te maha rōpū, ahakoa rere i roto i te ingoa, engari i te noa hōtaka tōrangapū. Ko tōna ngako i ki hoki ki te autocracy mutunga, te keresetiano, ka tiaki i te kotahitanga o Russia. E kore e mohio ki te tuatahi State Duma, e kore e whakaritea wahi momo o te hapori, me te kore i whai wāhi i roto i te pōtitanga. Otiia kua whakakitea ngā muri e kore e taea e tatou tino paunga i te pakanga ture tōrangapū i roto i te Pāremata. Māngai o te "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union o People Russian" me ētahi atu nekehanga tautoko tino te kaupapa here o Nicholas II. A ki whakamahia ana hoariri tikanga tutu, pērā i te koroke.

Ko te whakakorenga o te pūnaha multiparty

I muri ka haere mai nga mua ki kaha 25 Oketopa 1917 pūnaha multiparty āta hinga i roto i Russia. Tuatahi i whakapuakina i roto o te ao monarchist feohi tōrangapū, Octo, i Noema tomokanga te tauira hōia. Tae noa i te tau torutoru tohe rōpū pāhoro, tae atu i te tāwhai matua o nga mua ko SRS, nei ka mau te nuinga o ngā tūru i roto i te pōtitanga whānui ki te amuiraa. Ko e korero i roto i te whawhai ki Lenin me ana kaitautoko i roto i te Pakanga Civil me muri tonu arahina tona otinga ki te pakanga nanakia ki te hoariri tōrangapū o te mua. I roto i te tau 1921-1923 i roto i Soviet Russia, i i titiro he maha o kōti ki te kau taki o nga Mensheviks me SRS, i muri nei no ki enei rōpū rite ki te tawai, me te kanga. Ka rite ki te hua, i ngaro pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i te USSR. Hei whakaaetia te faatîtîraa wä, me te tōrangapū o te rōpū kotahi - te Pāti Communist.

Ko te hanganga o te pūnaha multiparty i roto i Russia hou

Ko te tiango o te pūnaha tōrangapū Soviet i roto i te wā o perestroika whakahaeretia M. S. Gorbachevym. Kotahi taahiraa nui i roto i te hanganga o te pūnaha maha-rōpū i roto i Russia hou ko te whakatau i runga i te whakakāhoretanga o te Ūpoko 6 o te Soviet Constitution, tangohia i roto i te 1977. enshrines te reira i te, ārahi tūranga motuhake o te Māoritanga hapori i roto i te āhua, me, i me te nui, te auraa heriheri rōpū kotahi i runga i te mana. I muri i te tukipoto, te tukipoto i roto i August 1990, kua rāhuitia Russian peresideni te mahi katoa o te CPSU i tona rohe. Na roto i tenei wa, ka mau te pūnaha maha-rōpū hou āhua i Russia. Ki te ona tuatahi piri e te aroaro o te tokomaha nui o whakahaere tōrangapū e kore e tino rerekē i ia atu ratou whakaaro i roto i te aronga kotahi. Kua tuhia maha kairangahau he turanga pāpori tika kuiti o te nuinga, na karanga ratou "proto". nekehanga motu whānui i roto i te lepupilika, e mohiotia ana ko te "Popular mua".

Ko te ope matua tōrangapū

I roto i te 90-doma roto te maha whakahaere tōrangapū tautuhi rave rahi matua, i timata ki te whakahaere tahi i te tahi whawhai mō ngā tūru i roto i te Duma. I roto i te pōtitanga i te 1995 tautuhi reira nga kau taki wha, e taea e hinga i te arai o e rima ōrau i ia. Ēnei ope tōrangapū taua tohu i te pūnaha maha-rōpū o nāianei i roto i Russia. Tuatahi, ko reira te Kominiusi arahina e te rangatira tūturu, kua toutou mahi rite te kaitono peresideniraa, - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Tuarua - te Rīpera Democratic Party, me te pane tamau me te kanapa taua - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Kāwanatanga kōwae e rave rahi mau taime ki te huri i te ingoa i roto i nga tekau tau whakamutunga ( "to matou Home ko Russia", "United Russia"). Well ko te wahi wha o kororia, puritia te rōpū "Yabloko", ahu e Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Heoi, mai i 2003, i taea ki te hinga whakatakotoria te arai e i roto i te pōtitanga, ka kua mai kua wahi o te tinana-ture māngai ia. Te nuinga o te rōpū i roto i Russia no ki te aronga centrist, to ratou whakaritenga rite me ngā hōtaka. Mahue me tika e mohiotia e ratou anake i te whakarerenga iho.

etahi whakatau

whakaae te nuinga o kaitätari tōrangapū e te pūnaha maha-rōpū - e kore ko te kōwhiringa pai o te whanaketanga tōrangapū o te whenua. He nui ake tonutia i roto i to ratou whanaketanga States ki te pūnaha e rua-rōpū e pea atu ki te karo i nga tirohanga e, ki te tiaki i te tauatanga. pūnaha Maha-rōpū - he ariā e kua rua tikanga ture, me te mahi. I roto i te take tuatahi, i reira e ōkawa maha uniana, engari he tupono kiko ki te haere mai ki te mana, i reira he kotahi e rua ranei anake. He pūnaha multiparty tūturu tohu e kore e taea e kore ope tōrangapū whiwhi i te nuinga pāremata. I roto i tenei take whakakotahi whakaritea rangitahi, me te pūmau.