Pūnaha ārai

Opening o nga pūtau tuatahi o te pūnaha ārai mate (1887) - ngenikame (macrophage) - no I. I. Mechnikovu. Phagocytosis (absorption o etahi atu pūtau) i mohiotia kua mai 1862. Heoi Mechnikov whakapumautia wā tuatahi te hono i waenganui i tenei tukanga me te mahi tiaki, e kua te pūnaha ārai mate. E ai ki maha kairangahau, ka anga ki te tīariari he peka hou o te rongoā i taua momeniti - immunology.

Ko te pūnaha ārai mate o te tinana tangata, ko te kohinga o ngā hanganga kikokiko. Ko tōna mahi he ki te whakarite tiaki ki te kătahi o rerekē āpiha hopuhopu i ratou hua pūkoro, matū me te kopa farii ke āhuatanga antigenic.

Ko te ahei o te iteraa i te nui nui o tukumate te pūnaha ārai mate - i papapūata ki kutukutu, ko te kupu whakaaro ko ratou i te rāpoi koiora ake pūtau. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, he tino uaua i tona kaha ki te urutau i te whakawhanake huarahi hou o te penetration me mate te whakamāramatanga o te kaihoko hopuhopu.

Antigens he rāpoi ngota e whakapataritari tauhohe motuhake. tomo kore e tika tukumate te tinana i waho. Hei tauira, i roto i pathologies autoimmune rite antigens he o te tinana ngā pūtau ake.

Ko te whāinga hopea ko ki te whakangaro i te hanganga tiaki tukumate kino. e hua ana te pūnaha ārai mate te ki te whānuitanga o ngā tikanga me ngā taputapu mo te kite, me te whakakorenga o āpiha ke. mohiotia ana tēnei tukanga katoa te rite "te whakahoki". kia riro te whakautu ārai kia congenital ranei.

rerekē tauhohenga riro i ngā pū nui tauhohe tūturu o te momo fakapapau'i o kaihoko ke. āhei te reira hoki ki te kătahi toutou o te tukumate tautuhi me te whakakore i te reira, no ka taea.

I roto i ētahi wā, kua hanga e te tangata he tiaki mo'uí ki te kătahi o etahi antigens, hei tauira, i muri i te koroputa, diphtheria, te karawaka.

Mai i te wāhi kikokiko o te tirohanga, he ahua kongakonga te pūnaha ārai mate. Ahakoa etahi mararatanga o te tinana, i katoa o ona hanganga i te hononga tata i nga oko lymphatic me te toto. Kei te wehea pokapū hanganga tiaki ki pokapū, me te piringa. He hoki pūtau ārai.

Ki te okana lymphoid pokapū ngā hanganga tiaki thymus (thymus), hanganga lymphoid i te kopirua, fakalahí, ate fetal, wheua wheua.

E whakaaro pūtau Immunocompetent ki leukocytes polynuclear, monocytes, lymphocytes, pūtau Langerhans (ma kiri epidermotsitov Tukanga), me ētahi atu.

Hei tiaki i whēkau lymphoid piringa ngā nga takihi, taikiri.

Ko te papatipu tapeke o nga pūtau katoa, i nga okana e whai wāhi te pūnaha ārai mate o te pakeke, ko te pā ana ki kotahi kirokaramu.

puta te pārōnaki hanganga piringa (takanga o ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā pūtau ōrite) me te tini o te antigen. I roto i nga whekau pokapū me ngā hanganga i waenganui i nga pūtau immunocompetent pakeke. Ko te whakamutunga (te nuinga o ratou) e komuhumuhu tonu. Ko te kupu wahi o nga pūtau ārai te moenga iaia i, neke ki tetahi kāri hanganga tiaki me te hoki. He tūhonohono wāhanga katoa o nga wāhanga tiaki o te hanganga. Ko te pūtau taunekeneke ki ia atu tūturu tika tomo i te hononga ranei te tuku i cytokines me immunoglobulins (antibodies) ki te taiao. Cytokines, e kua hanga e e monocytes me macrophages, e mohiotia ana ko monokines, ka hanga e e lymphocytes - lymphokines.

Ko te kupu, ko te taupätahinga, o nga hanganga katoa o te pūnaha ārai mate, me tona antibody pūtau tohaina hanga he tikanga matatini o te tiaki-whaiaro.