Nobel i Matū. Nobel i roto i te Chemistry

Kua Nobel i Chemistry kua whakawhiwhia mai 1901. Ko tōna toa tuatahi ko Hakopa van't Hoff. riro tenei pūtaiao te tohu mo te ture o osmotic pēhanga me matū dynamics, whakatuwhera ratou. O te akoranga, e kore e taea te korerotia nga toa katoa i roto i te tuhinga kotahi. Ka kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te rongonui tino, me te hunga i whakawhiwhia te Nobel i matū i roto i te tau torutoru whakamutunga.

Ernest Rutherford

Ko tētahi nga Whārangi tino rongonui o ko Ernest Rutherford. Nobel riro ia i roto i 1908 mo te ako o nga mea timatanga mimiti matū iraruke. Tau o te ora o te kaiputaiao - 1871-1937. Ko te kēmihi Ingarihi me te ahupūngao, whanau i roto i Aotearoa tenei. Nā ki tona angitu i roto i te whakangungu i Nelson College, riro ia he karahipi e tukua ia ki te haere ki Ōtautahi, Aotearoa City, i reira te College Waitaha. I roto i te 1894, ka Rutherford BSc. I muri i te tahi mau wa, i whakawhiwhia te kaipūtaiao, he karahipi i University Cambridge e kei roto i Ingarangi, a oho ki te whenua.

I roto i te 1898, ka timata Rutherford ki te kawe i roto i ngā nui e pā ana radiation konukarihi iraruke. I muri i te tahi mau wa, he ratou i kitea tokorua o tona momo: hihi alpha me hihi peta. Ko te tomo tuatahi he tawhiti iti anake, me te tuarua - ki te nui nui. I muri i te ia, i kitea Rutherford e thorium E faatae mai te hua haurehu waihā ira motuhake. huaina e ia tenei āhuatanga i te "emanation" (paheke).

whakaaturia rangahau New kua e whakamana hoki actinium me konutuki emanation. Rutherford i runga i ngā āhuatanga i hanga e reira ka haere mai ki whakatau nui. kitea ia e Arepa me te peta hihi emit nga āhuatanga iraruke katoa. I tua atu, ratou ira heke i muri i te tetahi wā o te wā. I runga i enei kitenga i reira taea ki te hanga i te whakaaro nui. pūtaiao mohiotia āhuatanga iraruke katoa rite mutu te kaiputaiao, wahi o te hapu tetahi o ngota, me te heke o te ira e taea te tango rite te pūtake o ratou whakarōpū.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

Ko te wahine tuatahi i whakawhiwhia te Nobel i te matū, ka Mariya Kyuri. He mea ka mau nui mō te hui pūtaiao wahi i roto i te tau 1911. Nobel i Chemistry i whakawhiwhia ki a ia mo te kitea o te polonium me konutuki wehe o konutuki me te ako o te hononga me te āhua o te huānga whakamutunga. whanau Maria i roto i Poland, muri oho etahi wa ki France. Tau o tona ora - 1867-1934. ka Curie te toa o te Nobel, i roto i te matū kore anake, engari ano i roto i te ahupūngao (1903, tahi ki Pierre Curie , me Anri Bekkerelem).

i ki te kanohi i te meka i te wahine i roto i tona wa tata katia ara i roto i te pūtaiao Marii Kyuri. I te University o Warsaw kihai i tangohia e ratou. I tua atu, ko rawakore te whānau Curie. Heoi, i taea ki te riro te mātauranga teitei i roto i Paris Meri.

whakatutukitanga nui Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel kitea i roto i 1896 e pūhui konukarihi emit radiation i te mea e taea ki te tomo hohonu. Iraruke tēnei wā, pērā tuwhera V. Roentgen i te 1895 tau, i reira ko tetahi hua o te excitation i etahi pūtake waho. Ko te taonga konukarihi ā-. Meri paanga i roto i tenei āhuatanga. I te timatanga o 1898 ka timata ia ki te ako i te reira. tamata te kairangahau ki te whakatau mehemea i reira e te tahi atu matū e whai i te kaha ki te emit enei hihi. I roto i te Hakihea 1898, kitea Pierre me Mariya Kyuri huānga hou e rua. i huaina ratou konutuki me polonium (i muri i Marie kāinga o Poland). I aru tenei e mahi i runga i to ratou noho wehe me te ako o ratou āhuatanga. I roto i te tau 1910, tahi ki André Marie Debirnom tāutuhia konganuku konutuki i roto i tona puka parakore. Ko te kupu i oti i te reira 12 tau ki muri whakarewahia he raupapa o ngā tirohanga.

Laynus Karl Te toko

Tenei tangata Ko tetahi o nga Utaina nui. Nobel riro ia i roto i 1954 mo te ako o te āhua o te here matū, me te tona tono ki te whakatau i te hanganga o te pūhui.

tau te ora o Pauling - 1901-1994. I whanau ia i roto i te United States, Oregon (Portland). Ka rite ki te kairangahau Pauling kua roa ako te mātauranga tioata X-ray. miharo ia pehea te hihi haere i roto i te karaihe, a ka reira ko te tauira ulungāanga. I runga i tenei ahua e taea te whakatau i te hanganga ngota o te taonga. Mā te tenei tikanga, kei te ako pūtaiao i te āhua o te here i roto i te benzene me ētahi atu pūhui kakara.

I roto i te 1928 godu hanga Pauling hybridization ariā (te kōwarotanga) hononga matū e puta i roto i pūhui kakara. I roto i te 1934, ka tahuri te pūtaiao tona whakarongo ki te mataora, rawa matūora pūmua. Fakataha ki Alexander Mirsky hanga e ia te ariā o te mahi me te pūmua hanganga. Fakataha ki Ch Corwell ako tenei pūtaiao nga pānga o hāora waiwai (oxygenation) i runga i te āhuatanga autō o te pūtoto pūmua. I 1942, i taea e ki te huri i te hanganga matū o te globulin (pūmua i roto i te toto) te kairangahau. I te tau 1951 godu Pauling ki whakaputaina R. Corey mahi i oti rawa ki te hanganga rāpoi o pūmua. Ko ia he hua o te mahi, i roa hoki 14 nga tau. Mā te X-ray mātauranga tioata ki ako i te pūmua i roto i te uaua, makawe, makawe, whao me ētahi atu te kopa, hanga nga pūtaiao he kitenga nui. kitea ratou e whiria nga mekameka pūmua o waikawa amino ki te tōrino. Ko he mua nui i roto i te matūora.

S. Hinshelwood ko semenov

hiahia pea koe ki te mohio ranei ki reira te mea he Russian Nobel i Matū. Ahakoa kua tohua etahi o matou compatriots mo tenei tohu, ka semenov anake reira. Fakataha ki Hinshelwood i whakawhiwhia e ia te utu mo te ako o te huarahi o te tauhohe matū i roto i te tau 1956.

Hinshelwood - pūtaiao Ingarangi (tau te ora - 1897-1967). Ko te mahi matua o tona kua e pā ana ki te ako o tauhohe mekameka. whakatakina e ia he anga matou ōrite, me te te huarahi o ngā tauhohenga o tenei momo.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (tau o te ora - 1896-1986) - kēmihi Russian me te ahupūngao tuatahi i te pa o Saratov. Ko te raruraru pūtaiao tuatahi e anaanatae ia, ko hau ionized. Te pūtaiao, te tonu te ākonga whare wānanga, i tuhituhi te tuhinga tuatahi e pā ana ki te collisions i waenganui i rāpoi ngota me ngā irahiko. I muri i te ia ka timata ia ki te ako atu hohonu nga tukanga o te tauhono me te dissociation. Ano, ka hiahia i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te tōhau rāpoi, me te adsorption o te kohu puta i runga i te mata mārō ia. kawea Studies atu ratou taea ki te kitea te hononga i waenganui i te pāmahana mata i ai kawea te tōhau i roto i, me te mātotoru o te korohū. I roto i te 1934, kua whakaputaina te kaipūtaiao he pepa i roto i i faaite e puta i te momo o tauhohe, tae atu polymerization, i te tikanga tauhohe mekameka pekapeka ranei.

Robert Burns Woodward

kua hanga toa katoa o te Nobel i roto i te matū he takoha nui ki te pūtaiao, engari tu R. Woodward i roto ia ratou. He tino nui tona whakatutukitanga i teie mahana. whakawhiwhia tenei pūtaiao i te Nobel i 1965. riro ia te reira mo tona koha i te mara o te kōtuitanga organic. Tau o te ora Robert - 1917-1979. I whanau ia i roto i te US, i roto i te pa US o Boston, kei roto i Massachusetts.

Te paetae tuatahi i roto i te mara o te matū Woodward mahia i roto i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuarua, ka ko ia te "Polaroid Corporation" kaitohutohu kamupene. No te mea o te whawhai kihai i reira nui quinine. Tenei raau anti-malarial e i whakamahia ano hoki i roto i te arotahi hanga. Woodward ko W. Doering, tona hoa, he rauemi wātea me te taputapu paerewa kua muri kawea 14 marama o te mahi i roto i te kōtuitui o quinine.

I muri i te 3 tau, tahi ki Schramm, kua hanga tenei kaipūtaiao te orotahi pūmua mā te hono i roto i te mekameka roa o ngā waeine waikawa amino. Ko te polypeptides whiwhi rite ki te hua o tenei, kua whakamahia i roto i te hanga o paturopi me kirihou waihanga. I tua atu, me to ratou awhina, ka anga reira ki kia ako pūmua pākia. Woodward i roto i 1951 i timata te mahi i runga i te kōtuitui o steroids. I roto i te pūhui whiwhi i lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, waikawa lysergic, huaora B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. I muri, he tokomaha o nga pūhui rite e ia me ngā mema o te Institute "Ciba Corporation", ko tona kaiwhakahaere ko ia, ka anga ki te kia whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi. ko Nefalosporin C tetahi o nga mea tino nui. He rongoā paturopi pērā i rongoā paturopi, whakamahia nei te ki mate meinga e te huakita.

To tatou rārangi nga ingoa o pūtaiao o, i whakawhiwhia ai i roto i te rautau 21, te Nobel i roto i te matū ka kīnaki, i roto i te rua i te tekau tau.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. patai

I whakawhiwhia enei kairangahau mo te whanaketanga o ngā huarahi hou o takotoranga nga ngā ngota waro ki te hanga rāpoi matatini. i whakawhiwhia ratou te Nobel i Chemistry i 2010. Patai, a Negishi - Ameliká, ko Akira Suzuki - he tangata o Hapani. Ratou whāinga ko te hanganga o rāpoi organic matatini. I roto i te kura ako tatou e kua tito o ngā ngota waro e hanga i te kōhiwi o te rāpoi ngota nga pūhui whaiwaro. Hoki te pūtaiao wa raruraru roa i e he uaua ki te ngā ki ētahi atu ngota te ngota waro. pūkete whakakōkī, hanga o palladium, whakahaere ki te whakaoti i te rapanga. I raro i te mahi o te whakakōkī ngā ngota waro maitai taunekeneke ki ia atu ki te hanga i ngā hanganga organic matatini. E ako ēnei tukanga me Nobel Chemistry paraihe i tēnei tau. Tata te wā kotahi, kawea te tauhohenga i waho, ko roto i te honore o te pūtaiao.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (whakaahua i runga ake), Kobilka me Karplus - e te nei riro te Nobel i Matū i 2012. haere tenei tohu ki toru pūtaiao mō te ako o honoa receptors G-pūmua honoa. Robert Lefkowitz - he tangata US i whanau nei April 15, 1943 Ko te wahi matua o tona mahi rangahau ko bioreceptors kanga, me te whakaahua ke ratou tohu. āhuatanga mahi Lefkowitz whakaahuatia i roto i te taipitopito, te hanganga, me te raupapa o receptors β-adrenergic me momo 2 pūmua ture: β-arrestin me GRK-kinase. Tenei pūtaiao i roto i 1980 me hoa kawea i roto i cloning o te ira haepapa mo te mahi o te receptor β-adrenergic.

B. Kobilka - mai i te United States. I whanau ia i roto i te pa o Little Falls (Minnesota). I muri i tu'ite mahi ia i raro i te mātakitaki o te kairangahau Lefkowitz.

Nobel i Matū 2012 i whakawhiwhia ki a M. Karplus. I whanau ia i roto i Vienna i 1930. haere mai Karplus i te utuafare Hurai, nei i ki te neke ki te US ki mawhiti fakatangá i te kau Nasí. Ko te wāhi matua o te rangahau o te kaipūtaiao ka he hihinga autō karihi, te matū aronui me kinetics o ngā tukanga matū.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Kia inaianei tahuri tatou ki te laureates o te 2013 Taonga. Scientists Karplus (whakaahua i raro nei), Uorshel Levitt a ka reira i muri i te tauira o ngā pūnaha matū matatini.

whanau M. Levitt i roto i Āwherika ki te Tonga i te tau 1947. A, ia ia 16 tau, oho whānau a Michael ki te UK. I roto i London, whakauru ia i roto i 1967 i te Royal College me ka tonu ana akoranga i te University o Cambridge. Tona mahi i te taiwhanga o rāpoi Biology o te University e pā ana ki te hanganga o ngā tauira o ngā hanganga e toru-ahu o tRNA. Michael Ko tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o nga tikanga o te whakatauira rorohiko, me te ako i te hanganga rerekē o ngā rāpoi ngota pūmua (te nuinga pūmua).

Nobel i Matū 2013 i whakawhiwhia ki a Ari hoki Uorshelu. I whanau ia i roto i Pirihitia i 1940. I te 1958-62 gg. mahi ia i roto i te ana'iraa o te rangatira i roto i te IDF, a ka timata ako i te Hiruharama Institute. I te 1970-72 gg. mahi ia i te Ahorangi Weizmann Institute, a i roto i 1991 ka e ia he orometua o te koiora me te matū i roto i Southern California. whakaaro Uorshell tetahi o nga kaiwhakatū o enzymology tātai - wāhanga o te koiora. Kua ako ia te hanganga me ngā pūhanga catalytic o mahi, me te hanganga o te rāpoi ngota whākōkī.

Kjell S., E. ko W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel i Matū 2014 i whakawhiwhia Merner, Eric Betzig ko Helle. Kua hanga ēnei pūtaiao tikanga hou o Microscopy tua atu nga kaha maheni ki a tatou i te karu marama. Ratou hua tukua ki a tatou whakaaro te ara te rāpoi ngota i roto i te pūtau o kaiao ora. Hei tauira, i enei tikanga e taea ki te aroturuki i te whanonga o te pūmua te kawenga mō te takanga o te mate o Parkinson me Alzheimer o. I tēnei wā, ko te rangahau o enei pūtaiao e piki whakamahia i roto i te pūtaiao, me te rongoā.

whanau Kjell i roto i 1962 i roto i Romania. Ko ia he tangata o Germany tenei ra. whanau Erik Bettsig i roto i te tau 1960 i roto i Michigan. whanau Uilyam Merner i roto i 1953 i roto i California.

Te reinga mai te 1990 mahi i runga i te sted-Microscopy i runga i paheke noa pouri. whakaohokia e te taiaho tuatahi i roto i te reira marama kōrekoreko, kitea e te kaiwhiwhi noa. whakamahia tētahi atu taiaho e i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te taumira o te pūrere. Merner ko Eric Betzig, Helle hoa, te faaohiparaa i takitahi ratou ake rangahau, whakatakotoria nga turanga mo tetahi atu momo o te Microscopy. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki te Microscopy kotahi-rāpoi ngota.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric ko Aziz Sanjar

Nobel i Matū 2015 i whakawhiwhia ki te tōnapi Lindahl, American Modric ko Turk Sanjar. Kua wehea pūtaiao te utu i roto i a ratou ano, takitahi whakamārama me te whakaahua i te tikanga e ai pūtau "whakatika" DNA me te tiaki i te kino i te mōhiohio iranga. Ko te mea i whakawhiwhia e ia te Nobel i Chemistry i 2015.

Te hapori pūtaiao i roto i te 1960, i whakaae e he tino roa enei rāpoi, me te noho tonu oranga tata tonu. A amo ana i tona rangahau i te Karolinska Institute, whakaaturia he biochemist Lindahl (whanau i roto i te 1938) kua e kohikohi te ngā hē i roto i te DNA. tikanga o tēnei e reira kia tikanga tūturu e ai te "whakatika" te rāpoi ngota DNA. Lindahl i roto i 1974 i kitea i te paru e faaore cytosine papaka o ratou. I roto i te aivanaa 1980-90s, e oho i te wa whakakitea te UK pehea te glycosylases. Tenei rōpū motuhake o whākōkī kawe i te mahi i roto i te taahiraa matamua o te DNA hanga. Pūtaiao taea ki te whakaputa uri i roto i te taiwhanga te tukanga (pera-ka karanga "hanga excision").

Taau o aro, me te tahi atu laureates i Matū 2015 Nobel. whanau Aziz Sanjar i roto i te tau 1946 i roto i Turkey. riro ia tona tohu hauora i roto i Istanbul, ka mahi hoki te maha o nga tau o tākuta tuawhenua. Heoi, i roto i te 1973, ka hiahia i roto i te matūora Aziz. I miharo te pūtaiao e te huakita i muri i te fariiraa i te horopeta o hihi katinga radiation, whakamate hoki ratou, hohoro whakahokia ratou kaha, ki te kawea i roto i te irradiation i roto i te whānuitanga puru o te whānuitanga kitea. Kua i roto i te taiwhanga tāutuhia Texas Sanjar ka mōu he ira o te pūmua whākōkī, i te mea te kawenga mō te whakakorenga o te kino hua i katinga (photolyase). Tenei kitea i roto i te 1970, kihai i meinga nui moni i roto i te whare wānanga o Amerika, a ka haere te tohunga pūtaiao ki Yale. Ko konei e fakamatala'i ia he rua pūnaha "hanga" te pūtau i muri i kua ratou i kitea ki te marama hihi katinga.

Pol Modrich (whanau 1946) i whanau i roto i te United States (New Mexico). kitea e ia he tikanga e ai te tukanga o te wehenga pūtau fakatonutonu hapa puta i roto i te DNA i roto i te tukanga wehenga.

Na, e mohio ana kua matou nei riro te Nobel i Chemistry i 2015. Ka taea e anake tatou mana'o nei e whai kororia ki tenei tohu i roto i te muri, i roto i te 2016. Tūmanako, i roto i te heke mai tata ki te tutakina me pūtaiao Russian, i reira ka kia Nobel hou Matū paraihe o Russia.