Ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o te whanariki

Whanariki - tika noa i roto i te huānga āhua matū (ihirangi ono i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, me te tuaono - i roto i nga wai māori). He rua whanariki taketake (huānga kāwanatanga free) me ona hononga.

Whanariki i roto i te āhua

I roto i taea te huaina i te kohuke tino nui tūturu whanariki pyrite rino, sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, stibnite. roto te nuinga te moana i roto i te puka o te konupūmā ngāwhā, konupora me te konutai meinga rigidity o wai māori.

Me pēhea te ki te tiki whanariki?

Extraction o ore whanariki whakaputaina e te tikanga rerekē. Ko te tikanga matua o te whanariki ko tona tango, tika i roto i te situ.

tā Open tikanga keri te whakamahi o excavators, te tango i paparanga ururua toka e taupoki ana ore pungatara. I muri kuru nga pakū ore tui whakahaua ki to ratou whakato seroplavilny.

I roto i te ahumahi, i whiwhi ai whanariki te rite te byproduct o ngā tukanga i roto i oumu mo te rewa, i para. I roto i ngā rahinga nui, he mea i roto i te hau māori (i roto i te puka o te pūngāwhā hāora rua ranei hauwai sulfide), te tangohanga o i takoto i runga i te taiepa o te taputapu e whakamahia ana. whakamahia hau mau i whanariki te i roto i te ahumahi matū pai rite rauemi raw mō te hanga o ngā hua.

Ka taea te rite tēnei rauemi i te taiao, me te pūngāwhā hāora rua. Ki te mahi i tenei, te whakamahi i te tikanga Claus. Kei a ia i roto i te tono o "rua whanariki" i roto i nei i reira ko te degassing whanariki. Ko te hua ko te whanariki whakarerekētia e whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te hanga o te uku.

Basic whanariki whakarereke allotropic

Pūngāwhā allotropy tūturu. He maha nui o akatuke'anga allotropic. Ko te orthorhombic (tioata), monoclinic (ngira) me kirihou whanariki te rongonui tino. He pūmau nga whakarerekētanga tuatahi e rua, kua tahuri te tuatoru i roto i solidification ki te rhombic.

Ko te āhuatanga ōkiko e tohu whanariki

Ngā rāpoi ngota o te orthorhombic (α-S) me te monoclinic (β-S) i roto i whakarerekētanga ki te 8 ngota whanariki, e kua hono i roto i te koropiko kati e here kotuari kotahi.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, whanariki kua he whakarerekētanga rhombic. Ko te tioata kōwhai totoka ki te kiato o te 2,07 g / cm ^3. rewa te reira i 113 ° C. kiato whanariki Monoclinic te 1.96 g / cm ^3, tona pāmahana rewa ko 119,3 ° C.

Ki runga ki rewa piki whanariki i roto i te rōrahi, me te riro wai kōwhai nei tahuri parauri i 160 ° C, a tahuri ana ki te papatipu parauri pouri Kaore runga pa e pā ana ki 190 ° C. I pāmahana i runga i tenei uara heke te pokey whanariki. I pā ana ki 300 ° C reira riro ano āhua flowable wai. Ko tenei no te mea i roto i te tukanga whakawera polymerized te whanariki, ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana te whakanui ake te roa mekameka. A, no te te uara o te pāmahana ki runga 190 ° C i reira he whakangaromanga o wae polymerized.

Ki runga ki te meangiti i te whanariki rewanga fakanatula i hanga i roto i crucibles porotakaroa pera-ka karanga puranga whanariki - tioata rhombic o ngā āhuatanga nui, he āhua fakakehei o octahedrons ki tetahi wahi "tapahia" taha koki ranei.

Ki te te i raro i te rauemi whakarewa ki tinei (hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te wai matao), he reira taea ki te whiwhi i te whanariki kirihou, ko te manahau parauri rubbery papatipu tae pouri whero ranei, ki te kiato o te 2,046 g / cm ^3. Tenei whakarerekētanga, pērā i te orthorhombic me monoclinic he iu. Āta (i runga i te hāora), taui te reira tae ki kōwhai, riro pakarukaru me tahuri ki te rhombic.

A, no te mīti whanariki kohu (rawa wera) puka hauota wai purpurea tona whakarerekētanga, i te mea kainga i mahana i raro, haunga te 80 ° C.

Ko ngā te reo wai rewa whanariki. Heoi āhuatanga reira i te memehatanga pai i roto i ngā whakarewa organic. kaiwhakahaere Poor o hiko, me te wera.

Ko te ira koropupū o te whanariki ko 444,6 ° C. Kohua tukanga tahi e te whakaoranga o au paitini karaka-kōwhai ngā matua o te S ₈ rāpoi e dissociate runga whakawera muri, hua i roto i te hanganga o te taurite hanga S _6, S ₄ ko S _2. I tua atu, ina decomposes wera rāpoi nui, me i te pāmahana i runga 900 nekehanga ngā tino o S takirua _{dissociate 2} rāpoi ngota ki ngota i 1500 ° C.

He aha te mea he āhuatanga whanariki matū?

Whanariki Ko te angamaheni whakarewa-kore. kaha matū. E whakaaturia ngā āhuatanga whakaiti o te whanariki i roto i te pā ana ki te plurality o huānga - hāora. A, no te hana, e taea te ngāwari hono reira ki tata nga āhuatanga katoa, e whakamārama tona aroaro whakahauanga o tokahuke konganuku. Ko te okotahi ko Pt, Au, ahau _2, N ₂ me haurehu onge. Hāora e faaite i roto i pūhui whanariki, -2, +4, +6.

Āhuatanga whanariki me te hāora meinga tona rangi parariraa. Ko te hua o tenei pāhekoheko ko te hanganga o te pūngāwhā hāora rua (SO ₂₎ me te whanariki (SO ₃₎ anhydrides whakamahia ki te whakaputa i waikawa sulfurous me pungatara.

I te pāmahana rūma, kua whakakitea nga āhuatanga whanariki whakaiti anake i roto i te faatura o te hau köwhai i roto i te tauhohenga i hanga whanariki hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Ki runga ki te whakawera (i roto i te rewanga) tali te ki māota, ūkuikui, silicon, waro. Ko te tauhohe ki hauwai sulfide nga puka hauwai tua sulfane ngā whānui tātai H ₂ S _H.

kite āhuatanga oxidative whanariki i te tauhohenga ki te konganuku. I roto i ētahi wā, ka taea e tetahi mau rawa te tauhohenga kaha. Ko te pāhekoheko o sulfides whakarewa i hanga (pūhui whanariki) me polysulfides (konganuku mnogosernistye).

tauhohe whakawera auroa ki waikawa kaha, hāora, ai te oxidized.

Next, whakaaro nga āhuatanga taketake o pūhui whanariki.

te pūngāwhā hāora rua

Pūngāwhā waikura (IV), tuku ano ki rite pūngāwhā hāora rua, me te anhydride sulfurous, ko te hau (te huitahi) ki te kakara ta'ota'o koi. whangai ana te reira ki te kia liquefied i raro i te pēhanga i te pāmahana rūma. SO ₂ Ko te waikura waikawa. āhuatanga i te reira e te memehatanga pai wai. hanga tenei he ngoikore, waikawa sulfurous iu, e vai noa i roto i te wairewa. Ko te tauhohenga o te pūngāwhā hāora rua me ngā whākawa alkali i hanga.

He he mahi matū kaua tiketike. Te nuinga korerotia Ko nga āhuatanga o te whakaiti matū o te whanariki waikura (IV). E haere tahi taua tauhohe e te hua i roto i te tohu o te whanariki piti hāora.

whakakitea āhuatanga matū oxidative whanariki waikura i te aroaro o āpiha whakaiti kaha (hei tauira, te waro haukura).

trioxide whanariki

trioxide whanariki (whanariki hāorarua) - te waikura teitei o te whanariki (VI). I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ko reira he wai ahua te huitahi he kakara ta'ota'o. whangai ana te reira ki te whakatio i ngā uara pāmahana raro atu i 16.9 nekehanga. I roto i tenei take, he ranunga o te rerekē akatuke'anga karaihe o te trioxide whanariki totoka. meinga High whanariki waikura āhuatanga hygroscopic ona "dymlenie" i roto i te tikanga o te rangi hou. Ka rite ki te hua, hanganga o rūrūtia waikawa pungatara.

sulfide hauwai

Hauwai sulfide Ko te pūhui matū ā-rua o te hauwai me te whanariki. H ₂ S - ko te hau te huitahi paitini, nga āhuatanga āhuatanga o e he reka reka, me te kakara o hua pirau. rewa te reira i te pāmahana o haunga te 86 ° C, me te whewhe i -60 ° C. Thermally iu. I te pāmahana uara ai ki runga ake i 400 ° C whāwehe o te sulfide hauwai ki S ko H _2. āhuatanga i te reira na roto i te memehatanga pai i roto i te waihā ewaro. memeha ruarua te wai. Ko te mutunga o te whakakorenga i roto i te wai hanga hauwai sulfide waikawa ngoikore. Hauwai sulfide Ko te kaihoko whakaiti kaha.

He pūkākā. I roto i tona hau parariraa taea mau mura puru. I roto i te nohanga nui e taea ariu reira ki konganuku maha.

waikawa pungatara

waikawa pungatara (H ₂ SO ₄₎ Ka taea e kia o ngā nohanga me te viivii. Ko te āhua anhydrous ko te wai hinuhinu te huitahi te kore kakara.

te pāmahana i i rewa te taonga kei te, ko 10 ° C. wāhi e koropupu ana ko te 296 ° C. pai memeha te wai. A, no te rewa pungatara e hanga e hydrates waikawa, ki te nui nui o te wera. Ko te ira koropupū o wairewa waiwai i te pēhanga o 760 mm HG. Art. nui atu i te 100 ° C. Te whakanui ake i te wāhi e koropupu puta ki te whakanui ake i te waikawa kukū.

puta nga āhuatanga waikawa o te rauemi i roto i te pāhekoheko ki te waikura taketake me nga turanga. H ₂ SO ₄ Ko te diacid, te kupu e taea te hanga kia rite ki ngāwhā (Mariao reo) me hydrosulfates (tote waikawa), te nuinga o nei he wairewa i roto i te wai.

Kei te tino mārama whakakitea tenei āhuatanga waikawa pungatara i roto i tauhohe pitihāoratanga. Ko e tika ana ki te meka tenei e te hanganga o H ₂ SO ₄ i te faito teitei roa o te whanariki piti hāora (6). Ka rite ki te tauira e taea faaiteraa o ngā āhuatanga oxidative o te waikawa pungatara hua i roto i te tauhohe ki te parahi:

• Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ E + SO _2.

Whanariki: āhuatanga whai hua

Whanariki Ko te huānga wahi faufaa mō kaiao ora. Ko reira he wahi o te waikawa amino (methionine me cysteine), whākōkī me huaora. whai wāhi ana tēnei āhuatanga i roto i te hanganga o te hanganga tuatoru o te pūmua. Ko te nui o matū here whanariki roto i te pūmua, he mea pauna i 0.8 ki te 2.4%. Ko te ihirangi o te huānga i roto i te tinana tangata, ko te pā ana ki 2 karamu ia 1 kg o taimaha (i.e., e pā ana ki 0.2% o te whanariki).

e kore e taea te piriponotanga āhuatanga Whaihua o te huānga wahi. Te tiaki i te protoplasm o te toto, whanariki ko he kaiāwhina kaha ki te tinana i roto i te whawhai ki te huakita kino. Tei te reira i runga i te nui o mafiti, e ko tauturu he huānga ki te mau tonu tona taumata tika. Whanariki hoki whai wāhi i roto i te whakaū i ngā taumata noa o te kukū ate whakaputaina e te tinana.

"Ataahua kohuke" Kei te maha huaina ana a reira, no te mea he reira tino tika ana ki te tiaki i te hauora o te kiri, makawe me whao. Pūngāwhā kaha tūturu ki te tiaki i te tinana ki ngā momo o te pānga taiao kino. E tauturu te reira ki te pōturi iho te tukanga toulekeleká. tamā whanariki te tinana o te tāoke me tiaki i radiation, i te mea nui rawa inaianei, homai te āhuatanga taiao o nāianei.

moni iti o ngā āhuatanga wahi i roto i te tinana e taea arahi ki te tango rawakore o tāoke, wātea i te mate iti, me te ora.

Whanariki - he kaiuru o te ahotakakame kitakita. Ko reira he wāhanga o te bacteriochlorophyll me te hauwai sulfide - te puna o te hauwai.

Hara: āhuatanga me tono i roto i te ahumahi

Ko te whanariki tino whakamahia whānui ki te whakaputa i te waikawa pungatara. Hoki nga āhuatanga o tenei rauemi tuku tona whakamahi mō te vulcanization o rapa, rite he fungicide i roto i te ahuwhenua me te ara raau (colloid whanariki). Ano, Kei te whakamahia whanariki mo te hanga o ngā kēmu me tito pyrotechnic, he mea he wahi mo te hanga seroasfalta te tito serobitumnyh.