Matatini pūtaiao Russian. Matatini Scientific-Hangarau o Russia: tikanga, matapae me opuaraa mō te whanaketanga

Matatini Scientific o Russia te haere i roto i te wā uaua. Mai te wā o perestroika, kua memeha tona hanganga tonu te whakarite anōtia e,, meatanga, papaitia - rite ki te raruraru o nāianei i roto i te whenua, me te hapori, me te mātau o te hunga kau taki e huaina ki te whakaoti i ēnei raruraru.

pūtaiao Russian me te pū o tona whanaketanga

He tonu o pakanga me ketanga hanganga ao pūtaiao Modern, me te tetahi pūnaha pāpori hāngai. I te wa taua ki te nui pānga i runga i te whanaketanga o te pūmanawa pūtaiao o te kāwanatanga whakarato kaupapa here öhanga whakatinana e te Kawanatanga. E ai ki etahi kaitätari, te raruraru nahanaha kua tokomaha o nga ara, tae atu i te whenua tino whakawhanakehia mea patu e, te fakaakeake i ahatia matatini pūtaiao Russian. Ko reira he take mō te fakatu'amelie - to tatou whenua kua hinga tonu ngā wā o whakawhetai raruraru ki te pūmanawa kaha ā, tae atu i roto i ngā tohutohu ahu whakamua.

kawea te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i Russia i roto i roto i takahanga, no te mea kitea te whenua te whakaekenga o "tope", ka hohoro ora ake i muri i te pakanga, me te whakangaromanga ite reira puranga ā-- revolution me te whakahou. Wā katoa he ara motuhake ki te hanga i to ratou mahi, Russian Academy o Sciences - i runga i ngā "tāne i" te whenua o o ope, me ngā whai wāhitanga e tika ana kia whakakorea rānei. Titiro hoki, e taea e tatou e kite e kore nga raruraru o te matatini pūtaiao Russian puta ake i tenei ra, engari e hiahia ana matou ki te whakaoti ia ratou - pūnahanaha me ngā.

Scientific whenua matatini: hanganga me te mahi

mahi matua o te pūtaiao - te matapae o ngā ahu whakamua, te hua o te whakamātautau, me te whanaketanga o taketake a tono rangahau rite te akoranga matua i roto i nga mahi o te hapori pūtaiao.

Ko te hanganga o te matatini pūtaiao ngā nga whakahaere katoa e i roto i tetahi ara ranei tetahi mahi mo te heke mai, me "mo te pai o to koutou whenua." matatini pūtaiao Russian ko te hanganga kotahi-wahi tënei o ngā mara, te hanga hangarau hou, me te whakaputa mōhiotanga hou. I roto i te rohe Central o te whenua hāngai hawhe o ngā rōpū rangahau katoa, e mahi ake ki te 70% o te maha o ngā kaimahi (kairangahau - te iwi ki te mātauranga teitei, ngā kaitono me kaiwhakaako o pūtaiao), ka hanga ake 75% o nga utu kāinga o te rangahau.

Ko te mahi noa, me te pai o te mara pūtaiao e taea kahore he hanga kaha pūtaiao, me te hangarau tūturu, e te ahunga whakamua, tei runga i te rōrahi o te pūtea i pūtea o ngā taumata katoa - kitea tenei e te mahi ao. Kei te tata hono raruraru Scientific ki nga raruraru o te ōhanga. E ai ki te kaiwhakahaere o te Institute mo Economic Rautaki B. N. Kuzyka, kei te hoko i te ōhanga mohio i te kau mahu'inga i roto i te rautaki whanaketanga o te whenua ārahi i roto i te ao, me tenei wero wa mo to tatou whenua.

pūmanawa Scientific o Russia hou: te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi rangahau hou

Ko te wero matua kei mua i te "ārahi hinengaro" - te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i Russia, te hanga me te tiaki o te whakamahere hōtaka-ūnga kouma ko te pūtake pūtaiao mō te whakahaere o te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha katoa i roto i te matatini pūtaiao Russian.

Nā ki te wā roa-te matapae pūtaiao, me te hangarau, me te te hua o te aroturuki matatini o te pūmanawa pūtaiao, me te hangarau o te whenua (aromatawai o te taea o ngā rōpū rangahau takitahi whakaoti i te rapanga) i whakawhanakehia e te rārangi motuhake o tohutohu matua o te whanaketanga pūtaiao, me te auaha, me te ngā tikanga i whakaritea mo ratou whakatinanatanga.

Hoki te wāhi rangahau hou ngā wāhi hangarau pakaruhanga: nanotechnology me koiora, ngā mōhiohio, me te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti, rauemi hou, me te te hōkai o te matatini pūtaiao-ahumahi, tuku ki te synthesize te hangarau me whakatutukitanga taketake i roto i te wāhi whakahuatia. Ngā mihi ki te whanaketanga o ngā huarahi hangarau hou, e taea nui to matou whenua angitu i roto i te whakawhiti ki te taumata hou, no te mea te te ao he huringa tuwhena i roto i te ao ōhanga me te pāpori e whakamaheretia e 2020-2025.

Scientific-Hangarau matatini: ngā kaupapa matua

hāngai Scientific matatini Hangarau i runga i matapae e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau mō te ārai, haumarutanga, me te whanaketanga pai o hangarau ahumahi i roto i Russia wā roa-. I roto i ona mahi, whakarato te matatini te whakamahere mahi kouma, me te whakahaere tangi o te pūmanawa pūtaiao-hangarau, me te ahumahi-hangarau putu o ngā momo katoa o te ahumahi.

raruraru tīpakongia o poi pūtaiao-hangarau o mahi, i te mea inaianei - i roto i te wā uaua o te hanganga o te ao multipolar - kei i te mua, he:

• te hanganga o te ariā o te kaupapa here hōia-hangarau, pūtaiao, me te aromatawai ā-ōhanga o opuaraa mō te whanaketanga o patu hou (10-25 tau) ao;
• tātari o taketake, me te tino hangarau hōia o whenua ke, me te hanganga o te rārangi o ngā mahi ki te whakapai ake i te kaha o tona taputapu hōia;
• whakahaere pūnaha patu hoahoa pūnaha i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite i to ratou whanaketanga taurite;
• te whakatūnga o te hōtaka kāwanatanga o mua kaupapa me te hanganga o te raupapa korero kāwanatanga, ōrite ki te tikanga ōhanga hou, mo te heke mai;
• whakatinanatanga pūnahanaha i roto i te wā ki runga ki te 2020-te kounga teitei whakahoutanga o nga Forces Armed, te tahi atu momo o ngā hōia, ngā hōia me tinana (ki ti'aturiraa i runga i deterrence karihi, me te-whakaaro whānui ope).

matatini Scientific me hangarau, me nga raruraru o tana mahi

hāngai ana matatini Scientific-hangarau i runga i hangarau teitei, me te mea he whanaunga tata ki te rāngai ōhanga. Nā ki te meka i roto i te rau tau XXI, te tono mo te whakatupuranga o te matauranga, te auahatanga me te kakama o te whanaketanga nui-pū utu atu i te ōhanga, kua hanga nga tautooraa o pūtaiao me Engineers, hangaia ki te hinga i te wāwāhi me te wehe i te hanganga auaha:

• whakatinanatanga mahi o te mahere kaupapa here kāwanatanga i roto i te mara o te pūtaiao, me te tono (Pūtaiao, Hangarau, me Innovation) ngā mahi; te otinga o ngā raruraru o te ao hou, hangarau o te rāngai ōhanga ;
• whakatutuki tupu tere o te hanga o ngā hua hangarau tiketike me ngā hua tino-tukatuka;
• whanaketanga hanganga o ngā mahi auaha (whanaketanga, me te tautoko i te mahi o te auahatanga me te hangarau pāka, pāka hangarau, pokapū whakawhiti hangarau me ngā wāhi taiwhanga);
• te hanganga o ngā hanganga integrated o rua-whakamahi tūemi e e taea ki te urutau ki te hiahia mākete o rua hōia me ngā hua haukāinga,; whakamahi pai o whakawhanakehia i mua hangarau rua-whakamahi me te hanga o te hunga hou.

I ngā wā, i te "kaha" taha o te matatini pūtaiao, me te hangarau o Russia - karihi me te taiaho hangarau; tino ahunga whakamua i whakatutukihia e to tatou pūtaiao i roto i te whanaketanga me te tono o te hangarau o ngā rauemi hou, ngā pūnaha toko. Rapu utu i te haumi nui o ope, me te tikanga ki te whakatutuki i ha'iha'i-ao te piha haapiiraa, te mitanano me irirangi Opto-hiko, he nuinga tawhitotia hangarau rorohiko me te titau whakakapinga o te taputapu ahumahi hou. E tautokona ana ēnei whanaketanga matua hangarau e ngä - mo te wahi tino, o te akoranga, te State (te hōtaka e hānga pera-ka karanga - ngā hōtaka e hānga ana).

Scientific matatini Educational: ripeneta me te taupatupatu

I tēnei wā, ko te ariā o "matatini pūtaiao-mātauranga" e pā ana ki te huinga o ngā rōpū o te kura nui, e whai wāhi i roto i ngā mahi i roto i te ahunga rerekē: tika mātauranga, rangahau, te pūtaiao, te hangarau me te auahatanga. kia hoki tenei ngā whare wānanga pāpori kōtuitui hoa, rangahau me te mātauranga pokapū, pūtahi mātauranga.

Rangahau me te pokapū mātauranga o te whenua - ko te "puna o hōpuni", whakaaro i teie nei rite te wāhanga o te ōhanga mākete, "te kaupapa o whanaunga mākete", kaiwhakanao me te kaiwhakarato o pūtaiao, mātauranga, auaha hua, taonga me ngā ratonga. Ko te akoranga ōhanga o nāianei o te whenua aua, rapu ia ki te whakautu wā me te faaineineraa o "kuiti" tohunga "whānui ', e ko, te iwi nei i kahore" mōhiotanga me ngā pūkenga "engari i" pükenga "me he" puna kaha o whakaaro auaha, hangarau me kaupapa. "

Kia aroha mai, te titauraa i hanga ki te pūnaha mātauranga, me te te tukanga meinga e tukanga whakahou kuare, kahore, engari tatarahapa, e kore e meinga. Ko te tino iti te taumata o te whakangungu (i, Heoi, muri i kore mahi i roto i to ratou makehe). O te akoranga, i kore i hanga i tēnei āhua mo te tau kotahi, engari i hanga reira āta. Te riroraa i te kura, i haere mai entrants wānanga rokohanga (engari ki te score teitei i runga i te whakamātautau!), Ka ki te "rere" kōwhiringa he uaua ki te "hoatu" te tahi mea auaha.

Aha e tangohia te reira ki te rangahau me te i rite pai ngā kaimahi mātauranga o te whenua? Mātauranga Ko ha konga mahu'inga o te hanga i te turanga o te ōhanga auaha. I te wā hakari he reira e tika ana ki te whakarongo tika ki te whakangungu tino whakaaro, ngaio mohio matau i roto i te peculiarities o nga tikanga pāpori-ōhanga o pononga ture. Me uru te reira e te mahi o "whakahaere whai hua" e kore e pā ana ki te mo'oni e kia kia puta ke ratou ki tohunga te hunga e matau ana peculiarities o mahi i roto i to ratou mara, i ngā taumata katoa, a ki te mahi i te reira i te taumata kāwanatanga. Ko reira tika hoki ki te utu i whakarongo ki te pūnaha o tonu mātauranga, tae atu paerua me te whanaketanga ngaio, te whakarato hāngai o pukapuka, me te whakarato wāhi ki te pārongo i ngā taumata katoa o ngā ākonga.

Pūtaiao Ahumahi matatini: ngā kaupapa matua me opuaraa

Scientific matatini ahumahi rite te huinga o ngā mahi ōhanga o te ōhanga motu E āta hono ana ki te mahi o etahi complexes ahumahi, wehea i roto i runga ki te paearu o rängai ahumahi:

• agro-ahumahi;
• ahumahi korero;
• Aerospace;
• ngota, wahie, me te pūngao;
• nui-tech ahumahi te matū-ho'oraa, microbiological me te matū ahumahi; whakatangitangi pūtaiao, ahumahi o matatini whakaaro rata ;
• Construction me production, mīhini-hanga complexes me te rite. D.

Ko te hua tino pai o te whanaketanga tauwhiro ko te tuitui o ngā rōpū pūtaiao matatini me hinonga ahumahi te whakamahi i te pūmanawa o te whakawāhanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau. hanga ana tēnei hanganga taea reira ki te neke māmālie ki te huringa i roto i te tikanga o te rangahau pūtaiao me te engineering matatau me te hanga hangarau, ki te hanga a ratou kia rite ki taunga ki te hiahia o ngā hinonga ahumahi. Hanga e tenei momo o ngä whakahaere rangahau tautau (pērā i Center "Kurchatov Institute") me ngā ahumahi (tautau pūngao ngota) i runga i te paearu o auahatanga ahei o te whakarato i te tawhā tino arotau me nga huringa o nga tukanga o te ao hōu o te matatini pūtaiao-ahumahi o te whenua.

Ko te horapa o ngā hangarau mōhiohio me te kōrero hou ka whakawhānui i te hōkai o ngā ratonga nui-tech i te parae'ofa fakaetangatá - hauora, mātauranga, rāngai pūtea.

matatini rangahau pūtaiao: rauemi tiketike, me te subsoil

hopoi mai huihui matatini rangahau whakahaere e whakahaere mahi whakamātau ki te whiwhi mōhiotanga hou me tona tono, me te whakamahi i ngā ki te waihanga i tētahi hua hou - he hua hangarau ranei.

Tikanga, kua karangatia e taua whakahaere "Institute Research", engari i roto i hoki ngā te matatini te pūranga, ngā pokapū pūtaiao me te mōhiohio, rohe ope mātanga, tari rängai, wāhanga, me ngā ratonga, te rangahau, me te hanga hononga, me taiwhanga, me te he Observatory, huaota kari, teihana kararehe, tauira whakamātautau motuhake (hei tauira, te thermonuclear International pūrere whakamātau).

mahi pūtaiao, whakamātautau, whakamatautau i roto i enei whakahaere kei runga i te taputapu motuhake. Hei tauira, he kaipuke rangahau o Russia rite te wāhanga nui o te pūnaha haumaru motu o te kāwanatanga i roto i te mara o te rangahau, te whanaketanga me te whakamahi o ngā rauemi kohuke o te moana e whakamahia ana mo tona mahi te marae e hāngai ana, rite rawa ki te taputapu me ngā pūrere e tika ana.

Reform o te Russian Academy o Sciences

Creation o te Academy o Pūtaiao - taunakitanga tika o te mau tautooraa ripeneta o Pita ahau me Catherine ahau (1725), e hāngai ana ki te whakapakari i te motuhake ōhanga me te tōrangapū o Russia. mauruuru te emepera te pūmanawa o te whakaaro pūtaiao, te faufaa o te mātauranga me te ahurea kounga mo te te pai o te āhua. Hanga e Academy tīmatanga whakauruuru haere nga mahi o te rangahau, me te mātauranga institution (whare wānanga, me te kura nui). I roto i te heke mai - no te tata e toru tenetere - te mahi pūtaiao o te Academy i mahi rite te take o whakanuia pūmanawa te whenua o. Kati te reira ki te whakahua i nga ingoa o taua pūtaiao pai-mohiotia nei mahi i roto i ona taiepa, rite Hēura, M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Pallas, KG Razumovsky.

timata "Āputa" i roto i te mahi o nga RAS ki te mutunga o te rau tau XVIII, ka timata te reira ki te kia whakahē mō te riri nui mo te whanaketanga ariā, samoizolirovannost, wehe i te raruraru akiaki o te whenua, me te i roto i te whānui - "memeha". A i roto i te 1870-80-doma. ngā Wānanga te aro o te iwi whānui i roto i te hononga ki te kore ki te tohu taonga mātauranga o kaipūtaiao tairanga Mechnikov, IM Sechenov me D. Mendeleyev. Whakatangi whakapae o "anti-Russian" arotahi o tenei hanganga pūtaiao.

I muri kua arotahi te Revolution o te USSR Academy o Sciences i runga i engineering, a tono rangahau - i hanga nga whakatutukitanga katoa o te ōhanga ā-motu i raro i tona aronga. Heoi, i roto i te wā i te 90. te rau tau whakamutunga, a inaianei kei te faaruru i te Russian Academy o Sciences te kāwanatanga o tūturu raruraru. Ko tōna hanganga kei te whakawhänui me te timata ki te mahi, ka ohorere memeha.

Mai 2013 Ko te wa o te ripeneta hohonu, me te whakariterite anō o te Russian Academy o Sciences. Ko te ngako o te whakahou, kia rite ki a D. A. Medvedeva, - "tukua pūtaiao ki te arotahi matua i runga i te pūtaiao me te rangahau, me ki atawhai ratou i mahi whakahaere rawa matua-kore me ngā ratonga hapori". Heoi, kaha whakahe i te hapori pūtaiao nga huarahi kua whakaarohia e te Kawanatanga, no te mea "kua utaina e ratou i roto i te puka o te tuwhena, me te haamou." Ko te kupu, ko te whakariterite anō e whakaarohia ana, engari i roto i te mooni - he feohi ore o te hanganga ngā o te RAS, i te mutunga ka arahi te Complex Scientific o Russia rite te pūnaha "whaiaro whakahaere-" ki papahoro.

I roto i te pukapuka tuwhera ki a V. V. Putinu academician tuhia Zhores Alferov aua whakatutukitanga tino e kua puta i roto i to tatou whakawhetai whenua ki te Russian Academy o Sciences: "te hanganga o te whakangungu rakau karihi; pūngao karihi me te kaipuke karihi; te hōpara ātea me te moana Northern Route; Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti ki te whakahaere te wahi pokapū rangahau hou; hihiani me Semiconductor "revolution" me te tini ke atu. " he tika whakahou whai hua, engari anake ki te āwhina o ārahi pūtaiao, me te mārama whakatau-hanga i roto i te hanganga - e te te whakaaro taketake o te tautohe, i ahu i roto i Hōngongoi 2013

ngā wāhi raruraru i roto i te ora o te hou pūtaiao Russian, me te mātauranga

Ko te mahi matua o te hapori pūtaiao - te whakarato i te āwhina tohunga oti ki te āhua o te wāhi matua. raruraru kitea e tu i roto i ki te whakamārama o te whanaketanga o te matatini pūtaiao hou o Russia e whai ake nei:

- rahunga ōhanga, kătahi ki porowhita whakahaere nanakia "kaiwhakahaere whai hua" te pirau whakahaere hanga (hei tauira, "Skolkovo" Pūtea);

- tikanga haamou o ripeneta pūtaiao me te mātauranga, i roto i ngā, i te whakahou e whakaarohia ana o te RAS, te opuaraa mo te whakangaromanga o te pūmanawa pūtaiao o ngā whare RAS me te whenua kia rite ki te katoa;

- Corporate me te whakahaere tāwharau i te whanaketanga pūtaiao me te arumoni o: ao;

- me te hē o moni i reira ko te kore o te pūtea rangahau nui-tech.

Ko te kupu, ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te pūtaiao - ehara i te mea kau mataotao noa, engari ano hoki kaitätari, economists, me āpiha a te kāwanatanga.