Mākete katoa-Russian. Hanganga o te mākete motu

I roto i te rau tau 17, ko te rāngai tino moni, me te whaimana hokohoko ke. Ngā mihi ki a ia, homai te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti i te taonga tino kau: whakapaipai, hinu, kakara, te hiraka, me te pera i runga i. Ko te hiahia ki te whai i te reira katoa, me i whakaongaonga i te whakatūnga me te whakapakari atu o ona ake production. Ko te hiringa tuatahi ki te whanaketanga o te hokohoko kāinga i roto i Europe tenei.

whakataki

Puta noa i te anotau Middle reira ko he hua āta i roto i te rōrahi o te hokohoko ke. Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 15, ka rite ki te hua o te maha o ngā āhuatanga matawhenua, i reira ko tetahi peke kite. riro te hokohoko Pākehā, kua ao, me te wā wharekarakia haere pai i roto i te wā o te haaputuputuraa tahito o te whakapaipai. I roto i te rau tau th 16-18 ko te whakapakari o te mahi tahi ōhanga i waenganui i te maha o ngā wāhi, me te hanganga o hokohoko motu. Heoi, kua tuhia te reira te hanganga o āhua motu centralized arikitanga pūmau. hāngai ana te kaupapa here öhanga katoa o enei whenua i ki te hanganga o te mākete motu, te whanaketanga o te hokohoko kāinga, me te ke. I homai ano hoki hiranga nui ki te whakapakari o te ahumahi, ahuwhenua, kōrero taputapu.

Tīmata whakakopa te mākete motu

E te 18 th rau ki te mara o te hokohoko whānui hononga Russia āta timata ki te uru atu i te rohe hou. Hei tauira, i roto i te pokapū o te whenua ki te Mauī-Bank Ukraine hua ka anga ki te tae me etahi hua ahumahi (pākawa, paura, karaihe). I te wa ano, ko Russia he tūāpapa mo te hokohoko o ngā hua o kaimahi rohe me wheketere. ka anga ki te haere mai i te rohe o Don, kai, taro ika. Hoki i nga rohe Central me Täingäwai nga oko, hu, papanga. ka haere mai kararehe Katatānga, i roto i te utu mo te i tukua rohe tata taro me etahi hua ahumahi.

ataahua

whakaratohia mana nui i runga i te hanganga o te mākete katoa-Russian ataahua. Ko te nui rawa a i riro auraa motu Makarevskaya. kawea mai ēnei hua i i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whenua: Vologda, te hauauru me te raki-uru o Smolensk, St Petersburg, Riga, Moscow ko Yaroslavl, Kazan ko Astrakhan. I roto i te tino rongonui kia huaina konganuku utu nui, rino, furs, witi, hiako, papanga me te ngā hua kararehe (kai, te ngako), te tote me te ika. He aha i hokona i te ataahua, te utu ka puta noa te whenua: te ika me furs - i roto i Moscow, taro me te hopi - ki St. Petersburg, hua maitai - Astrakhan. Hoki te rau tau i tino nui haere te ataahua hokohoko. Na, i roto i 1720, te tau i reira 280 mano rohe, me 21 tau i muri mai - .. He kua 489.000.

Fakataha ki Makary, riro auraa motu, me te tahi atu hokohokonga: Tokotoru, Orenburg, Faaiteraa ko Anahera. Irbit, hei tauira, i 17 nga kawanatanga he pa Russian e ono tekau, i whakapumautia pāhekoheko ki Pahia, a Central Asia. Kua Svenskaya Fair kua pā ana ki 37 nga pa, me 21 kawanatanga th. Fakataha ki Moscow, ko enei hokohokonga katoa o faufaa nui i roto i te mau mai i tahi e rua hokohoko rohe me te takiwā, me te rohe i te mākete katoa-Russian.

Ko te āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i te whenua te whakawhanake

kaiahuwhenua Russian, i muri i oti i otiia takoto ona pōpula ture o te tuatahi ki te utu i te State, me te tona ariki, reti (tūturu moni ranei). Otiia ki te, hei tauira, ki te whakarite i te āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i Russia ko Poland, nga peasants Polish mō te mahi i roto i te puka o te serfdom piki rahi. Na, hoki ratou ko reira pae hopea 5-6 ra i te wiki. Hoki te kaiahuwhenua Russian ko ia 3 ra.

herenga utu i roto i te puka moni whakapae te oraraa o te mākete. I runga i te papa hokohoko o te kaiahuwhenua i ahau ki te whai wāhi ki. whakatenatena Hanganga o te mākete motu kaiwhakarēti ki ake me te hoko hua pāmu, me te (a kahore iti) me te kāwanatanga - ki te hanga o rihīti ukauka pūtea.

Whanaketanga i roto i te ōhanga o Russia i te hawhe 2 o te rau tau 16

I roto i tenei wā timata ki te hanga i hokohoko nui rohe. E te rau tau 17 o te whakapakari o whanaunga pakihi i kawea i roto i runga i te tauine motu. "Katoa-Russian Market" - Ko te hua o te roha o te ariā hou o te pāhekoheko puta i waenganui i te ngā wāhi takitahi. Ahakoa tona whakatōpū ki te whānuitanga nui tatatia nga rori Russian ma'i.

E te rau tau waenganui-17, i reira e te tahi mau hiahiatanga e hanga puta mākete katoa-Russian. Tona mātauranga, i roto i ngā, wāhi ki te faahohonuraa e o te wehenga pāpori o mahi, me te hanga whāiti rohe, me te te āhuatanga tōrangapū tika e puta tika ana ki nga hanganga, i hāngai nei i te āhua kotahi te hanga.

Ko te wāhi hokohoko matua o te whenua

Mai i te hawhe 2 o te rau tau 16 i hanga e ka whakakaha taua hokohoko rohe matua pērā i te rohe Täingäwai (Vologda, Kazan, Yaroslavl - hua kararehe), Te Tai Tokerau (Vologda - te mākete witi matua, Irbit, Solvychegodsk - huruhuru), Te Tai Tokerau-Te Hau-ā-uru ( Novgorod - te hoko o ngā hua Hemp me rinena), Center (Tikhvin, Tula - te hoko me te hoko o ngā hua whakarewa). Otiia ko te matua papa hokohoko ao i taua wa Moscow. I roto i te reira, i reira i pā ana ki kotahi rau e rua tekau raupapa motuhake, te wahi i taea e koutou te hoko huruhuru me te kakahu, hiraka me te huruhuru, ngako me te taro, he waina, hua whakarewa, e rua kāinga me te production ke.

Mana o te kāwanatanga

Katoa-Russian mākete, i whakatika rite te putanga o te whakahounga wāhi ki te nui haere kaupapa pakihi. Pera i te matara te mahara tūmatanui, i te taumata o ngā whakaaro i reira nga tika takitahi me ona rangatiratanga. Ina e, te āhuatanga ōhanga i roto i te tau o te haaputuputuraa tahito o te whakapaipai arahina ki te haere noa o te hinonga e rua i roto i te hokohoko, me te i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi.

I roto i te mara o ngā mahi ahuwhenua āta e whakakapi i te whakatau kāwanatanga feudal ki te huri i te whakamahinga whenua, me te ahuwhenua. whakatairanga te kāwanatanga te hanganga o te ahumahi motu e awe, i tahuri, ki te whanaketanga o te mākete motu. I tua atu, patronized te āhua te whakataki o te ahuwhenua, tino nui atu i ko reira i mua.

I roto i te mara o te hokohoko ke kāwanatanga whai ana ki te whiwhi koroni, me te kawe i roto i te kaupapa here o te protectionism. Ko te kupu, katoa i he mua āhuatanga mō pa hokohoko takitahi, kua inaianei riro te aronga tōrangapū, me te ōhanga o te kāwanatanga rite te katoa.

mutunga

whakaaro te āhuatanga matua o te wā o te haaputuputuraa tahito o te whakapaipai e ki kia te putanga o whanaunga koloa-moni me te ōhanga mākete. mahue tenei katoa kua he tohu motuhake i runga i ao katoa o te ora pāpori o te wā. Heoi, ko reira era ahua tautohetia, i roto i te meka, me ētahi atu wā o te whakawhitinga, ka i reira ko tetahi pakanga i waenganui i te feudal whakahaere te ōhanga, hapori, tōrangapū, wairua hiahia te tangata me ngā hou o rangatiratanga bourgeois, e tika ana ki te roha o unahi hokohoko, e whai wāhi ana ki te whakakorenga o te wehe rohe, me te whāititanga o te whenua feudal.