Konganuku patu: whakaahuatanga me ngā āhuatanga tono rārangi

tāutuhia te whanaketanga i te tino. Pai ake taea o te whakamahi ahumahi me te whare mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga ahu whakamua. Tenei, i roto i ngā whakarewa doped. takoto ratou kanorau te kaha te ako hanganga ine, me te kounga o te huānga alloying.

Natural-koranu maitai

Tuatahi tona rino whakarewa, e kua āhuatanga rerekē i te whanaunga, ko reira maori-doped. roto nui haere te kamaka meteorite rino onamata moni o nika. Kei te kitea te reira i roto i nga urupa tawhito Ihipiana 4-5 tauatini BC. e., hangaia o te taua hoahoanga pou Qutab Minar i Delhi (V c). hoari urunga Japanese hanga o te rino, kukū molybdenum me Ramahiku parahi kei Tungsten, angamaheni mo tere tiketike hou. ko nga konganuku, te ore i keria i etahi wahi enei.

pea kei ngā alloys o production hou wāhanga tūturu o te konganuku me te take mai nonmetallic, e kua kitea i roto i o ratou āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga.

ara hītori

whakaturia te turanga mo te whanaketanga o te doping i tika tikanga rewa tahu para mo te maitai i roto i Europa i roto i te rau tau XVIII. I roto i te putanga atu tahito o te crucibles whakamahia i roto i nga wa onamata, tae atu hoki te tango, o Ramahiku, a Ramahiku maitai. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 18, kua te hangarau kua whakapai ake i runga i te tauine ahumahi, ka whakaaetia ki te whakatika i te hanganga me te kounga o te rauemi tīmatanga.

• Ko te whakatuwheratanga tukutahi o ake me te ake huānga matū hou, pana kairangahau ki ngā oumu whakamātautau.
• mana tōraro o parahi i runga i te kounga maitai.
• parahi Open kei roto 6% rino.

i whakahaeretia ngā i roto i ngā o te mana ine, me te kounga ki runga ki te koranu maitai o Tungsten, konupora, Titanium, molybdenum, konukurahina, chromium, konukawata, nika, konumohe, me ētahi atu.

Ko te hanga ahumahi tuatahi o te maitai kongatia ki konupora, whakapumautia i te timatanga o te rau tau XIX. Reira Kua whakawhanakehia hoki mai 1856 hei wāhanga o te tukanga Bessemer o tango,.

Āhuatanga doping

āhuatanga Modern tukua ki te ngohe konganuku patu o tetahi hanganga. Ko te mau parau tumu o tenei hangarau:

1. E whakaaro wāhanga Alloying anake, ki te e whakaurua ratou me āta te ihirangi o ia nui 1%.
2. Whanariki, hauwai, he ūkuikui whakaaro poke. Kei te whakamahia te inclusions nonmetallic rite boron, hauota, silicon, onge - ūkuikui.
3. Rōrahi doping - ko te whakataki o nga wae ki te taonga whakarewa i roto i te ahumahi metallurgical. Ko te mata ko te tukanga o te apa mata tūringiringi waiwai huānga matū e tika ana i pāmahana teitei.
4. I roto i te tukanga tāpiri, whakarerekē te hanganga, tioata o "tamaiti" o te rauemi. Ka taea e ratou te hanga i te whakakore i kătahi o rongoā me whakanohoia i nga rohe o nga hanganga konganuku me te konganuku-kore, te hanga i te ranunga pūkaha o purapura ranei. He wāhi nui konei takaro e te tohu o te memehatanga o te āhuatanga i roto i tahi i te tahi.

wāhanga alloying

E ai ki te whakarōpū whānui, kua wehea konganuku katoa ki pango me te tae. Hei ngā rino pango, Konqueror me te konupora. wehea Tae ki ono tekau (konumohe, konupora, pāhare pāporo), taimaha (nika, konutea, parahi), te rangatira (konukawata, hiriwa, koura), konganuku whakangutungutu (Tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, Titanium), pūkahukahu, whenua onge, me te ira tukituki. Na roto i te alloying ngā konganuku i te momo nui o te marama, taimaha, rangatira, me te whakangutungutu kore-ferrous me pango katoa.

Tei runga i te ōwehenga o enei āhuatanga, me te Kunenga whakarewa turanga whakamutunga wehea ki iti-koranu (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) me te tiketike (neke atu i te 10%).

steels patu

Hangarau, he tika te tukanga. Ko te tino whānui te whānui. Ko te whāinga matua mō te steels e whai ake nei:

• Whakanuia i roto i te kaha.
• Pai ake ngā hua tukatuka waiariki.
• Ko te hua i roto i te te waikura resistance, ātete wera, ātete wera, wera ātete, ātete ki tikanga whakahaere kaitaua, ratonga ora.

Ko te wāhanga matua - koranu ferrous me konganuku whakangutungutu, e ngā Kr, Mn, W, V, Ti, Mo, ko tae Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium me Konukōreko - te wāhanga matua tautuhi kowiri tira (X18H9T) me whakangutungutu, i āhuatanga tikanga mahi e pāmahana teitei me nga pikaunga hikitia (15H5). I roto i te nui te whakamahia ake ki te 1.5% mō ahunga me ngā wāhanga waku (15HF, SHH15SG)

Konupora - he wāhanga taketake o steels kākahu-ātete (110G13L). moni iti whakatairanga deoxidation, whakaiti kukū o te ūkuikui me te whanariki.

Silicon me vanadium - āhuatanga e he nui etahi o nui haere elasticity me e whakamahia mo te hanga o puna (55S2, 50HFA).

he pai hoki te rino ki te ātete hiko nui (H13YU4) konumohe.

He āhuatanga nui o te ihirangi Tungsten o kainga tiketike-tere taputapu steels (P9 R18K5F2). drill patu mō te whakarewa o te rauemi nui atu hua, me te ātete ki te mahi atu i te taputapu waro maitai taua.

Patu maitai i roto i te whakamahi ia rā. mohiotia te wā kotahi pera-ka karanga alloys ki ngā āhuatanga maere whiwhi rite tikanga doping. Ko te kupu "rakau maitai" kei roto 1% chromium me 35% konukōreko, e whakatau tona kawe ia ngāwhā tiketike, he āhuatanga hoki te rakau. Kei roto hoki Diamond 1.5% waro, 0.5% chromium me te 5% o te Tungsten, e faaite te reira i rite te u tino, rite ki te taimana.

doping rino

rerekē rino Maka steels i ihirangi nui waro (i 2.14 ki te 6,67%), pakeke tiketike, me te waikura ātete, engari kaha iti. I roto i te tikanga ki te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga me tono whakaaturanga, kua doped reira ki chromium, konupora, konumohe, silicon, nika, parahi, Tungsten, vanadium.

Nā ki te āhuatanga motuhake o te rauemi rino, me tona doping - he tukanga atu uaua atu mo te maitai. Ia o nga wae pānga te faafariuraa o ngā puka waro i roto i reira. Mai whai wāhi konupango ki te hanganga o te "tika" o graphite, e whakapiki i mauroa. Kupu Whakataki o te tahi atu waro ano kua te pānga o whakawhitinga ki te āhua mangere, whitening rino, me te whakaiti i ona āhuatanga hangarau.

faingataa te hangarau te pāmahana rewa iti (i runga i toharite ake ki 1000? C), notemea hoki te nuinga o nga mea timatanga alloying he nui ki runga ake i tenei taumata.

Nuinga tōtika hoki alloying matatini rino. I te wa ano, me whai whakaaro koe te whakanui ake i te tūponotanga o te Pharoah o castings, hangai mōrea o maka ana mea kohakore. Hei kawe i tukanga tōtika ake i roto i hiko me oumu arataki. raupapa whakahauanga o kaupae ko te maimoatanga wera-kounga tiketike.

E āhuatanga maka chromium rino i te kākahu nui ātete, kaha, wera ātete, ātete ki hoholo me te waikura (CHH3, CHH16). E whakamahia ratou i roto i te engineering matū me te i roto i te hanga o te taputapu metallurgical.

Maka rino kongatia ki silicon, kua āhuatanga e te waikura nui resistance me te ātete ki te pānga o pūhui matū kaitaua, ahakoa pai āhuatanga hangarau (CHS13, CHS17). wāhanga Puka o matū taputapu, taiepa me papua.

He tauira o te alloying tino matatini he maka rino wera-ātete. Kei roto ratou i roto i to ratou hanganga me te alloying pango konganuku pērā i chromium, konupora, sēniti. E āhuatanga ratou i te ātete te waikura nui, kakahu resistance me te ātete ki taumahatanga teitei i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te pānga nui - wāhanga o kapohau, papua, motors, taputapu ahumahi matū (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

He wae nui ko te parahi, whai wāhi nei i roto i te matatini ki ētahi atu konganuku, te āhuatanga whakaitinga o nga piki koranu.

koranu parahi

Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i tona ahua parakore me tito o alloys parahi e whai i te momo whānui i runga i te ōwehenga o te āhuatanga matua me te alloying, parahi, te parahi, te hiriwa konukōreko, me ētahi atu nelziybery rānei.

Clean parahi - koranu konutea - e kore e doped. Ki te ngā reira te hanganga o alloying konganuku kore-ferrous i roto i te nui tetahi - kua whakaaro reira ki te kia multicomponent. Parahi - alloys reira ki atu wāhanga konganuku, e taea e tine ranei tine-kei roto, doped i roto i te wā katoa. Ake kounga mā te whakamahi i Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, SN, Pb, Kia, Al, P, Si.

Ko te ihirangi silicon o pūhui parahi whakapai ake ratou waikura resistance, kaha me te elasticity; tine, me te mata, - whakatau te kounga me te antifriction āhuatanga pai machinability whanaunga; konukōreko me te konupora - wāhanga, pera-ka karanga alloys deformable hoki e whai i te pānga pai i runga i te parenga te waikura; rino whakapiki nga āhuatanga pūkaha me te konutea - hangarau.

E whakamahia ratou i roto i te engineering hiko rite te rauemi raw taketake mo te hanga o te momo o waea, he rauemi mō te hokohoko wae tino mo te taputapu matū, i roto i te mīhini engineering me taputapu hanga, i roto i putorino me exchangers wera.

doping konumohe

Whakamahia rite te makanga mahi alloys ranei. Doped Metals tona pūtake ko nga pūhui o parahi, konupora, ranei konupora (duralumin, me ētahi atu), te whakamutunga - i te pūhui ki silicon, pera-ka karanga silumins, me e doped katoa o nga kōwhiringa taea te whakamahi i Kr, Mg, te Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

faarahi parahi tona plasticity; Silicon - nga āhuatanga fluidity me te kounga makanga; chromium, konupora, konupora - te whakapai ake i te kaha, i ngā āhuatanga tukatuka me te pēhanga machinability waikura resistance. Hoki rite wāhanga alloying takoha ki te ātete ki te hoholo me ki ngā āhuatanga whakahaere kaitaua kia whāngai ai B, Pb, ZR, Ti, Bi.

Iron - he wāhanga houhou, engari i roto i ngā rahinga iti whakamahia mo te hanga o te konumohe konumohe. whakamahia Silumin ki maka wahi tino me kuhunga i roto i te engineering aunoa. Duralumin me te meke i te alloys e hāngai ana konumohe-- he rauemi raw nui mo te hanga o ngā huānga takere, tae atu ki ngā hanganga kaha i roto i te waka rererangi hanga, te pahi me te mīhini.

E whai wāhi konganuku patu i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te ahumahi pēnei i te hunga e kua pai ake ngā āhuatanga pūkaha me te hangarau, he mea whakarite ki te rauemi tīmata. Ko te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga alloying me nga taea o hangarau hou tukua ki te hanga ngā whakarerekētanga e whakawhānui te kaha i roto i te pūtaiao, me te hangarau.