Konganuku ferrous: mara, rokiroki. ferrous Metallurgy

Konganuku - e kore e mate ano ia ona rauemi hāngaitanga. Kei te whakamahia whānuitia ratou i roto i te kāinga, me te i roto i te ahumahi. O te akoranga, i teie nei whakaaro matou he rota o kē rerekē, e hāngai ana i runga i nei e kore te mea iho i roto i te kounga ki konganuku te rauemi whiwhi. Heoi, e kore ratou e taea e tino whakakapi. He uaua ki te whakaaro i te taiepa, me tatau, auri, pukupuku manhole, taputapu me te ake o te tahi mea atu.

Ahakoa kua riro kirihou, karaihe, silicone, polyethylene me te polypropylene wahi o te ora hou, he uaua ki te whakakapi i te hanganga taketake o nga kōrero maha o waka me ētahi atu waka i runga i tetahi konganuku kē. Reira e kore te mea noa.

Konganuku o te Pūnaha Periodic

Ko te Pūnaha Periodic o konganuku Elements noho ārahi tūranga. O te 117 tūranga mohiotia wawetia e pā ana ki ngā konganuku neke atu i 90. katoa o enei āhuatanga i te maha o ngā āhuatanga ahurei e tukua ki a koe te kōrero a ratou ki te rōpū o te konganuku:

1. Nehenehe o te whakahaere o nāianei hiko.
2. Whai kawe ia.
3. Ngohengohe, kōngohe, awhiowhio Nireaha ki ngā rau me te waea (kore te katoa).
4. A ani i te takatu ai hiriwa (anake parahi, me te koura).

I tua atu ki te āhuatanga whānui o ia taua huānga kua he maha o motuhake, me e hanga ana e ia he tono taua.

typology

taea hoki te wehea konganuku katoa rite te taonga ohie ki ngā akomanga e toru:

1. Black.
2. Tae.
3. Utu nui.

Hoki konganuku kore-ferrous he katoa engari utu nui, me te rino. Ko, parahi, mēkuri, palladium, chromium, nika, konutea, konupora, konupūmā, te konumohe, mata, he tine, me pera i runga i.

Hoki konganuku utu nui ngā te whai ake:

• hiriwa;
• koura;
• konukawata.

konganuku ferrous - e kua tukinotia e ratou?

I roto i ngā tenei piha haapiiraa:

• rino, me ona alloys katoa;
• konupora;
• Konqueror;
• vanadium;
• Titanium;
• me actinides konukarihi (thorium, te konuwhiro, konu, me ētahi atu);
• Tungsten;
• konganuku alkali.

Ko, i te momo o enei matū i runga i te wahi o konganuku ferrous pūkete mo te wahi iti. A fele e kore te nuinga noa (anake rino) e kitea te i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, me te roto.

Otiia ahakoa te meka e e te aroaro nga konganuku ferrous i roto i te maha o nga mea timatanga torutoru, he ratou rawa noa, me te whakaemi i roto i whakaputa me te tukatuka. Taumaha o ngā hua, wahi, oko i hanga o te rino, me ona alloys ïa.

Ferrous konganuku he whānui nui a ui katoa i runga i te ao. Extraction me te tukatuka o rino - raruraru i te whakairo-mata hangarau, me te ōhanga i roto i nga whenua maha, tae atu ki Russia.

Putunga o konganuku ferrous i runga i te ao

o te rino production tauine kī tuatahi i roto i konganuku katoa. Ko tōna ihirangi taimaha i roto i te natura, tae atu i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, tata pirioni. I te wa ano, rite ki ngā tohunga, kua kitea he tangata ki te rā kotahi anake rau piriona taranata.

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki putunga o konganuku ferrous, matua rino o te ao, kia tuhia te reira e ratou i runga i fenua katoa, i roto i nga wahi katoa o te ao, ki te kahore hoki te wāhi ki te raki tino. Ko te tohatoha i whenua rite te whai ake (i roto i te heke te raupapa):

• Russia (e pā ana ki e wha tekau ōrau o rāhui o te ao);
• Brazil;
• Ahitereiria;
• Canada;
• US;
• China;
• India;
• Sweden.

Putunga i roto i te Russia

Ko te konganuku ferrous Russian i roto i roto i te nui-tauine rohe e hānga ana tata katoa.

1. Central Federal District (Kurskaia Pākatokato autō) - i runga i 59%.
2. Urals Federal District - 14%.
3. Siberian District - 13%.
4. Tawhiti - 8%.
5. Northwestern Federal District - 4%.
6. Täingäwai - 0.5%.

I roto i ia o enei rohe ko te kamupene, kawea nei te metallurgy ferrous. Russia Ko te rangatira mārama i roto i te ao i runga i tenei tohu, me, te whakawa i nga rahui, na ka tonu i te reira mo te wa rawa te roa.

tangohanga o te rauemi

production whakarewa ferrous whai wāhi te maha o ngā tukanga taahiraa uaua. Tuatahi, e kore e konganuku ferrous kitea i roto i te puka Maori, me te wahi e hāngai ana o te ore (konupora, rino, me te pera i runga i). Na reira, i mua i te whiwhi tatou whakarewa ki te kia tangohia i kamaka te whenua - ore.

whakamana ana tēnei tukanga e te ahumahi maina. Ko te kupu tokahuke kei roto rino, e taea te kukū me te tangata taonga ranei, he kikokore ki te whakarewa. Na reira, he mea he wahi i tangohia mo te tātari matū hanganga ore i muri i te tangohanga. Ki te he ine te ihirangi whakarewa i runga i 57-60%, ka tonu te mahi. Ki te raro, ka mutu neke ki tetahi wāhi ki te kitea atu tiketike-kōeke ore ranei. Kore, Ko noa öhanga pai tenei tukanga.

Te wāhanga i muri mai, e tā te hanga o te whakarewa ferrous - ko te tukatuka o ore tangohia i te tipu motuhake. mohiotia ana tēnei tukanga te rite metallurgy. E nehenehe te reira o te maha ngā momo:

1. Hydrometallurgy - e hāngai ana hangarau i roto i te tangohanga ore, me te tukatuka ko te whakamahi o te wai. I roto i te tukanga o te wīra konganuku i te ore haere ki otinga, a ka tangohia e eletroliza i roto i te puka parakore. Energy me rauemi, ko atu te utu tenei tikanga, na te whakamahia reira anake hoki konganuku motuhake.
2. Pyrometallurgy - te pūtake mo te whakamahi o te taputapu ahi. wera ore tukanga maimoatanga i roto i oumu hau mā te whakamahi i te waro coked. Ko te ara tino noa o te ore tukatuka me te whakaora whakarewa. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i te ahumahi maitai.
3. Biometallurgy. I runga anō i te mahi o ngā kaiao ora, kei te timata noa te reira ki te kia whakaurua i roto i mahi, whakawhanakehia hangarau koiora. Ko te rārangi raro ko te kaha o te tahi mau microorganisms ki te tango konganuku i te tukanga o te ora i te ore.

tukatuka

I te tokahuke tukatuka tipu keri kei roto konganuku ferrous, e ngohengohe ki te maimoatanga tupato. kitea enei tukanga katoa e i roto i te ripanga i raro nei.

tukanga	Ko te ngako o te tukanga	hua
1. Ore	Te wehe i te wahi o te ore kei roto whakarewa, i te gangue. Ka taea e puta te reira i roto i tetahi o ara e toru: autō (ferromagnetic rino-e hāngai ana); mahara (turanga - kiato rerekē me toka kau-taonga); tēnei waka (e hāngai ana i runga i te whakamahi o te wai ki te kaihoko huka).	Hei hoatu parakore, taonga tïpako whakarewa ferrous, kua tonoa nei ki te tukatuka atu.
2. agglomeration	tukanga sintering Ore. Whakahaere ki te whiwhi rauemi parakore, kahore ngā haurehu poke me te puehu, me te pera i runga i.	Whiwhi toru ngā momo o te ore tukatuka: ore sintered (tunua pāmahana teitei kahore uru rangi); Ko te (wehenga te pure) wehea; okatyshnaya (papatipu kei roto fluxes rino).
tukanga oumu 3. Blast	Coking ore i roto i te oumu hau mo te whakamahi rite wahie, me te rino whakaiti kaihoko o te waro i ona waikura.	kua tauta whiwhi rino parakore ki te waro, ki te hanga i te rino, ki te tika.

Ko tenei me pehea riro te rino, me ona alloys. pau nga utu rauemi mōrahi i runga i te faaineineraa, me te whakamahi o te Coke (waro). Ko reira he kaihoko whakaiti mo te rino, wahie, pūtake wera, waro kaiwhakarato. Na reira, i roto i te tukanga whakaahuatia whakamahi i te nui tika nui o reira, i konei nga utu moni teitei.

tikanga rokiroki

No te konganuku ferrous, pā matua rino, me ona alloys. kia mohio ki te reira e ko te waikura rauemi rawa iu tenei. Na reira, e titau te rokiroki whakarewa pango pipiki ki etahi ture, ina koa, ki te he te reira kahore e pā ana ki ngā hanganga me ngā hua, me te mau ferrous pera-ka karanga (ururua, ware pakaru, pepa, rakau, whare, me te pera i runga i):

1. Ko te ruma i roto i kia te rauemi tino kati i te houku tomo (ua, hukarere). Ko te raro te haumākū, te roa te ora papa.
2. Me kia nui te rohe o te whare putunga, e kore e taea ki te pupuri i te hanganga rau o konganuku ferrous tika i muri ki tetahi ki tetahi, kia rite ki ka tīmata tenei he waikura wawe.
3. kia katoa te rauemi e wātea ana kia kōmaka e waitohu me te rahi.

Na roto i te peeraa i teie mau ture ohie, e taea e koe rite te roa rite taea ki te pehi i te tukanga o te whakangaromanga o ngā hanganga whakarewa.

alloys whakarewa ferrous

Ki te hunga whakaae ki alloys rino, e kua wehea ki te maha ngā momo:

1. Steel. whakarewa ferrous kongatia ki waro, homai te hua e whai ake nei.
2. Iron. rino Basic, hua nei i roto i oumu hau i roto i te tukatuka o ore, Ko te tino kāore rite he rauemi mo te hanga o ngā pūrere me taonga whare. Ko ia pakarukaru rawa. Me te reira ki te tukatuka atu i roto i te puka o te waiwai rino, me te waro, ki te tiki pai rauemi roa. Hoki atu āhuatanga tapiritia ki te whakarei ake waikura resistance me te whakapai ake i te mahinga.
3. Ferroalloys (silicocalcium, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon, silicomanganese). Ko te whakaaro matua o ēnei alloys - Performance whakapai ake o te rauemi whakamutunga.

maitai

Tuatahi i roto i alloys katoa nekehia atu konganuku ferrous maitai. ako teie mahana ki te whakatutuki i ngā hua rawa nui i roto i te hanga o tenei rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga këtia nui. Tenei ahua o te hononga - te mea tino nui mo te ahumahi, hoatu e te konganuku ferrous. He aha ka anga ki te puta?

1. Ngawari - whakamahia mo te hanga o ngā taputapu.
2. he kowiri tira (tae atu putorino hanga, wahi whakangutungutu, tapahi taputapu, taputapu ka paiherea me pera i runga i).
3. Konqueror Ferritic.
4. Martensite-Konqueror.
5. Doped.
6. Konukōreko.
7. Chrome.
8. Konqueror-vanadium.
9. Tungsten.
10. Molybdenum.
11. Konupora.

E Taitara kitea e tapiritia enei wae ki te ranunga o te rino, me te waro i roto i te tetahi ōwehenga. pā ana tēnei he huringa nui i roto i te āhuatanga o te rauemi whiwhi.

konganuku Tuarua

Kia aroha mai, ka rite ki e tatou i pai, mea e taea e kore mau tonu. Neke atu i te wa, mai nga mea katoa ki koroua - pakaru ngā patu, whiwhi koroheke, me i roto o te ahua. Na ko reira ki whakaaro i hanga o konganuku ferrous. Steel, maka rino, me te tahi atu hua, wahi noa kore e hiahiatia ana.

Katahi ratou noho i runga i te hinonga motuhake mahi i roto i te tukatuka o ngā rauemi raw kua tae mai ki te koroua. Na te reira whakarewa pango tuarua. Ko te karanga a te mea ko nga hua whakarewa i taka me te tikanga i roto i te whare i hanga o konganuku ferrous.

Me ū te hunga kamupene, e kawe i roto i te kohinga o mau, ki etahi ture i runga i tona rokiroki, kaweake me te hoko. Kei te whakatakotoria nga ture o to tatou whenua i runga i tenei take ki GOST. konganuku ferrous, me te tae, e tino whakahaere i te ture.

Ka taea te hangarua konganuku Tuarua, me te hanga anō-tīmata. Ko reira hoki te hoko mo te taua take, me te hoko ake ferrous konganuku mau kaipakihi takawaenga.

I teie mahana, ki e tukinotia konganuku ferrous ki te faatura, noho ratou he tūranga ārahi i roto i te mākete hua e hāngai ana.

Ko te whakamahi o te engineering

Steel me maka rino tūemi, wāhanga, me ngā whakaaro e te tino whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te engineering. tono ratou i runga i te ara e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i runga i te matū, Aerospace ahumahi, me te pahi. tenei whakawhetai katoa ki te kaha motuhake o enei rauemi, ratou resistance wera me te waikura resistance. Ferrous konganuku Ko te rauemi turanga mo te hanga o maha ngā momo o ngā hua. I roto i te noa tino ko:

• cover taputapu taha;
• ahunga;
• mapuni;
• whare;
• bushings;
• putorino;
• ipurau Car me ētahi atu waka;
• nihowhiti;
• hononga mekameka i runga i tarakihana;
• pahu wahia;
• hariata;
• hipokina a na i runga i.

Ko te rārangi i taea te haere ki runga ki ake, no te mea he pono maha hua i konganuku ferrous me ratou alloys.

Tono i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi

He maha ngā wāhi nui i roto i nei e whakamahia konganuku ferrous:

1. ahumahi Chemical.
2. engineering aunoa.
3. Hanga o taonga, whakaaro motuhake.
4. rihi take.
5. Hokohoko wāhanga hanganga.

Tenei, o te akoranga e kore ko te rārangi oti,, ko te wāhi tino noa, e pūkete hoki te nuinga o nga hua o te metallurgy ferrous nui anake.