Ko te whanaketanga o astronautics. Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga o te cosmonautics i Russia

Ko te hītori o te whanaketanga wāhi - ko te kōrero o te hinengaro faahiahia ki te iwi, ki te hiahia ki te matau i te ture o te ao, me o te hiahia ni'a'e i te mua, me te taea. Space tūhura, i timata i roto i te rau tau whakamutunga, ka hoatu e te ao he rota o ngā āhuatanga. whakaaro ratou ngā pae e rua o haapueraa tawhiti, me ngā tukanga rawa whenua. ka whakanuia e te whanaketanga Space kua arahina te whakapai ake o te hangarau ki ngā āhuatanga i roto i mara ngā o te matauranga, i te ahupūngao ki rongoa. Heoi, ka mau i tenei tukanga he wa roa.

mahi ngaro

Ko te whanaketanga o astronautics i Russia, a ki waho, ka timata te roa i mua i te waka ātea tuatahi. Ko te rangahau pūtaiao tuatahi faatura tenei i roto i nga ariā anake, ka whakatika i te taea o te haere wāhi. I roto i to tatou whenua, ko tetahi o nga pionie o astronautics i te matamata o te pene Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Ko e taha" - no te mea ko reira i mua o Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, whiua ki te mate mo te kōhurutanga o Alexander II, a mo te torutoru nga ra i te aroaro o te taputapu pa ki te whakawhanake i tētahi kaupapa e taea e kawe te tangata ki te wāhi. Ko roto i 1881, engari e kore e kaupapa Kibalchicha i whakaputaina tae noa ki 1918.

kaiako tuawhenua

kihai i Tsiolkovsky, ka haere mai i roto i te 1903 nei tuhinga ki turanga ariā o rere wāhi, e mohio e pā ana ki te Kibalchicha. I taua wa, e whakaako ana i roto i te tauhanga Kaluga College me āhuahanga. Tona tuhinga pūtaiao rongonui "Investigation o waho taputapu tākirirangi wāhi" pa i runga i te taea o te whakamahi i te pere i roto i te wāhi. Ko te whanaketanga o astronautics i Russia, ka tonu te kingi, tīmata ki Tsiolkovsky. whakawhanakehia e ia te hoahoa hanganga tākirirangi, ahei ki te kawe tangata ki nga whetu, ka awhina te whakaaro o te rerenga kētanga o te ora i roto i te ao, ka korero ia o te tikanga o te hanga āmiorangi horihori me ngā teihana wāhi.

I roto i te whakarara, whakawhanakehia te astronautics ariā noa atu. Heoi, hononga i waenganui i kairangahau ranei i te timatanga o te rau tau, i muri mai ranei, i roto i te 30raa, tata kore i. aua, mahi Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, a Esnault-Pelterie, he American, he Tiamana, me te Wīwī i runga i ngā take ōrite mō te wa roa kihai i mohio ki tetahi mea e pā ana ki te mahi o Tsiolkovsky. Ahakoa Na, te ta'efā'ūtaha o nga iwi ki te pā i te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi hou.

tau i mua-te pakanga, me te Pakanga nui Patriotic

Whanaketanga o Space tonu i roto i te 20-40-doma o nga ope o te Gas Dynamics Laboratory me te Jet Propulsion Research Group, aru e Jet Research Institute. I roto i nga taiepa o pūtahi mātauranga mahi pai hinengaro engineering i roto i te whenua, tae atu F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov me SP Korolev. I roto i te taiwhanga mahi ki te whakawhanake i te mihini jet tuatahi mō ngā kora wai, me te totoka, whakawhanakehia te pūtake ariā o astronautics.

I roto i nga tau i mua-te pakanga, me te i roto i te hoahoa Pakanga II o te Ao, me te hanga engines jet me rererangi tākirirangi. I roto i tenei wā, mō ngā tumu kitea, utua nui aro i ki te whanaketanga o missiles ipu me tākirirangi unguided.

Queens me "V2"

Ko te tuatahi i roto i te hītori o missiles hōia momo hou hanga i roto i Germany i roto i te whawhai i raro i te whakahau o Werner von Braun. Katahi te V-2, ranei "V-2" meinga te rota o whakapawera. I muri i te hinga o Germany, kawea von Braun ki Amerika, i reira ka timata ia ki te mahi i runga i ngā kaupapa hou, tae atu i runga i te whanaketanga o tākirirangi mō te rere wāhi.

I roto i te 1945, i muri i te whawhai i roto i Siamane ki ako i te "V-2" Kua tae rōpū o Engineers Soviet. I roto ia ratou, ko te Kuini. I whakaritea e ia tino kaipūkaha me kaiwhakahaere hangarau o te paari "Nordhausen", i hanga i roto i te Tiamana i roto i te taua tau. Haunga ako tākirirangi Tiamana, rave Korolev me ana hoa i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā kaupapa hou. I roto i a te 50 tari hoahoa i raro i tona kaiārahi i hanga te R-7. Tenei tākirirangi rua-wā i taea ki te whakawhanake i te tuatahi tere wāhi me ki te whakarite putanga ki āmionga iti-whenua waka maha-ton.

Ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o astronautics

Ko te painga o te Ameliká i te faaineineraa o waka mō te hōpara ātea e pā ana ki te mahi o von Braun, mahue i roto i te mua, ka te Oketopa 4, 1957 whakarewahia te Soviet Union te amiorangi tuatahi. Mai i taua momeniti haere reira whanaketanga tere o astronautics. I roto i te-doma 50-60 whakahaere te maha o ngā ngā ki kararehe. I roto i te wāhi, kuri, me makimaki tae mai. Ka rite ki te hua, kua kohia kaipūtaiao mōhiohio tino taonga ki te hanga taea te noho hāneanea i roto i te wāhi o te tangata. I te timatanga o 1959 whakahaere reira ki te tae mawhiti tere.

Kua te whanaketanga matatau o cosmonautics Russian kua manakohia katoa i runga i te ao, ka kawa te rangi i Yuri Gagarin. ka mau te reira i te reira, kahore faarahiraa, he kaupapa nui i runga i April 12 1961 tau. Mai taua ra ka anga kătahi tangata i roto i te whanuitanga e karapoti te whenua.

whanaketanga atu o astronautics e pā ana i ki te whakapai ake i roto i kaha hangarau, me te waihanga i tētahi taiao maitai atu mo te astronauts. Kia mōhio te wāhanga matua o te tukanga:

• Oketopa 12, 1964 - ki te ohuraa kawea te mīhini ki te maha o te iwi i runga i te poari (USSR);
• Maehe 18, 1965 - te tuatahi tangata spacewalk (USSR);
• February 3, 1966 - te taunga tuatahi i runga i te taputapu marama (USSR);
• Hakihea 24, 1968 - ki Tarahihi me te mutunga tuatahi waka ātea ki te āmio amiorangi Earth (USA);
• Hōngongoi 20, 1969 - te ra o te taunga tuatahi o te tangata i runga i te marama (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - whakarewahia tuatahi orbiter (USSR);
• Hōngongoi 17, 1975 - te wā tuatahi i reira i tāmau rua kaipuke (Soviet me American);
• April 12, 1981 - te tuatahi "Space Shuttle" (US) haere ki wāhi.

Ko te whanaketanga o astronautics hou

I teie mahana, tonu hōpara ātea. Kua whanau te angitu o te mua hua - kua tae mai te iwi i te marama, me te faaineine ki whakatika mohio ki Mars. Heoi, kei te whakawhanake i te hōtaka rere topu inaianei kaupapa iti atu i te teihana interplanetary aunoa. Ko te āhua o te hōpara ātea nāianei ko e mihini hua taea o whakawhitihia ngā mōhiohio ki a Papatūānuku e pā ana ki te Saturn tawhiti, Jupiter ko Pluto, Mercury me ara haere te tirotiro meteorites.
whakawhanake tāpoi wāhi whakarara. faufaa nui i tenei ra i hoapā ao. Te hapori ao kei te āta haere mai ki te mutunga e te apî rahi me ngā āhuatanga puta tere me te ake maha, ki te te whakakotahi tautooraa me kaha o whenua rerekē.