He aha te mea te teihana wāhi? He aha e te teihana wāhi orbital?

E matau ana tatou na iti e pā ana ki te hanganga, e pā ana ki te tini o ngaro unknown mau te reira. Kahore he tangata e taea ara āhua ite i te mea ngaro o te ao. Ahakoa te āta neke te taata ki reira. Mai nga wa onamata, e hiahia ana te iwi ki te matau mea kei te tupu i roto i te wāhi o waho, he aha whakaurunga, te kahore hoki to tatou paraneta kei roto i te pūnaha solar rite ki matakawa te mea ngaro e mau ratou. He maha mea ngaro e huna te ao tawhiti, arahina ki te meka e kua timata kaipūtaiao ki te whakaaro e pā ana ki te āhua o e taea te tangata te haere ki te wāhi ki te ako i te reira.

Heoi i reira ko te teihana wāhi tuatahi. A, muri reira - he ope o te tahi atu, matatini ake me maha-mahi whakaurunga rangahau e hāngai ana ki te raupatu o te wāhi i waho.

He aha te mea te teihana wāhi?

Ko te tāutanga tino matatini hangaia ki te unga kairangahau me pūtaiao ki wāhi mō ngā tenei. Kei runga i te ohuraa o te whenua, pūtaiao i reira he watea ki te mau i te huru, me te mata o te ao, ki te whakahaere i ētahi atu rangahau. Ko ēnei whāinga, me te ki āmiorangi horihori, engari kua whakahaere ratou i te whenua, e te, e kore te mea i reira te waka.

Wā, i te mau melo o te kaumoana i runga i te teihana wāhi whakakapi e te hunga hou, engari tupu te reira i te tino uaua i roto i te hononga ki te utu o te waka i roto i te wāhi. I tua atu, i te wa wa ki ki te unga kaipuke ki te neke i te taputapu e tika ana, te tautoko rauemi me o mo astronauts.

I roto i nei whenua he ona ake teihana wāhi orbital

Ka rite ki whakahuatia i runga ake, te hanga me te whakamātautau o te tautuhinga fifi rite - he tukanga tino roa, me te utu nui. E titau te reira e kore anake te moni nui, engari ano hoki kaipūtaiao taea ki te akakoromaki i taua raruraru, ko. Na reira, anake e taea mana nui o te ao utu ki te whakawhanake, rere me te mau tonu i ēnei whakaaro.

teihana orbital i te United States, Europe (ESA), Japan, China ko Russia. I te mutunga o te rau tau rua tekau, i runga i te āhua hono ki te hanga i te International Space Station. Ano i roto i tenei e whai wāhi me etahi atu whenua whakawhanakehia.

Station "Mir"

Ko tētahi o nga kaupapa angitu tino mo te hanganga o te taputapu wāhi - teihana "Mir" production i roto i te USSR. I whakarewahia te reira i roto i 1986 (i mua i te hoahoa me te hanga kawea i roto i runga i kotahi tekau nga tau), ka tonu ki te mahi tae noa ki 2001. Ko te teihana wāhi "Mir" hanga mo'oni moka i te moka. Ahakoa te meka i whakaaro te rā o tona whakarewanga te ki kia 1986, ka i whakarewa anake te wahi tuatahi, i roto i te tekau tau whakamutunga, i tonoa e ono wae ki ohuraa. whakaurua Neke atu i te kotahi tau i ki mahi te teihana orbital "Mir", te waipuke i tangohia e wahi nui i muri atu i te wa kua whakaritea.

Kai, me te tahi atu kai i tukua ki te teihana wāhi ki te awhina o waka waka "Fakalakalaka". I roto i te oraraa o "te rangimarie" i hanga e wha kaipuke rite. Hoki raraunga hoki i ona ake tautuhinga motuhake i te teihana ki te whenua - vela ballistic i raro i te ingoa "Rainbow". I roto i te wā o te oraraa o te teihana ki runga i te reira tae mai neke atu i te kotahi rau astronauts. Ko te noho roa i runga i tona cosmonaut Russian Valery Polyakov.

waipuke

I roto i te raruraru maha o te 90, a kua whakaritea e te reira ki te aukati i te ako o te rau tau mua, ka anga te teihana. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka i roa te reira nui roa atu i te ora e tūmanakohia, tuatahi i mahara ai ki te mahi hoki e pā ana ki tekau nga tau. I roto i te tau o waipuke te teihana wāhi "Mir" (2001), i whakaritea e te reira ki te tono atu ia ia ki te rohe tonga o te Moananui a Kiwa.

Take o te waipuke

I roto i te Hānuere 2001, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hurihia te teihana i roto i Russia. Ko huakore te kamupene, a ka mau te hiahia tamau mō hanga tiaki utu rawa me ngā aituā ratou takoha. I whakaarohia hoki te reira e rave rahi kaupapa o tona faafariuraa. Ko te teihana wāhi "Mir" ko he uara ki Tehran, i i hiahia i roto i te āhua o ki te aru i te kaupapa, me te pere rōnihi. I tua atu, i reira nga pātai e pā ana ki te whakaiti nui i roto i ngā mahi, e hiahia ana ki te kia to'o. Ahakoa tenei, i roto i te tau 2001 (te tau o o te teihana orbital "Mir" te waipuke), reira kua whakakorea.

Te International Space Station

teihana ISS wāhi - he matatini, hanga e rave rahi āhua. I roto i te taumata, rima whenua whai wāhi i roto i tona whanaketanga. Hoki te wā tuatahi korero e pā ana ki te hanganga o te kaupapa taua hoki i roto i 1984 ka tae mai ahau, ina kua whakaritea e te kāwanatanga US tahi ki te maha atu whenua (Canada, Japan) ki te waihanga i tētahi teihana super-orbital. I muri i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga, i te mea kua faaineine matatini huaina "Freedom", ka reira mārama e whakapau i runga i te hōtaka wāhi he nui rawa hoki te pūtea kāwanatanga. Na reira, ua faaoti te Ameliká ki te rapu tautoko mai i ētahi atu whenua.

Tuatahi o te katoa, ratou, o te akoranga, karanga ki te whenua, e kua kua wheako o te raupatu o te wāhi i waho i - ki te USSR, te wahi i reira nga raruraru rite: kore o pūtea, he kaupapa whakatinana utu rawa. Na reira, ko te mahi tahi o te maha whenua otinga tino whaitake.

Ko te whakaaetanga me te whakarewatanga o

I roto i te 1992, hainatia te whakaaetanga i runga i te hōpara tahi o te wāhi i waenganui i te US ko Russia. Mai taua wa, i te whenua te whakarite haerenga tahi, me te faaite i to ratou mau wheako. E ono nga tau i muri mai, ka tonoa te huānga ISS tuatahi ki te wāhi. I teie mahana ngā reira o te huinga o kōwae, whakaritea nei ki te āta hono te torutoru ake.

kōwae ISS

Ko te hanganga o te ISS ngā o toru kōwae rangahau. Ko tenei he taiwhanga American "Destiny", i whakapumautia i roto i 2001, i te pokapū o "Columbus" whakaturia e ngā Pākehā i roto i te tau 2008, me "kibo" - kōwae Japanese tukua ki āmio i te taua tau. tāuta kōwae rangahau Japanese i runga i te ISS whakamutunga. Te reira i te wahi i te wahi ka tono tangata ki te ohuraa, te wahi i eke ai.

e kore e Russia i tona kōwae rangahau tonu. Ko reira he whakaaro ōrite - "Rapu" me "Dawn". Tenei kōwae paku-rangahau, i roto i ona mahi i te iti iti whakawhanakehia whakaritea ki ētahi atu whenua, engari e kore e nui hoki iho ki o ratou whakaaro. Haunga, inaianei kei te whakawhanakehia he teihana multifunctional i Russia i raro i te ingoa o "pūtaiao." Kei te whakaritea te reira e ka whakarewahia te reira i roto i 2017.

"Oha atu"

teihana orbital "Salyut" - he kaupapa o te USSR wā roa-. taua tipu katoa i te torutoru nga wahi, katoa o nei i ētehi hangaia mō te hōtaka DOS ture. Ko tenei i whakarewahia te teihana wāhi Russian tuatahi ki te ohuraa i roto i 1975 ki te awhina o "iraoho" tākirirangi.

I roto i te 1960 kua whakapumautia kua te whanaketanga tuatahi o nga teihana orbital. Na roto i tenei wa i reira ko kē he "iraoho" tākirirangi ki waka. Mai ko te hanganga o te pūrere matatini taua he hinengaro pūtaiao taone o te USSR, haere te mahi rawa āta. I roto i te tukanga he maha o ngā raruraru. I reira whakaritea e te reira ki te tango i te rawa o ngā whanaketanga hangaia mo te "Union." te katoa "Oha" i tino rite i roto i to ratou hanganga. I te mahi te wehenga matua, me te nui rawa.

"Tiangong-1"

whakarewahia teihana wāhi Hainamana i tata - i roto i te 2011. e kore te ano whakawhanakehia te reira ki te mutunga o tona hanganga ka haere tonu tae noa ki 2020. Ka rite ki te hua, whakaritea ana e ia ki te hanga i te teihana rawa kaha. I roto i te iritiraa o te kupu "Tiangong" tikanga "whare te rangi". Ko Pūrere taimaha āhua 8500 kg. Ki te rā, ngā te teihana o whakatauki.

Mai mahere te ahumahi wāhi Hainamana ki te whakarewa i te teihana i muri-whakatupuranga, i te mahi "Tiangong-1" Ko te tino ngāwari i roto i te heke mai e tata ana. Ko te whāinga matua o te hōtaka, ko te ki te mahi ki nga kaipuke tauranga o te "Shenzhou", e whakaora utanga inaianei ki te teihana, ki patuiro kōwae me ngā pūrere ngā, whakarerekē ratou ki te tika, me te ki te hanga tikanga noa mo te noho roa o astronauts i ohuraa. Ka kē i te teihana e whai ake nei o te hanga Hainamana i te whānuitanga whānui o ngā whāinga me ngā whai wāhitanga.

"Skylab"

I whakarewahia te teihana wāhi American anake ki ohuraa i roto i 1973. I hāngai te reira i ki mau ana i roto i te rangahau i runga i te maha ngā āhuatanga rerekē. "Skylab" whakahaere rangahau hangarau, koiora, me te astrophysical. I tenei teihana i reira e toru ngā haerenga roa, roa te reira tae noa ki te tau 1979, a ka hinga.

I roto i "Skylab" me "Tiangong" i raruraru rite. No te mea ka anake timata te hōpara ātea, te waka o "Skylab" ko ki te tūhura pehea te tukanga o te urutaunga o te tangata i roto i te wāhi, ka whakahaere etahi ngā pūtaiao.

Ko te ope tuatahi "Skylab" roa 28 anake ra. Ko te astronauts tuatahi ka hanga ko etahi wahi papaka, a tata kihai i whai wa ki te whakahaere rangahau. I roto i te ope tuarua, i roa kua 59 nga ra, i tāutatia he mata tuuraa waiariki, ka whakakapi Hydroscope. Ko te ope tuatoru runga "Skylab" roa 84 ra, he maha o akoranga.

I muri i te otinga o te haerenga e toru whakahere rave rahi kōwhiringa o pehea ki te puta atu ki te teihana, engari no te mea o te eita o kawe i te reira ki te ohuraa atu tawhiti, i whakaritea e te reira ki te whakangaro i te "Skylab". Eaha tei tupu i roto i te 1979. Ētahi whatiwhatinga o te teihana i taea ki te whakaora, e faaite nei ratou i roto i ngā whare taonga.

Genesis

I tua atu ki te runga ake, wā i roto i te āmionga e tonu teihana e rua, kahore waka - te hangatanga Genesis ahau ko Genesis II, i hanga nei e kamupene tūmataiti wāhi i roto i te tāpoi wāhi. i whakarewahia ratou i roto i te tau 2006 me te 2007, aua. e kore e ēnei teihana arotahi ki runga i te tūhura o waho wāhi. Ratou aravihi motuhake matua - ko e, kotahi i roto i te ohuraa no te takai, e whakapanga ratou, kei te timata ki te whakapiki ake i tino i roto i te rahi.

Ko te tauira tuarua he kōwae pai rawa pūoko tika, me te 22 kāmera tirotiro. E ai ki te kaupapa, whakaritea e te kamupene e hanga te waka, i taea te tono tangata tetahi tangata ki te rua o te kōwae he ahanoa iti mō te 295 US tara. Hoki i runga i te poari Genesis II i te mīhini ki te tākaro bingo.

hua

hiahia maha mau tamaroa rite te tamaiti ki te riro astronauts, ahakoa torutoru o ratou ka matau tenei tikanga uaua, me te mōrearea. I roto i te USSR, meinga te ahumahi wāhi te whakapehapeha o nga konohi. E maere whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Soviet i roto i tenei rohe. He tino nui, me te taa'eraa ratou, rite kua enei kairangahau pionie i roto i to ratou mara, i ratou ki te hanga i to ratou ake nga mea katoa. Ko te teihana wāhi orbital tuatahi ko te pakaruhanga. Kua whakatuwheratia e ratou he wā hou o te raupatu o te ao. Whakatakotoria he o astronauts e kua tonoa ki ohuraa, rahua ki tae tiketike e whakaponohia, me te whai wāhi ki te hōpara ātea, te heheu mai ona mea ngaro.