Hanganga, Pūtaiao
He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20? Ko te āhuatanga pūtaiao o te rau tau 20
Mahue i te ana Stone Age, kua haere te hapori tangata he ara nui o te whanaketanga hinengaro, me te wairua. tukua tenei iwi ki te noho ki raro i te mata rorohiko, ka kōrero ki ia atu i tetahi tawhiti, ki te tomo i te mea ngaro o te natura, me ki tonoa waka ātea ki ētahi atu aorangi. hanga tenei i whakawhetai taea ki te pūtaiao, i hanga nei e ka whakawhanakehia e te whakatupuranga maha.
whanaketanga o mua
Pūtaiao i roto i Russia te aroaro o Pita i te nui tino muri ia te Pākehā. Ko e tika ana ki te āhuatanga pāpori me te ahurea o te State me te mana iti o Byzantium tenei.
whakapumautia te mahi pāngarau tuatahi i roto i Russia tahito i roto i te 1136 i te moke Kirik. Ahua muri puta whakamāoritanga o ngā pukapuka i runga i arorau me te cosmography tauhanga.
Pūtaiao rite te faanahoraa pāpori whakatika i roto i to tatou whenua i raro i Pita I. Ko i te tau o tona kingitanga, i Amerika me i Siberia tonoa te ope tuatahi Vasily Tatishchev me Vitus Bering.
1724 i tohua e te whakatuwheratanga o te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences. Mahi i roto i tenei institution karangatia maha pūtaiao Pākehā pai-mohiotia. Tino taonga mo te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao Russian ko nga mahi me ngā mahi o academician Mikhail Lomonosov.
1755 whakaaro ko te rā o te turanga o University Moscow. Ko te hītori o te pūtaiao Russian ka riro he a tawhio hou o te whanaketanga. Ahua whakaturia whare wānanga i muri i roto i Dorpat (1802), i roto i Vilna (1803), i roto i Kharkov ko Kazan (1804), St Petersburg (1819). Kua i te mutunga o te rau tau 19. taonga ratou hanganga Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa me Tomsk pūtahi o tenei ahua.
whiriwhiri Scientific i roto i Russia ko:
- Pāngarau (NI Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky et al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- matū (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.);
- rata (S. P. Botkin, NI Pirogov);
- hītori (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).
Ko te timatanga o te rau tau rua tekau
I āhuatanga tēnei wā i te huringa o te agrarian Russia ki te āhua ahumahi kaha. Aua hanganga, i whakahaere te kāwanatanga, ngā ki te whakapaipai whenua. I roto i Russia, timata matou ki te whakawhanake kaha ngā ao o ahumahi, me te te ahumahi rerewhenua.
Kua timata te ara o te ahurea ki te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa, hoahoanga, tuhituhinga, me ētahi atu tae ano te pūtaiao i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20 he tihi nui. I roto i tenei wā, i reira ko tetahi revolution tūturu o te pūtaiao taiao, i i he faufaa nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te hapori. Kua arahina nui ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao o te rau tau 20, hanga i roto i tenei wā, ki te whakahounga o ngā whakaaro tīariari e pā ana ki te ao tangata.
Ko te hanganga o ngā rōpū pūtaiao, me te hangarau
hanga nga āhuatanga pūtaiao o te rau tau 20 i roto i mua-orurehau Russia i te whakawhetai ki te mahi o ngā porowhita. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te he hapori iti, i ngā kairangahau e kore anake, ngā, engari ano hoki amateurs tākare. He karapu i takoha o ona ngā mema me ngā takoha tūmataiti. Ētahi hapori, tohaina te kāwanatanga moni nui.
I tua atu ki hauora me te ahuwhenua, metallurgical me huaota, matawhenua, tinana, me te matū vai porowhita pūtaiao ngaro. He tauira o tenei e taea te mahi kia rite ki te Society o Astronautics. ko ona mema o te heke mai i te pūtaiao nui o te rau tau 20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, me ētahi atu.
enei karapu katoa he pokapū o rangahau, me te whakatairanga mōhiotanga pūtaiao i roto i te taupori. Heoi, ko te takoha matua ki te hanganga o te whenua, ano e ki te mata, me ngä whare wänanga, o nei i roto i, me te i roto o te hapori i runga ake.
Ko te whanaketanga o te rongoā, iranga, me te koiora
He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i tenei rohe? Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te mahi matarohia o academician I. P. Pavlova. Kua ako kaipūtaiao Russian te whaiaroaro o te pūnaha kūnatu me te pūnaha Cardiovascular. Hoki tona mahi i roto i te 1904, i whakawhiwhia Pavlov te Nobel. Ko te taua tohu i roto i te 1908, whakawhiwhia i I. I. Mechnikovu. Kua riro ia pūtaiao mō tana mahi i runga i ngā mate hopuhopu, me te immunology. ako hoki Mechnikov te pānga o teitei mahi manavasii i roto i te akoranga o ngā tukanga whaiaroaro. I runga anō i te mōhiotanga o pūtaiao kua whakarewahia te ariā o reflexes makatuunga.
Ko te whakatuwheratanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i te mara o te koiora ka he hiringa kaha mo te whanaketanga o te rongoā. I tohua te timatanga o te rau tau i te whanaketanga o te werohanga ki rabies, korara heihei me te mua. ko te hua o te bacteriologist rangahau Louis Pasteur Institute i Paris tenei katoa. I runga anō i te mahi o enei pūtaiao i nga whenua maha, tae atu Russia, arahina te whanaketanga o mehua hāngai ana te ārai me te ārai o ngā urutā.
Kua whakawhanakehia e ia he tikanga mahi, me te hanga hua whakatau ariā he momo o hybrids e whai āhuatanga rerekē, me te painga mō ngā tangata.
Whakapai ake o te taputapu hōia
whai wāhi te whanaketanga o tenei rohe ki te fakaaoao o te whenua ārahi i roto i te ao, me nga taea hangarau te whakanui ake. Kua i roto i nga tau 1911-1915 Engineers Russian AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev ko AA hanga Vasiliev te tauira tuatahi o te waka Armoured, i huaina i muri te tank.
Inventions me ngā āhuatanga o te rau tau 20, me no ki te mara o te rererangi. Na, ka mau te rererangi hōia tuatahi wahi i roto i te nekeneke kawea atu i roto i 1911, Warsaw, St Petersburg me Kiev rohe. I roto i te whawhai, whakamahia tenei tikanga i roto i nga pakanga Balkan o 1912-1913. I roto i te 1914, ka tangohia te bomber tuatahi i te ope Russian, e huaina ana ko "Ilya Muromets".
kihai i mahue ia i te rererangi me te kaipuke. Here no tangaroa Armoured steam-kaipuke. Ko tētahi o te tuatahi i roto ia ratou, ko te "Petr Veliky".
Ko te mīhini tenenga
Kei te maha Pūtaiao me te hangarau o te rau tau 20 i roto i Russia whakaturia ratou te mahi whakapakari i kaha hōia te whenua o. I roto i tenei mara i hanga matou akauroa nui. Na, i roto i te 1916, i whakaaro patu kaihoahoa Fedorov mīhini tuatahi o te ao. Hoki tenei i tika ki te whakapoto i te tauira raiwhara oko i roto i tau 1913 me ki te whakatinana i ona makasini pouaka, me te he kakau mo ngāwari shooting. Ko te hua ko te taputapu ahi e teie mahana ko te pūtake o patu hoia o tetahi ope i te ao.
Ko te whanaketanga o te mātauranga matū me te ahupūngao
i hanga tokomaha ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao o te rau tau 20 i roto i tenei rohe i roto i Western Europe. Ngā mihi ki a ratou, ka anga te tangata ki te pūkaha korohū ki te tango i runga i engines parariraa ā-. Heoi, tikanga hou mo te rauemi raw matua mō te hanga o taua tikanga (hinu) Kua whakaarohia kaiputaiao ara Russian.
Ko te haerenga mai o engines atu kaha ue'i nga kairangahau ki te whakaaro o te hanganga o te waka rererangi. Ko te whakamātau tuatahi ki te wahi i ki te parae o aeronautics i hanga i roto i te rau tau 19. I reira kite te reira i te airships marama me poihau.
He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i tenei rohe? I roto i to tatou whenua kua hanga e matou e rua- a patua rererangi wha-engine to'utangata ratou rahi faahiahia. Neke atu i te ratou hanga mahi Engineers pērā i ahau Sikorsky me V. G. Lutskoy.
Ko te whakatuwheratanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i te mara o te rererangi e kore e mutu i reira. Ko te pūtaiao Russian tino B. N. Yurev i 1911 whakaaro te wae taketake whakamahia i roto i te whakaminenga o waka topatopa hou. Tenei pūrere whakaaetia te tikanga ki te hanga i tētahi pūmautanga mahi nui. Ka taea te whakahaeretia humarie ēnei waka topatopa i kaiurungi noa. whakatakotoria te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau 20 i roto i te mara o te topatopa i rite Yuriev.
I roto i te wā kotahi, i whanau nga takenga mai o astronautics hou. i hanga ngā āhuatanga Meiha o te rau tau 20 i roto i tenei rohe i te kaiako o te Kaluga hākinakina whatu KE Tsiolkovsky. I roto i te 1903 whakaputaina e ia mahi ngingila, e faaite te taea o te rere wāhi.
He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i te mara o te ahupūngao? Tenei ture whānui kitea tūturu poipoi tukanga (hiko, acoustic, me ētahi atu). i whakapumautia ratou ahupūngao tairanga P. N. Lebedevym.
Ko te āhuatanga nui rawa i roto i te pūtaiao o te rau tau 20 i hanga V. I. Vernadskim. i muri i te whakaputanga o ana mahi encyclopedic, i nga te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te ngā hōu i roto i te rongoā iraruke, geochemistry me te mataora tenei kaipūtaiao ka mohiotia te ao. mahi o te noosphere me te ao koiora a Vernadsky ko nga takenga mai o te mātauranga rauropi hou.
Ko te hekerangi tenenga peketua
I roto i te 1910, GE Kotelnikov tae mai te hakari katoa-Russia whakatapua ki aeronautics. Kua meinga te reira i tetahi o nga kaiwhakaatu o te mate fakamamahi o te pairati L. Matsievich. kihai i Kotelnikov he kaihoahoa, me kaiwhakaari. Heoi, ko te mate o te pairati na miharo ia e te tau i muri mai whakaaro ia te hekerangi RK-1, he faufaa rerekē i te hoahoa o mua.
Dome rite te tikanga o te ora, me nga balloonists whakamahia i mua. Heoi ko atu kiato RC-1. I tua atu, i te hekerangi kua meinga kėia he kōwae whakautu whawhati tata, tonu he i raro i tona ringa. Kotaha kikorangi a RK-1 i whakanohoia i roto i te tākopa tuatahi rakau, i whakakapi i muri i te konumohe. I te raro o te puna pouaka whakaritea Kotelnikov. I te kaihekerangi kau matau toia te mowhiti. I tenei wāhi, oroko te puna te taupoki pouaka me maka ki waho i te kikorangi. I tēnei wā i tēnei tenenga he heketaurewa katoa i runga i te ao.
Ko te ahua o te TV
pūtaiao Russian i roto i te rau tau 20 kua aroaro te ao he tenenga e riro te wā whakatuwheratanga. I roto i te 1907, Ahorangi Institute o Technology, kei roto i St Petersburg, ka rēhitatia B. L. Rozingom he tono ārai mo te "tikanga mo te tuku hiko o whakapakoko rerekē me ratou fariiraa i te tikanga o te ngongo hihi pito tōraro."
I roto i te ngahuru o 1910 i hanga te kaipūtaiao he pūrongo tūmatanui i te hui o te Russian Hangarau Society, i roto i i korero ai ia e pā ana ki te take e tu ana i roto i te ara o te pouaka whakaata. fakapapau'i Rosing e kia whakamahia te whakamahi o taua pūrere irahiko kurupae. Ko te mea tino mīharo ko e tae tenei mutunga i roto i te wā, i te ano te hikohiko rite te ahumahi i roto i tona tamarikitanga. I te pouaka whakaata i hanga e ia he pūnaha riro Rosing ārai Russian tuatahi, a i muri i - te German, Ingarihi me te American.
Ngā āhuatanga i roto i te geography
He aha e nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Russian i te timatanga o te rau tau 20 i roto i te ako o te raupapa ao? I roto i tenei wā haere ia ki a Oceania ko Africa Te Tai Tokerau, Te Tai Rāwhiti me te Central Asia. tohua ia o ratou e te tuwhera ao. Ko reira utu mea e te pūtaiao matawhenua i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 20, ka hāngai ai ki runga ki te whakatutukitanga i whiwhi e te feia imi Russian.
Ko te hanganga o te USSR
Pūtaiao i roto i Russia i raro i te tikanga Soviet hoatu te ao maha ngā āhuatanga nunui, me ngā whakatutukitanga i roto i ao rerekē o te mahi a te tangata. Ahakoa ratou rārangi cursory tohu te pakaruhanga kua e kua hanga e te pūtaiao.
Kua takaro nga whakatutukitanga o pūtaiao Soviet he tūranga nui i roto i te whanaketanga ōhanga motu. I roto i tenei take, e hāngai ana ki runga ki a ratou e hanga nga hou i taua wa ahumahi, e rua tarakihana me te rererangi, automotive me konganuku. Ko te hua o te rangahau i hanga taea reira ki te whakawhanake i te hanga o te rapa waihanga, motor wahie, me ētahi atu
Whakatutukitanga whiwhi ōmataora, ka taea e te whakatau i te mau tamataraa o te kai, me te ahumahi marama, me te ahuwhenua. I tua atu, kua arahina maha rangahau ki te ahunga whakamua tiaki hauora me te rāngai hauora.
I roto i te hōtaka rangahau nui Soviet Union kua tohatoha. He whakatūwhera i ake whare rangahau hou. Na, i roto i te 1934, i whakaturia Vavilov Ahupūngao Institute, Academy o Pūtaiao, i roto i te wā kotahi i whakarewahia Institute o Organic Matū. 1937 - te tau o turanga o te Institute o Geophysics. i haere tonu tona mahi i te physiologist Pavlov me kaiwhakatupu Michurin. Ka rite ki te hua o ngā rangahau i whakahaeretia e te pūtaiao i hanga āhuatanga maha i roto i ngā pekanga. Heoi, i roto i nga tau o te tāmitanga pūmanawa hinengaro o te kāwanatanga kino taimaha i meatia.
te wā kaumātua
Ko te whakaoranga o te pūtaiao Soviet i roto i 1950, i te mahi rangahau Academy o Sciences arahina i roto i enei tau. Academy o Sciences kua faaho'ihia mai, a i roto i nga lepupilika katoa o te whenua. hanga tenei e taea ki te tango i Mua, ka mana ki runga i te moni o te pūtea tohaina e te kāwanatanga ki tenei ao.
Kua i roto i te waenganui-rima tekau, he tipu te anaanatae i roto i te hōpara ātea. I roto i tenei rohe, he tipu maha o pūtaiao. He pukapuka motuhake me aravihi i roto i ngā whare wānanga. meatia tenei katoa kei te opua mo te mātauranga o pūtaiao taitamariki.
1957 ka kawea mai he sensation tūturu i roto i te ao o te pūtaiao. Ko te tau o te whakarewatanga o te amiorangi whenua tāwhaiwhai tuatahi. Country āhua tata whara i roto i te pakanga whakamataku, titiro kore anake ona pūmanawa pūtaiao, engari kua riro ano hoki te rangatira i roto i te haereraa pūtaiao. Tenei hui whakatuwheratia te wā hou o te taata, me i te wa ano ko te timatanga o "iwi wāhi" ki te United States, e kore nei i hiahia ki te ngaro tona pono ao.
I roto i te 1959, hit amiorangi Soviet te marama. Tenei ake hou mana a Russia i roto i te hapori ao. Kua i te tīmatanga o nga Heoi, ka te Soviet Union te tuarua i muri i te superpower US i roto i te ao. mau Amerika to tatou whenua anake e ratou pūmanawa ōhanga.
April 12, 1961, i reira ko tetahi hui maere, i whakaahuatia i mua i roto i tona pakimaero mahi. I tenei ra, ko te tangata tuatahi i roto i te aamu i whakarewahia ki te wāhi me te hoki ki te whenua.
I roto i te tau 80 i roto i to tatou whenua tīmata matou te whanaketanga me te hanga o te rorohiko hiko hou - rorohiko. I kiato tenei tikanga, me te kore e noho i te whare katoa, me te ruma. Enei ko nga tau, no te poto o te Soviet Union i te hōkai pūtaiao o te rauemi nui, ko te wahi whakatekau o te pūtea kāwanatanga. kihai i taea e tenei utu, kahore he whenua i roto i te ao.
I roto i te tau nui o rangahau pūtaiao kawea atu i roto i Russia, i reira he tokomaha o te hunga e whai, ka haere tonu ki te whai tonu i te pānga nui i runga i te ahunga whakamua pūtaiao, me te hangarau o te hapori ao. Kei te korero tatou e pā ana ki maha ngā āhuatanga i roto i te mara o pūtaiao matū, koiora, tinana, me te engineering. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te kitea o te āhuatanga o te kōwarotanga paramagnetic E. K. Zavoyskim. Ko te wāhi nui takaro e pūtaiao Russian, me te whakatutuki i te take o te pūngao karihi.
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