Ko te whakataki o te māperetanga i Russia: te rā, tau, initiator

Kei te mohiotia Alexander II mo ona whakahounga maha e pā ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o te ora o te hapori Russian. I roto i te 1874, i runga i mo o te kingi o te Minita o War Dmitry Milyutin ke te pūnaha o te māperetanga ki te ope Russian. Hōputu te māperetanga ki etahi huringa vai i roto i te Soviet Union me tonu i tenei ra.

whakahou hōia

Ko te rohe mo te reira tangata o Russia whakataki o te māperetanga tupu i roto i te tau 1874. I tū te reira i roto i te anga o whakahounga nui-tauine i te ope, whakahaeretia i roto i te kingitanga o Hiha Alexander II. ka haere mai tenei kingi ki te torona i te wā ka te whakama ngaro Russia te Crimean War, tuku e tona papa, Nicholas I. Alexander i ki faaoti i te tiriti te rongo disadvantageous.

Heoi, ka puta mai nga hopearaa tūturu o te kore i roto i tetahi atu pakanga ki Turkey tau he torutoru noa. faaoti te kingi hou ki matau i te take mo te tokomaha. ngā ratou i roto i tae atu i roto i te pūnaha tawhito, me te hauarea o ētahi o te ope.

Huakore whakatū pūnaha

I mua i reira ko te whakataki o te māperetanga i Russia reira ko māperetanga. I whakaurua te reira na roto i te ture o Pita ahau i roto i te 1705. He āhuatanga nui o tenei pūnaha ko e kore e te mahi whakawhānui ki tangata me ki te hapori e kua whiriwhiria etahi tangata taitamariki e tonoa ki te ope. I roto i tenei take, ko te ora te ora ratonga. Pirihitini, peasants kāwanatanga me kaimahi pōtitia ratou kaitono i te Unuunu matapo. tohutohu tenei kai i roto i te ture i roto i 1854.

Ko te kaiwhakarēti e puritia ratou ake serfs, peasants whiriwhiria ratou, mo e riro te ope mo te ora te kāinga. Ko te kupu whakataki o te mahi hōia ao, a ki te whakakahoretia te whenua o tetahi atu raruraru. Ko te take i reira ko kahore ture tautuhi tau hōia. whakaroa ia, i runga i te rohe rānei. I te mutunga o te roa XVIII rau i heke ki te 25 nga tau, engari haea ara he taua anga wā iwi i to ratou ake pāmu wā roa rawa. taea te whānau te mahue kahore he tauhi, a ka hoki ia whare, i hauā tata ia. Ko te kupu, i reira he tatauranga iwi e kore anake, engari ano hoki he raruraru ōhanga.

Ko te karanga o te whakahou

A, no te whakamoemiti Alexander nga āhuatanga katoa o whakahau ngā, ua faaoti ia ki te tuku i te whakataki o te māperetanga arahina e te Tāhuhu o War Dmitriyu Alekseevichu Milyutinu. mahi ia i roto i te maha o nga tau ture hou. mutu Reform Development i 1873. January 1, 1874 te whakamutunga ko te whakataki o te māperetanga ao. Kua riro te rā o tenei hui he rohe mo te to'utangata.

i whakakorea pūnaha kimi. Na te karanga raro ki nga tangata katoa e kua tae 21 tau. E kore e te kāwanatanga hanga he okotahi mo akomanga rarangi ranei. Ko te kupu, pāngia te whakahou nga rangatira. Ko te initiator o te whakataki o te mahi hōia ao, tohe Alexander II e kore e te ope hou hei te haamaitairaa.

Ngā o te mahi

Ko te matua wā o te whawhai inaianei pūkete mō te 6 tau (i roto i te Navy - 7 tau). I whakarerekētia hoki te reira i te wā i roto i te rāhui. Na ko ratou rite ki te 9 tau (i roto i te Navy - 3 tau). I tua atu, ki te hanga i tētahi hōia hou. I roto i ana tau 40 ka aua tangata e kua mahi kē mau i roto i te kararehe. Ko te kupu, e tango te kāwanatanga he mārama, pūnaha hoia whakakī mārama me hāngai tikanga-mo tetahi take. Na, ki te tīmata koe i te pakanga toto, te ope i taea e manukanuka ki te tai i roto i to ratou rarangi ki ope hou.

Ki te ko te hapu imi anake, te tama anake ranei, i wewete ia i te titauraa ki te haere ki te mahi ki. roa hoki kua pūnaha ngāwari kua whakaratohia (hei tauira, i roto i te take o te toko i te ora iti, me te t. D.). te wā o te mahi kirimana, i runga i te aha te huru o te mātauranga ko i te kimi rānei. Hei tauira, ki te kore i ako te tangata i te whare wānanga, i taea e ia te noho i roto i te ope waru anake marama.

Maoro me te whakawāteatanga

He aha ētahi atu āhuatanga ko te whakataki o te māperetanga i Russia? I tua atu, i reira i taringa roa hoki taritari nei kua i raruraru hauora. Ki te kahore i taea e ki te mahi ki a ia i to koutou huru tinana o te tangata i wewete katoa i te titauraa ki te haere ki te ope. I tua atu i tenei okotahi i hoki mō tohunga. Iwi nei i ngaio motuhake (tākuta hauora, ngā ākonga o te Academy o Toi), kiia tonu ki te rāhui i waho mau noho i roto i te ope.

Ngaoko ko te pātai motu. Hei tauira, e kore te māngai o te iwi taketake o Central Asia me te Caucasus i whānui mahi. I te wa ano i whakakorea taua painga i roto i te tau 1874 mo nga wairere me etahi atu iwi o te raki. Āta, ke tenei pūnaha. Kua i 1880, ka anga te mahi ki te karanga manene Tomsk, Roho ko Astrakhan kawanatanga, me te Turgay, Semipalatinsk me Ural rohe.

Rota o te rironga

He atu kaupapa e tohua te whakataki o te māperetanga ao. mahara Tau Dmitri Milutin whakahou i roto i te ope e inaianei riro te reira kua rite rawa i roto i runga i te tūranga rohe. I wehea katoa kingitanga Russian ki toru rohe nui.

Ko te tuatahi o enei ko te Russian nui. Aha te mea ka karanga pena? Ki kawea te reira i te rohe i roto i i noho nuinga tūturu Russian (i runga 75%). Ahanoa kopikopiko kauti maitai. Ko to ratou kaha taupori o whakatau i rōpū ki te kawe iwi. Ko te wahi tuarua ngā whenua te wahi hoki i Malorossy (Iukereiniana) me Belarusians. Ko te toru o te rōpū (inorodcheskih) - te reira i te tahi atu wāhi katoa (te nuinga Central Asia, te Caucasus, te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti).

I hiahiatia tenei pūnaha mo te rironga o Pirikēti pūrepo me Tuhinga hoia. Ia kōwae rautaki whakakiia noho kotahi anake wahi. mahi tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te karo te ngangare ā-iwi i roto i te ope.

Reform o te pūnaha o te whakangungu hōia

He mea nui kia te whakahou hōia (introduction o te māperetanga ao), ka haere tahi i te tahi atu innovations. I roto i ngā, faaoti Alexander II ki tino huri te pūnaha o te mātauranga āpiha. noho kura Military i runga i te whakahau wheua tawhito. I raro i nga tikanga hou o te tono ao, hei ratou hua, me te utu nui.

Na reira, i roto i enei whare ka anga tona whakahou nui. ka te reira i te pēne tino o te Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich (te teina o te kingi). Ka taea te kï huringa nui i roto i te maha otinga. Tuatahi, i te mutunga wehea i te whānui te mātauranga hōia motuhake. Tuarua, i whakahaerehia ai e te wāhi ki te tangata kahore nei i no ki te rangatira.

Ko te pūtahi mātauranga hōia hou

I roto i te tau 1862, te kura hōia hou i roto i Russia - kura tuarua, i nga ritenga harangotengote kura tūturu. i te pae hopea memeha whenua tohu katoa mō te whakauru ki ngā whare rite i roto i tetahi atu 14 tau.

I roto i te St. Petersburg, i whakaturia te Alexander te wänanga, i tino i roto i te hanga o kaimahi hōia, me te ture. Na roto i te 1880, te maha o ngā kura hōia puta noa i Russia fakautuutu mārika i whakaritea ki nga whika i te timatanga o te kingitanga o Tsar-Liberator. ngāue hunga pukenga 6, te taua kura, gymnasiums 16, 16 ngā kura mō ngā Junkers me t. D.