Hanganga, Pūtaiao
Ko te hawhe-ora o ngā āhuatanga iratuki - he aha te mea reira me pehea ki te tautuhi i te reira? Tātai hawhe-ora
Ko te hītori o te ako o te ira timata Maehe 1, 1896, ka te pūtaiao rongonui French Anri Bekkerel kitea aitua he mea ke i roto i te radiation o Mariao konukarihi. tahuri te reira i roto i taua he paraharaha whakaahua, whakanohoia i roto i te pouaka ki te tauira kino. Ko reira te putanga o whenua matou nga tino ongó radiation, i i taonga konukarihi. kitea ana tēnei āhuatanga i roto i te āhuatanga taumaha, whakaoti i te ripanga pūmotu. I hoatu e ia te ingoa "ira".
whakamōhio tatou i nga āhuatanga o te ira
Tenei tukanga - māhorahora mema faafariuraa ngota kanoirite i roto i te kanoirite rerekē ki te kukuwhatanga tukutahi o matūriki pūmotu (irahiko, karihi ngota o te haumāmā). puta noa ngota faafariuraa, kahore tono absorption pūngao waho. Ko te rahinga matua characterizing te tuku pūngao i roto i te tukanga o te te mehanga iratuki, ka karanga mahi.
A = λN, ai λ- tamau te pirau, N - maha o ngota kaha i roto i te tauira.
α taratahi, β, γ-horo. huaina te whārite e hāngai ana e ngā ture wāhikē:
ingoa | He aha te tupu | whārite tauhohenga |
α pirau | faafariuraa o te karihi ngota i roto i te X Y karihi tuku karihi o te ngota haumāmā | X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2 ia |
β - mimiti | faafariuraa o te karihi ngota i roto i te karihi X Y ki te tuku irahiko | Z A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 e A |
γ - pirau | kore haere tahi e huringa i roto i te karihi, tukua te pūngao i roto i te puka o te ngaru hiko | X Z A → Z X A + γ |
Te wā wā i roto i te ira
Ko te kau o te tiango o te matūriki e kore e taea te whakaturia mo te ngota ngā. Hoki a ia, he mea pai he "aituā", kaua ki te te tauira. Wehe o te pūngao e faaite te tukanga, tautuhia rite te mahi o te tauira.
Kei te pumau te reira e te vai nei te wa i roto i nei rite hawhe o nga ngota o te tauira pangia te pirau. huaina ana tēnei wā wa te "hawhe-ora". He aha te mea te tikanga o te whakataki o tenei ariā?
He aha te mea te hawhe-te ora?
puta te reira e no te te wa e rite ana ki te wā, rite hawhe o nga ngota kaha pakaru tauira reira. Ko te tikanga o tenei e i roto i ngota kaha katoa te fatifati i tino i roto i te rua hawhe-ora? Ehara i i te katoa. I muri i te tetahi wāhi i roto i te tauira, ko te hawhe o te āhuatanga ira tukituki i te nui ano o te wa e toe ngota decomposes ara hawhe, a na i runga i. tonu te radiation mo te wa roa, nui ki runga ake i te hawhe-ora. No reira, kei te rongoa nga ngota kaha i roto i te tauira takitahi i te iraruke
Ko te hawhe-ora - he nui i tei anake i runga i nga āhuatanga o te taonga. tautuhi ana te uara te mo te maha kanoirite iraruke mōhiotia.
Ripanga: "Ko te pirau hawhe-ora o etahi kanoirite"
| ingoa | ti'araa | momo o te pirau | hawhe-ora |
konutuki | 88 Ra 219 | Arepa | 0,001 hēkona |
konupora | 12 Mg 27 | peta | 10 meneti |
Radon | 86 RN 222 | Arepa | 3.8 ra |
konukurahina | 27 Co 60 | peta, gamma | 5.3 tau |
konutuki | 88 Ra 226 | Arepa, gamma | 1620 tau |
Uranus | 92 238 U | Arepa, gamma | 4.5 piriona tau |
Whakatau i o hawhe-ora whakamana experimentally. I roto i te rangahau taiwhanga whakahaere toutou ine i te mahi. Mai tauira taiwhanga rahi iti (kei runga ake te katoa kairangahau haumaru) o, kawea te whakamātautau i roto i ki te wā rerekē, korerotia maha nga wa. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te auautanga o te mahi huringa āpiha.
I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatau i te hawhe-ora he mahi i whanganga ano o te tauira i wā wā motuhake. Hoatu e te tawhā e pā ana ki te nui o ngā ngota nofo i te ture te mehanga iratuki, te whakatau i te hawhe-ora.
whakamāramatanga TAUIRA mo te kanoirite
Kia te maha o ngā āhuatanga kaha o te kanoirite i te wa i homai he rite ki N, te wā wa i roto i nei kitea he t 2 - t 1 te wahi te timatanga me te mutunga e feunga tata kitea. Me kī, i taua n - maha o ngota nofo i roto i te wā wa i homai, na n = KN (t 2 - t 1).
I roto i tenei faaiteraa, K = 0.693 / T½ - proportionality tauwehe, ka karanga taimau i te pirau. T½ - te hawhe-ora o te kanoirite.
Me kī mō te kōwae wā mokamoka. Ko te kupu tohu K = n / N te hautanga o te karihi kanoirite vavahiraa i reira ia te wā wae.
E matau te uara o te aumou te pirau taea te whakaritea me te hawhe-ora o te pirau: T½ = 0.693 / K.
whai te reira e ia wa wae kore e wawahi te maha etahi o ngota kaha, me te tetahi rahi.
Ko te ture o te piraunga ira tukituki (spp)
Hawhe-ora ko te spp pūtake. Tauira ahu Frederick Soddy ko Ernest Rutherford i te pūtake o ngā hua whakamātautau i roto i te 1903. Ko reira maere e inenga maha hanga ki mea e matara atu ana i tino tika i roto i ngā o te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau, arahina ki te hua tika, me te tika. riro ia te pūtake o te ariā o te ira. ahu tatou i te urunga pāngarau o te ture te mehanga iratuki.
- Kia N 0 - maha o ngota kaha i roto i te wa hohe. I muri i te wā wa ka nondecomposed t āhuatanga N.
- I te wa e rite ana ki te hawhe-ora noho rite hawhe o te huānga kaha: N = N 0/2.
- I muri i te wā anō o tetahi hawhe o te tauira e: N = N 0/4 = N 0/2 2 ngota kaha.
- I muri i te wa e rite ana ki te atu hawhe-ora, ka mau tonu i te tauira anake: N = N 0/8 = N 0/2 Maehe.
- I te wa ka e noho i te ope n hawhe-wā i roto i te tauira 0 N = N / 2 n o te matūriki kaha. I roto i tenei faaiteraa n = t / T½: te ōwehenga o te uiuia ki te hawhe-ora.
- He spp ahua rerekē faaiteraa pāngarau i te mea atu watea i roto i te mahi: N = N 0 2 - t / T½.
Ko te tauira e āhei ki te whakatau, i roto i te tua ki te hawhe-ora, te maha o ngā ngota kanoirite kaha nondecomposed i te wa i homai. E matau te maha o ngā ngota o te tauira i te timatanga o te mātakitaki, etahi wa i muri, ka taea e koe te whakatau i te ra o te tarukino.
Te whakatau i te hawhe-ora o te tātai ture piraunga ira tukituki e tauturu te reira anake, ki te etahi tawhā: te maha o kanoirite kaha i roto i te tauira, ko te uaua ki te kitea nui.
Ngā mutunga iho o te ture
Record tātai spp taea, mā te whakamahi i te ariā o papatipu mahi me te faaineineraa ngota.
Ko hautanga ki te maha o te ngota iratuki ngohe: A = A 0 • 2 -t / T. I roto i tenei tātai, he 0 - mahi tauira i kore wa, A - mahi i muri i t hēkona, T - hawhe-ora.
Ka taea te whakamahi Taumaha o te taonga i roto i te tauira: m = m 0 • 2 -t / T
Hoki tetahi wā auau wawahi tino te taua rahi o te ngota iraruke e wātea ana i roto i tenei faaineineraa.
Ko nga rohe o te faaohiparaa o te ture
Ko te ture i roto i te tikanga katoa ko te tauanga, te tāutu i te tukanga i roto i te microcosm. Kei te matau te reira e te hawhe-ora o ngā āhuatanga iratuki - tauanga. Ko te āhua probabilistic o te mau ohipa i roto i te karihi ngota kōrero e taea te matua noho hinga i tetahi wa. Matapae i te takahanga e taea, anake tatou e nehenehe e whakatau i tona pono i te wa. Ka rite ki te hua, e kore e te hawhe-ora kia tikanga:
- mo te ngota ngā;
- papatipu tauira iti.
Ko te ora o te ngota
Ko te oraraa o te ngota i roto i tona huru taketake kia muri mo te tuarua, a pea miriona o nga tau. Kōrero e pā ana ki te wa o nga matūriki o te ora, ko te hoki e kore e tika. Na roto i te tomo i te nui rite ki te uara toharite o te ora o nga ngota, ka taea e koe te kōrero e pā ana ki te oraraa o ngā ngota o te kanoirite iraruke, te pānga o te mehanga iratuki. Ko te hawhe-ora o te karihi ngota tei runga i te āhuatanga o te ngota me te e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i ētahi atu rahinga.
He reira taea ki te whakaoti i te raruraru: me pehea ki te kitea te hawhe-ora, e matau i te ora toharite?
Hei whakatau i te tātai kōrero hawhe-ora mo te ora toharite o te ngota me te pirau te tauturu tamau, kahore iti.
τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.
I roto i tenei record, τ - te ra toharite, λ - te taimau te pirau.
Mā te te hawhe-ora
spp Taupānga mō te whakatau i te tau o te tauira takitahi he whānui i roto i te rangahau o te mutunga o te rau tau rua tekau. Ko te tika o te whakatau i te tau o te pera nui haere tao'ao matatoka e kia whakarato matauranga ki te wa ora o te BC mano tau.
Radiocarbon parawae tauira organic i runga i te huringa o te mahi waro-14 (radiocarbon) hakari i roto i rauropi katoa. taka ki roto ki te tinana ora i roto i pākia, me te roto ki reira i te kukū ngā. I muri i te matenga o te pākia e ki te taiao mutu. taka te kukū o te waro ira tukituki tika ki te pirau tūturu, heke te mahi proportionally.
Ki te taua uara, te hawhe-ora, te tātai o te ture o te piraunga ira tukituki āwhina ki te whakatau i te wa o te whakamutunga o te ora o te rauropi.
Mekameka o panoni iratuki
i whakahaeretia rangahau ira i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga. kaha Amazing ki huānga iraruke noho kaha mo haora, ra ranei ara tau e kore i taea e haere mai i rite te ohorere i te timatanga o nga physicists rautau rua tekau. Studies, hei tauira, thorium, aru e te hua ohorere: he nui i roto i te ampoule kati o tona mahi. I te haunga iti o reira hinga. Ko ohie te mutunga: ko te faafariuraa o te thorium tahi e te tuku o te Radon (hau). āhuatanga katoa i roto i te ira puta ki te taonga tino rerekē, me ai te āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū. Tenei taonga, i roto i te tahuri, he iu hoki. Kei te mohiotia te reira i teie nei e toru nga rarangi o panoni rite.
He tino nui i roto i te whakarite i te wa o ngā wāhi inaccessibility poke i roto i te tukanga o te rangahau ngota, me te karihi, rave rahi ranei Knowledge o enei panoni. Ko te hawhe-ora o te konuwhiro - i runga i ona kanoirite rānei - i roto i te whānui i 86 s (Pu 238) ki te 80 Ma (Pu 244). Ko te kukū o ia kanoirite homai he whakaaro e pā ana ki te wā o te rohe puretumu.
Ko te konganuku tino utu
Kei te mohiotia te reira i e i roto i nga wa hou i reira ko te whakarewa nui atu te utu atu i te koura, te hiriwa me te konukawata. Ko ētahi o ēnei te konuwhiro. Faahiahia, e kore e kitea i roto i te natura i hanga i roto i te kunenga mai o te konuwhiro. E whiwhi te nuinga o ngā huānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga taiwhanga. Mahi o te konuwhiro-239 i roto i reactors karihi kua whakahohea ia ki te riro tino hira aua ra. Whiwhi rawaka mō te whakamahi i roto i te reactors o te nui o te kanoirite hanga reira whakaritea tino taonga.
whiwhi te konuwhiro-239 i roto i vivo rite ki te hua o ngā tauhohenga mekameka i roto i te konukarihi-239 konu-239 (hawhe-ora - 56 haora). mekameka rite taea ki te whakaemi te konuwhiro i roto i reactors karihi. Ko te tere o te takanga o te tau e hiahiatia nui nga miria tūturu o ngā wā.
Taupānga i roto i te Energy
He he nui te korero e pā ana ki te mau hapa o te kaha karihi me te "strangeness" o te tangata e whakamahia tata tetahi kuwaha ki te whakamatea ratou ake ahua. whakaaetia Opening o te konuwhiro-239, i te mea e taea ki te whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohenga mekameka karihi te ki te whakamahi i te reira rite te puna pūngao rangimarie. Konukarihi-235 ko te orotahi o te konuwhiro kitea i roto i te ao, ko te tino onge, tīpako i te reira i te ore konukarihi ko nui atu uaua atu ki te tiki te konuwhiro.
Age o te whenua
tātari ehu iratuke o kanoirite o ngā āhuatanga iratuki homai he whakaaro tika atu o te ora o te tauira ngā.
Mā te whakamahi i te mekameka panoni "o konukarihi - thorium", i roto i roto i te kirinuku o te whenua, hanga ana e ia taea ki te whakatau i te tau o to tatou paraneta. Ko te ōrau o enei āhuatanga i roto i te toharite, puta noa i te kirinuku niu nei tenei tikanga. E ai ki nga raraunga hou, te tau o te whenua, ko te 4.6 piriona tau.
Similar articles
Trending Now