Katherine whakahou 2 (poto). absoljutizm kuraina Catherine 2

He aha ta tatou e matau e pā ana ki te Russian Empress Catherine te nui? I roto i te mahara o uri maha puta meka, iti e pā ana ki te kaupapa here tūmatanui. Catherine Ko te mea powhiriwhiri rawa nui o pōro marae, kakahu pai. Muri te aru tonu reira e te string o faahinaaro. , Haere ki raro i roto i te aamu i te ora o ona makau, kotahi hono ki ona hononga aroha. Na, ko Russian Empress, runga ake katoa, maramarama, kanapa, tuakiri faahiahia me te kaiwhakahaere pūmanawa. E tano ia tapao e i roto i tona pūnaha poari kāwanatanga i whakarite anōtia e mo te wa tuatahi mai i te rangatiratanga Petra Velikogo. Nui moni i tenei ra karanga Katherine whakahounga 2. whakamārama ratou poto, Heoi, ko reira pea ki te angitu. I roto i te whānui, pai katoa o ona huringa tōrangapū ki te ariā auraki, ka karanga absolutism marama. Tenei au i roto i te rau tau XVIII, kua riro rawa rongonui. pa tokomaha wāhanga o te ora tūmatanui, me te pāpori whakahounga Catherine 2. Ripanga "Panoni i roto i te whenua", i raro, āta whakaatu tenei.

Childhood me te mātauranga o Princess Fike

Sophia Augusta Fredericka o Anhalt-Zerbst - na whakatangi te ingoa tonu o te Empress Russian heke mai. i whanau ia i roto i te puna o te 1729 i roto i te pa iti Tiamana huaina Sitētini (inaianei he rohe o Poland). Ko tona papa i roto i te mahi o te Kingi Prussia. Ko reira te tangata noa. I tetahi wa, ko reira te rangatira tuatahi hoia, ka rangatira me te kawana i muri o tona pa Māori. Mother o te Empress heke mai i o toto kingi. ko ia he-keke nui o Pita III - tane o tona tamahine heke mai. Sofia, ranei rite i huaina ai whanaunga, Fike, i kuraina i te kāinga. ako ia French, Italian, Ingarihi, matawhenua, hītori, teolosia, ka kanikani, ka takaro waiata. i te kotiro i te hinaaro mahorahora, i pehi, ko hoa ki te tamariki. Ko te pouri ki tona whanonga nga mātua. Ko rawakore Fike te utuafare. Ko moe tona whaea i taua pai ki te hoatu i tana tamahine i roto i te faaipoiporaa. I maoro, i te ahua ona moe ki te kia i roto i te ora.

Te faaipoiporaa ki te kainga ki te torona o Russia

I roto i te 1744, i karangatia tahi Zerbst Princess Fike me tona whaea i roto i Russia ki te marae kingi mo te marena ki te heke mai Russian Hiha Pita III, ko wai i tuarua ia whanaunga. Ono tau wahine marena hou tawhito i hohoro Erihapeti, e rapu nei ki te whakatū i te tika o te riiwhitanga ki nga Romanovs, tumanako ki te marena ia wehiwehi,-mahi-irāmutu aroaro. whakaaro Russian Empress e taea pretty, me te ataahua Sofia faanevaneva Pita i faaoaoaraa a tona tamariki ki papi me tākaro. Kia puta Fike i Russia, ka anga ai ki te hiahia ki te ako i te reo Rusia, ritenga marae me te ture a te Siu te Atua. I whakaritea te marena mo August 25, 1745. I runga i te mahana o Sofia whāngai 'Ofotokisií, a riro te ingoa o Catherine I. I te ra marena i 6 haora i roto i te ata i tangohia te rangatira ki te ruma o Elizabeth, i reira kakahu ia, ka heru. ka mau Wedding karakia wahi i roto i te hahi Kazan. Ko reira taa'eraa e runga i 17 tau i muri i konei ka tangohia te oati o te piripono ki to ratou Empress Catherine Alekseevna hou te Life Guard. I muri i homai te marena te pōro rahi me te hakari i te marae kingi, te wahi i takoha Fick ki kanikani ki te tauatanga mutunga o rangatira kaumātua. i muri tonu i te marena, ka reira mārama e kore e haere te tane hou te ki fakahoko honau ngaahi fatongia faaipoiporaa. pau te wa katoa a Pita i roto i ngā kēmu ki hoia tine, me etahi taumaihi pepa. Ratou whare moenga faaipoiporaa, tahuri ia ki te whare kurī mō kuri hopu. Ko reira kitea e kore e taea e ki te whakahaere i te āhua i tēnei ignoramus. Na, e hiahiatia ana Russia whakahounga ā-. Catherine 2, rite taua, kihai i te tīariari. Ae, ka kati tūmanakohia te marae kingi e ko te tūranga o te wahine o te emepera, me te whaea o ana tamariki mo Fike katoa. Kia pehea te nui i hape ratou.

Ko te rironga ki te torona o Catherine

Ko te nāianei Empress Elizabeth Petrovna i memenge ki ia ra e haere, ko te tino ngoikore tona hauora. kihai i te hoa faaipoipo hononga karaunatia whakawhanake. nuitia noho a Pita ki tona rangatira, a korero e pā ana ki hiahia ki te marena ia. Catherine ia i hohoro rawa kawea atu 26 tau o te kāmera-tauira Sergei Saltykov. He marama torutoru i muri i taua Fike kua homai whanau ki te tama, e huaina e ratou a Paora. I te marae hau e tona papa ko te aroha o Catherine haere matou. Ahakoa tenei katoa, kauwhautia Empress Elizabeth mahuetanga tahuri tuarua o te tamaiti ki te torona. Na, Russia, i roto i te haumi ki Austria ko France i i whawhai ki Prussia, te wahi toa kotahi wikitoria i muri i tetahi. Tenei pai katoa anake aruaru Pita, e whakaaro Kingi Frederick II o Prussia poto hōia kāore. Ko reira mārama e i roto i te take o tona rironga ki te torona o Russia ki faaoti i te rangimarie fakamā ki Prussia, ngaro katoa e kua whiwhi te reira i roto i te akoranga o te whawhai. na hohoro tupu te reira. mate Elizabeth i runga i te rā Kirihimete i roto i 1761. I muri i taua, ko Pita te kingi Russian. I roto i te Maehe 1762 mutu ia ki Prussia i te ao, i meinga he rota o te riri i roto i te ope Russian. whakaritea e te reira ki te whakamahi ki te kau muimui o Pita III Catherine Orlov teina, tetahi o nei, Gregory, ko tona aroha me te papa o tona tamaiti whakamutunga. tū te Kazan Ekalesia Catherine te rite o whakawahi, me te tango i te oati rite te Empress o Russia katoa. oati te tuatahi piripono ki a ia hoia. A Pipiri 28, 1762. Na e whakapono kahore tetahi aha e waiho Politika Ekateriny 2.

ngā mōhiohio whānui e pā ana te kingitanga o te Empress

He wiki i muri i te mau ohipa fakamatala'i, Hōngongoi 6, riro Catherine he reta i te Orlova e mate tana tahu a Pita, e tuhituhi te Tuhinga ka whakahekea ki te kikī Ropsha. E ai ki a kanohi, tino rerenga o te Empress hou hanga, karanga, me te hamama e kore e whakarerea noatia ana uri. Heoi, tohu ētahi atu puna e ko reira mōhio o te nganatanga whakaritea i runga i tana tahu, rite te 2 ra i mua ki tona kohuru ki a ia i tonoa mai ki te tākuta ko Paulsen kore ki taero, me nga whakatangi mo autopsies. Ko nga mea katoa ko reira, tika ki te torona o Catherine kahore tetahi totohe. Na i tenei ra e nehenehe tatou e huihuia ake tona kingitanga-tau 34. Hei tohu i tona poari i roto i te kōrero kāwanatanga maha whakamahi i te wā pērā i "absolutism marama". Piri o tenei ariā whakapono e kia he mana Ngātuere, kaha, e ka mahi ki te painga o ona tangata katoa te āhua. absolutism maramarama faaite o Catherine 2 Kei te matua i roto i te haapuairaa i te taero, tapaia te whenua o me whakakotahitanga o ngā pūnaha whakahaere. whakaaro te Empress e te rohe nui o Russia, me tona āhuarangi pakeke necessitates te whanautanga me te pai i konei autocracy. Schematically, ka taea e koe te whakaatu Catherine whakahounga 2.

Ripanga "Panoni i roto i te whenua"

Ka rite ki a koutou e taea e te kite i te tepu, i roto i enei whakahounga te tino whakakitea te absolutism marama o Catherine 2. Kua rapua ia ki te aro mana kāwanatanga katoa i roto i ona ringa, me te ki te noho i roto i te whenua o nga akomanga katoa i runga i motuhake, whakaurua reira ture.

"Tohutohu" tuhinga - te ariā o te absolutism marama Catherine 2

Te Empress, rave e pā ana ki te tohi o Montesquieu ka tango i te mau parau tumu o tona ariā, whakamātau ia ki te karanga i te Ture Kōmihana pera-ka karanga, nei matua whāinga - te rapa i nga hiahia o te iwi ki te kawe i nga hanganga e tika ana i roto i te āhua. Ka rite ki te wahi o te tinana tae e 600 kawana o nga akomanga ngā. Ka rite ki tukuna he tuhinga arata'iraa o te Komihana Catherine i "Tohutohu", i ko, i te meka, te pūtake ariā o te absolutism marama. Kei te mohiotia te reira i tata rawa tuhia anōtia e ia i nga mahi o Montesquieu - piri ngakau nui o te ariā. Catherine uru ia e no ia ki konei "i roto i te tahi mau wahi kotahi raina, kotahi kupu." Ko te kōmihana roa tau e ono anake, a ka rewa. I huaina tenei tinana ko runga ki te kawe i roto i whakahou whakahaere o Catherine 2? Pea, ae. Ko whakaae hītori tenei ra ki te meka i hāngai te mahi katoa o te Komihana i i hanga i te whakapakoko pai o te Empress i Russia, a ki waho. Ko te faaoti tenei tinana ki tohu ia i te taitara o "te nui."

whakahou whakahaere o Catherine 2

Kua ēnei innovations te whakaturengia ngā Whiringa 7, 1775. Ke te pūnaha o te wehenga whakahaere o te rohe o Russia. I mua, ko ia e toru-kōwae: te kawanatanga, te kawanatanga, vahefonua. Na inaianei ka anga te mara kāwanatanga ki te wehe Kawanatanga me kauti anake. Arahina e rave rahi governorships ko te Kawana-Tianara. tuku ia ki nga kawana, me te kaikaranga-fiscals me refatgei. Pūtea i roto i te Kawanatanga i roto i tiaki o te exchequer ki te tautoko o te Whare o Accounts. I te matenga o ia mataeinaa tu rangatira. I roto i te tawhiti i te kōwae whakahaere motuhake i pa, hoatu te matenga o i i roto i nga rangatira wahi koromatua.

Catherine kaumatua whakahou 2

hanga tenei neoplasm i Empress o Hakihea 15, 1763. E ai ki a ia, ka te kaumatua te marae rawa. I tua atu, kua wehea ai ki 6 tari:

• Ko te tuatahi - i roto i te tiaki o take kāwanatanga, me te tōrangapū katoa i roto i St. Petersburg;

• tuarua - take kōti i St. Petersburg;

• Ko te tuatoru - rongoā, te pūtaiao, toi, mātauranga, waka;

• E whā - take manuao, me te whenua;

• rima - fetu'utaki mo e kakaí, me te tōrangapū i roto i Moscow;

• E ono - take ture i roto i Moscow.

Catherine Whakahaere Reform 2 konei i hangaia ki te hanga i te kaumatua he taputapu talangofua o te mana Ngātuere,.

whakarerekētanga ohaoha

I āhuatanga te kingitanga o te Empress i te whanaketanga whānui o te ōhanga ā-motu. pāngia nga whakarerekētanga ohaoha o Catherine te 2 te pēke, me te ao pūtea o te hokohoko ke. I roto i tona kingitanga, ka anga whakaurunga hou nama (moni taurewa me te State Bank) ki te whakaae ki moni i te iwi whānui i runga i putunga mō te rokiroki. monipuka i puta tuatahi - te moni pepa. Ko te āhua i raro i Catherine kaweake i hua tāwāhi i roto i ngā rahinga nui, pērā i maka rino, kakahu rere, rakau, Hemp, taro. He uaua ki te mea ranei korero tuku raraunga pai whakahounga Catherine 2. poto e pā ana ki te mea te reira pea ki te angitu. Kua arahina kaweake nuinga o te witi ki raro i tona whakahaere ki te matekai i te 1780 tau i roto i te rohe maha o Russia. Ko te take o te whakangaromanga papatipu o peasants. Nui haere te utu o te taro. he tuwhera kau te taonga kāwanatanga. Ko nama ke a Russia nui 33 miriona moni.

Kaupapa i roto i te pūnaha mātauranga

Otiia i nunu'a kino e kore katoa nga panoni o te Empress. whakarewahia Reform o Catherine mātauranga 2 i roto i 1760. Vahi atoa timata ki te whakatuwhera i ngā kura, e taea te haere tamariki i ngā karaehe pāpori rerekē. utua ngā aro te ki te mātauranga o te wahine. I te 1764 ka hanga e te reira Smolensk Institute mo Noble kotiro. I roto i te 1783 whakatuwheratia Russian Academy wahi karangatia rongonui kaipūtaiao ke. He aha kua whakakitea whakahou mātauranga Catherine 2? Ko te take i roto i nga kawanatanga i hanga nga whakahau o te aroha tūmatanui, i te mea kawenga mo te whakahaere o ngā kura tūmatanui, hohipera, asylums mo nga hohipera haurangi, me te mate,. I roto i Moscow ko St. Petersburg kua whakatuwheratia kāinga mō ara tamariki, e riro ratou i roto i te whakatipu me te mātauranga.

Whenua i roto i te Catherine 2

Ko tautohetia roto hītori tonu tenei huringa. ngā whenua 2 Catherine whakahou i te whakaputanga o taua mea i roto i 1785. E rua pukapuka, tetahi o nei hopea noaa te mau haamaitairaa o te rangatira, me ētahi atu wāhanga o te taupori tāone i roto i te mati 6. ka karanga te Empress enei whanaketanga "te karauna o to ratou mahi." "Ārai hanahana Letters" fakahu'unga te whai ake:

• i tukua noatia atu tenei piha i te quartering o ngā waeine hōia, i whiu kāpara, i te ärai o te taonga mo he taihara;

• whiwhi hanahana te tika ki nga whekau o te whenua, te tika ki te whenua te mana, te tika ki te whai i te Institutions Class;

• i riria enei iwi ki te pupuri mahi, ki te to ratou moni i whenua i iti iho i te $ 100, me kua tangohia o te tika ki te pōti, ki te kore koe e whai paetukutuku o te rangatira ratou.

He aha te mea te whakahou tāone Catherine 2? Ko te Empress whakahau ki wehe te taupori ki 6 ngā kāwai:

• tangata tāone (homeowners);

• kaihokohoko 3 Guild;

• kaihanga;

• nonresident me ke kaihokohoko;

• tangata tairanga (kaihokohoko taonga, peeke, kaihoahoa, kaipeita, pūtaiao, kaitito);

• tangata (kahore he whare).

Ki te pā ki enei innovations taea tatou te mea e Politika Ekateriny 2 konei kua whai wāhi ki te kaha te raupapatanga o te hapori ki taonga, me te rawakore. Ko te kupu heke ōhanga tūranga wāhanga o rangatira. He tokomaha o ratou e kore i taea e te tomo ratonga tūmatanui, e kore te taea ki te whiwhi i te tika mo tenei kakahu me hu. I te tau wa ano o nga rangatira nui fatuhia ngā wāhi nui o te whenua me te rau o nga mano o mua.

Ko te kaupapa here fakalotu

pāngia tonu ētahi wāhi whakahou kāwanatanga Catherine 2? Tenei wahine kaha-mea tohe ki ngana ana ki te whakahaere i nga mea katoa i roto i te āhua, tae atu haapa'oraa. I roto i te 1764, i whakaputaina e ia tangohia nga whenua hahi te tikanga. Fakataha ki ngā wāhi kaimahi raraunga kua whakawhitia ki te whakahaere o te tahi mau penapena Association. Ko te kupu, i ti'aturi i runga i te mana kingi nga minita. I roto i te whānui, tamata te Empress ki te whai i te kaupapa here o te kātakí fakalotu. I roto i nga tau wawe o tona kingitanga mutu te whakatoi o Tuí Old, kua riro te tautoko kāwanatanga, Buddhism, Protestantism, nga Hurai.

Catherine 2 hei piri o te ariā Māmá

ki tonu-tau 34 kingitanga o te Empress te ki he maha ngā kaupapa taupatupatu. absolutism marama o Catherine 2, i tamata ia ki te kauwhau i roto i te hanahana, a whakakitea ano i roto i nei i hanga e ia te "tohutohu", me te e Fakataha o te Komihana Ture, me te whakahou whenua, a i roto i te wehenga whakahaere o te rohe o Russia, me whakahounga i roto i te rāngai mātauranga. Heoi, kua katoa o enei whakahounga kua iti. pūnaha Class, parau tumu whakahaere Ngātuere,, noho aueue ore serfdom. Kei te hoatu tokanga makehe ki te hononga i waenganui i Catherine French Māmá (Voltaire, Diderot). arahina ia he reta kaha ki a ratou, whakawhitiwhiti whakaaro. Ko ratou e pā ana ki a ia rawa tino. Heoi, e whakapono hītori hou i pono enei whanaunga pūāhua tautoko. Te Empress maha aroha o ratou "hoa".

Ko te hua o te kingitanga o te Empress nui

Kua tae mai te wa ki te tohu Catherine ripeneta 2 me poto whakarāpopoto tona kingitanga. i whakamana maha panoni reira, i ētahi wā rawa whakahē. āhuatanga wā Empress e faatîtîraa mōrahi o peasants, ia hau ratou o ratou mana iti. A, no te puta reira he tikanga kati i te kaimahi ki te kōnae i te amuamu ki tona kairetiwhare. pirau rohe, a i roto i te moni rawa nui. rēhitatia Tauira Empress ia, aroha endowing whanaunga, me te kati i te iari, me te faaue koutou makau ki pou kāwanatanga matua. Ehara i Koinei, i muri i te tau torutoru o tona kingitanga, i takoto kau taonga te whenua o. He aha te mutunga mutu 2 Catherine whakahou? Poto, ka taea e tetahi te mea tenei: he raruraru ōhanga nui me te katoa tiango o te pūnaha pūtea o te kāwanatanga. Ko nga mea katoa ko reira, i whai wāhi ia i roto i te ora tūmatanui, me te aroha waiho ia Russia taketake.

ako matou, i roto i te mea puta whakamaramatia absolutism Catherine 2 i roto i tona kingitanga, etahi tikanga o nei i taea ki te kawe ki te ora ia.