He aha te mea te waehere ira: te taketake

I roto i tetahi pūtau, me nga āhuatanga katoa o te kikokiko tinana, huru morphological me mahi i whakaritea e te hanganga o te pūmua, e kua uru i roto i a ratou. taonga tuku iho o te kaiao ko te kaha ki te synthesize pūmua motuhake. Ko te rāpoi ngota pītauira o waikawa amino whakaritea i roto i te mekameka polypeptide i nei whakawhirinaki i runga i te āhuatanga koiora.
āhuatanga ia pūtau e tona raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te mekameka polynucleotide o DNA. Ko te waehere ira o DNA tenei. Na roto i tona mōhiohio tuhituhia e pā ana ki te ariā o etahi pūmua. Ko te waehere ira o ona āhuatanga me te mōhiohio iranga hipoki i roto i tenei tuhinga.

He hītori iti

Ko te whakaaro e pea i reira ko te waehere ira, kua whakatakoto a Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom i te waenganui o te rautau rua tekau. whakaahua ratou e te raupapa o nucleotides e te kawenga mō te kōtuitui o etahi waikawa amino, ngā i te iti rawa e toru hononga. kï i muri nui tika o toru nucleotides (he kōwae o te waehere ira), e kiia nei ko te triplet codon ranei. I roto i te katoa, i reira e ono tekau-wha nucleotides, no te mea te rāpoi ngota o te waikawa, te wahi i te kōtuitui o pūmua RNA ranei, kua titoa o toenga nucleotide rerekē e whā.

He aha te mea te waehere iranga

Tikanga raupapa waikawa amino o te pūmua Tapa raupapa i roto i nucleotides noa ki ngā pūtau katoa ora me kaiao. Ko te aha te waehere ira.
I roto i te DNA, i reira e wha nucleotides:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

E whakaritea ratou e reta whakapaipai i roto i te reo Roma ranei (i roto i te tuhinga Russian) Russian.
Kei roto i te RNA hoki wha nucleotide, engari ko te kotahi o ratou e rere ke i te DNA:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

Kua whakaritea nucleotides katoa i roto i te mekameka, i whiwhi nei te i roto i te helix rua o te DNA me te RNA - kotahi.
hāngai pūmua e i runga i te waikawa amino rua tekau, e whakaritea ai e ratou i roto i te tetahi raupapa whakaritea e ona āhuatanga koiora.

Ko te āhuatanga o te waehere ira

Triplet. Ko te kōwae o te waehere ira ngā o reta e toru, he mea he triplet. Tenei te tikanga e te ngā rua tekau-toru waikawa amino whakawaeheretia e etahi nucleotides, ka karanga codons trilpetami ranei. E ono tekau-wha ngā e taea te hanga i te nucleotides wha. Tenei moni he nui atu i nui ki te whakawaehere te waikawa e rua tekau amino.
Hope'ao te ino. Ka hāngai ia waikawa amino ki neke atu i te kotahi codon, ki te okotahi o methionine me tryptophan.
Te ahurei. Kotahi codon encodes te waikawa amino kotahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te ira o te tangata hauora ki ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te ūnga pūtoto peta triplet purua me gaa encodes waikawa glutamic. Na katoa te hunga e mate ana ki te anemia toronaihi pūtau-, whakakapia kotahi nucleotide te.
Collinearity. hāngai tonu te raupapa waikawa amino ki te raupapa nucleotide e kei te ira.
He tonu me te kiato te waehere ira, e te tikanga e kore e te reira "tuhi". E ko, tīmata i te codon ngā ko te readout tonu. Hei tauira, kia pānui i AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG rite: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Otiia e kore e Aug, UGG me pera i runga i atu te kore ranei.
Ringa rehe e. Ko ia kotahi tino mo kaiao teretetiera katoa, i te tangata ki te ika, harore me huakita.

ripanga

E kore e te tepu tapae nga waikawa katoa amino. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, me etahi ētahi atu kahore e wātea, no te mea kei te ahu mai ratou i te tahi atu waikawa amino whakawaeheretia e mRNA me te pūmua hua i muri i whakarerekē rite ki te hua o te iritiraa.
No te mea kua mohiotia te pai te waehere iranga āhuatanga e he ahei o tetahi codon whakawaehere kotahi waikawa amino. Ko te okotahi ko te mahi atu, me te whakawaehere valine me methionine, te waehere iranga. MRNA, i i te timatanga o te codon, hono te tRNA e te mauria formylmethionyl-. Runga ki te whakaotinga o te kōtuitui, a kua piri te reira horo iho mo te formyl tuwhena, puta ki toenga methionine. Ko te kupu, nga codons runga ake he tīmata kōtuitanga polypeptides mekameka. Ki te kore e ratou i te timatanga, he kahore rerekē i ētahi atu koutou.

mōhiohio iranga

I raro i tenei ariā titau te āhuatanga hōtaka, tuku nei i te tupuna. takoto te reira i roto i te whakapapa me te mea he waehere ira.
Whakatinana i roto i te kōtuitanga pūmua waehere ira RNAs (waikawa ribonucleic) :

• Mōhiohio me te RNA;
• tRNA waka;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

tuku Information te, mö mua (DNA-RNA-pūmua) ka whakataka (te reo-pūmua-DNA).
Ka taea e kaiao riro, toa, whakawhiti, a faaohipa i te reira i te wa ano tino tōtika.
He whakawhitia e tupu, te kōrero whakatau te whanaketanga o te rauropi. Ko hē hoki o te pāhekoheko ki te taiao o te tauhohenga whakamutunga ko, a ko te kupu i te kunenga me te whanaketanga. Ko te kupu whakatakotoria te tinana kei roto i te mōhiohio hou.

Kua whakaahua Tātaitanga o nga ture o te koiora rāpoi, me te kitea o te waehere ira e he reira e tika ana ki te hono iranga ki ariā o Darwin i te pūtake e reira ko he ariā waihanga o te kukuwhatanga - koiora kore-puāwaitanga.
Whakapapa, rerekētanga, me te kōwhiringa tūturu Darwin kīnaki ira whakaritea e te kōwhiringa. whakatinana Evolution te i te taumata ira i te irakētanga tupurangi me tupu, te huru tino faufaa e e tino taunga ki te taiao.

Wetemuna he waehere tangata

I roto i te nineties, whakarewahia he kaupapa Human Genome, hua i roto i rua-mano whatiwhatinga o te huinga ira i kitea, kei roto 99.99% o ira tangata. Noho whatiwhatinga unknown kore e e whai wāhi i roto i te ariā o te pūmua, me te kore e whakawaeheretia. tonu mōhiotia ratou tūranga.

ngā āhuatanga Tata i roto i 2006 pūira 1 Ko te roa rawa i roto i te genome. E meinga e disorders me ngā irakētanga i roto i reira Neke atu i toru rau e rima tekau mate, tae atu ki te mate pukupuku,.

e kore e taea te piriponotanga te tūranga o taua ako. A, no te whakatuwheratia reira, i te mea te waehere ira, ka mohiotia ai te ture, ko reira te whanaketanga, i hanga kia rite ki te hanganga morphological, mentality, predisposition ki etahi mate, pākia me hapanga o takitahi.