James Webb Space whātata (James Webb Space whātata): rā whakarewatanga, taputapu

Ki ia atu piata henemita, ia atu wā kitea tuarua me ia atu atmospherics ngota, mamao i mara rangahau karu, pai, hohonu me te mārama ka kite koe i te ao.

25 tau o "Hubble"

A, no te te whātata "Hubble" anga mahi i roto i te 1990, ka whakatuwheratia e te reira i te wā hou i roto i te tātai arorangi - wāhi. Kore i ki te mahi ki te huru, kapua, manukanuka kōpura hiko ranei. e hiahiatia ana te katoa e - ko ki te tohatoha i te pee'utari i runga i ūnga ki te ū reira me ki te kohikohi pūaho. tīmata Neke 25 tau o whātata wāhi ki te taupoki ana i te tūāwhiorangi hiko katoa, i whakaaetia hoki te wa tuatahi ki te whakaaro i te ao i ia te roangaru o te marama.

Engari kia rite ki kua nui haere to matou matauranga, a nui haere matou māramatanga o te unknown. titiro tatou i ki te ao te atu, te atu tatou kite i te mua hohonu: he nui tahuti o te wā mai i te Big Bang, i roto i te taha ki te tere fakataimí o te marama whakarato te rohe ki te mea e taea e tatou e mau. Ano, te roha o te wāhi e mahi ano ki a tatou, totoro i te roangaru o te marama o whetu rite haere puta noa i te ao ki to tatou kanohi ia. Ahakoa te whātata wāhi "Hubble", e horo'a mai ia tatou i te hohonu, i te whakapakoko tino mīharo o te ao e kua tonu kitea tatou, kei te iti te faatura tenei i roto i.

"Hubble" Huakore

"Hubble" - he karu mīharo, engari reira kua etahi fakangatangata taketake:

• Just 2.4 m te whānui, e tauwhāiti tona taumira.
• Ahakoa rauemi paninga huritao, kua tonu kitea reira ki te rā tika, wera nei te. tikanga o tēnei e tika ana ki ngā pānga waiariki, e kore ia e taea e mataara te roangaru o te marama neke atu i te 1.6 microns.
• Ko te huinga o te iti piata me te roangaru, kia nei ko reira tairongo, te tikanga e taea te kite i te karu whātata kore te tupuni pakeke atu i te 500 miriona tau.

He tino tika, tawhiti vai ka ko te ao anake e pā ana ki 4% o tona ao ēnei ikarangi. Otira, e matau ana tatou e vai whetu me ngā ikarangi i mua.

Hei kite i te reira, te whātata kia whai i te tūtohutanga teitei. Tenei te tikanga te whakawhitinga ki wavelengths roa me pāmahana raro atu i te "Hubble". Ko te aha, a ka hanga te James Webb Space whātata.

Tuhinga mō te pūtaiao

James Webb Space whātata (JWST) hangaia te ki hinga enei fakangatangata he: ki kohikohi 6.5 m diameter karu 7 wa atu marama atu i te "Hubble". iriti i te reira i te taea o ultra-teitei-taumira hihinga i 600 nm ki te 6 microns (4 wa nui atu i te roangaru, i te mea e taea ki te kite i te "Hubble") ki te mau i te rohe pōkākā waenganui ki te tūtohutanga ki runga ake i ake i te aroaro o. Ka whakamahia e JWST tautauā hāngū ki te pāmahana mata o pluto me he taea ki te kaha whakamatao i te whakaaro waenganui-pōkākā ki runga ki te 7 K. whātata James Webb ka meinga e taea ki te mahi i te pūtaiao rite kore e kore tetahi i mua i tenei mahi.

ka ia:

• mau i te mau haapueraa tuatahi ake i hanga;
• kitea i roto i te uiuia hau kūpapa me te ao whetu reionization tuatahi;
• kawe i roto i te tātari spectroscopic o nga whetu rawa tuatahi (taupori III), i hanga i muri i te Big Bang;
• whiwhi hitimahuta mīharo, rite te kitea o te tuatahi rua pango supermassive me quasars i roto i te ao.

e kore te mea rite ki taua i roto i te mua rangahau Taumata JWST, a na i whiriwhiria te whātata rite 2010s tino nui misioni a NASA.

faahiahia pūtaiao

Mai i te hi'oraa hangarau, te whātata James Webb hou ko te mahi tino o te toi. Kua haere te kaupapa he ara roa: i reira nga overruns pūtea, takaroa hōtaka me te mōrea o te whakakorenga o te kaupapa. I muri i te wawaotanga o te kaiārahi hou kua puta ke. Ko te kaupapa ohorere riro rite mataaratanga, i whakaritea moni, kiia hoki hape, rahunga me ngā raruraru, a ka timata te kapa pikau JWST i ngā katoa, hōtaka me herenga pūtea. whakaritea te whakarewanga te mo Oketopa 2018 i roto i te tākirirangi "Ariane 5". Ko te kapa e whai kore anake te hōtaka, kua ia mahue e iwa marama ki te tukua hoki tetahi āhuatanga ohorere e i kohia katoa me rite mo tenei rā.

Kei o whā ngā wāhanga matua James Webb whātata.

wae whatu

Kei roto te reira i katoa o nga whakaata, o nei e te whai hua tino waru parahe segmented whakaata tuatahi. Ka whakamahia kia ratou ki te kohikohi i te Starlight tawhiti, me te arotahi ona mea hoki tātari. Ko inaianei enei whakaata katoa rite, me te tino, i hanga tika i runga i te hōtaka. I te mutunga o te whakaminenga, ka kia takai ratou ki te hoahoa kiato ki te kia rere i te tawhiti o te neke atu i te 1 miriona kiromita i te whenua ki te wāhi L2 Lagrange, a ka tahuri aunoa ki te hanga i te hanganga honikoma, e hoki nga tau maha e kohikohi marama Arawaho. Ko te tino he mea ataahua, me te hua angitu o te mau tautooraa Titanic o ngā tohunga maha.

Tueke tata pōkākā

"Webb" rawa te ki whā mea pūtaiao e he rite mo te 100%. Ko te kāmera matua ko te kāmera o te whātata tata awhe IR, i te marama kitea ki te rohe karaka-pōkākā hohonu. Ka whakarato te reira i te pikitia tuatahi o nga whetu tuatahi, te mau haapueraa whakaotinga e te hunga tonu i roto i te tukanga o te hanganga, whetu taitamariki o te Milky Way me ikarangi tata, rau o ngā hou i roto i te whitiki Kuiper. Kei te papaitia te reira no te atahanga tika o ngā aorangi tawhio ētahi atu whetu. Tenei ka waiho i te kāmera matua, whakamahia e te nuinga o mataitai.

Tata pōkākā spectrograph

Tenei taputapu e kore anake e wehe te marama ki wavelengths takitahi, engari e taea ki te mahi i tenei mo neke atu i te 100 ngā takitahi i te wa ano! Tenei pūrere Ko te spectrograph ao "Webb", e taea te mahi i roto i te 3 rerekē tikanga hihinga. I hanga te reira e te Pākehā Space Agency, engari maha wāhanga, tae atu pūhohe me maha-piha pūhiko, e whakaratohia ana e te Center mō te Space Flight. Goddard (NASA). Kua tēnei pūrere kua whakamatauria a he rite mo te tāutanga.

taputapu Mid-pōkākā

Pūrere ki te whakamahi mo te whakaahua aunui, i.e. ka kia whiwhi ai mā te whakapakoko tino mīharo ki te katoa mea "Webb". Mai i te wāhi pūtaiao o te tirohanga, e te mea tino whai hua i roto i te ine i te kōpae protoplanetary tawhio whetu taitamariki, ine me te mātakitaki ki te tika inä Kuiper Belt ngā me te puehu te tahu e Starlight. Ko ia anake te taputapu me te cryogenically matao o ki 7 K. Ina whakaritea ki te Spitzer Space whātata, ka whakapai ake i te hua i roto i te 100 nga wa tenei.

spectrograph tau raupapatua NIR (NIRISS)

Ka hua te pūrere:

• whānui-hihinga i roto i te rohe roangaru pōkākā tata (1.0 - 2.5 micron);
• Grism hihinga kotahi ahanoa i roto i te whānuitanga kitea me pōkākā (0.6 - 3.0 micron);
• interferometry rėpene-piata i wavelengths o 3.8 - 4.8 microns (te wahi tūmanakohia whetu mua me ikarangi);
• rangahau whānui-whānui o te mara katoa o te tirohanga.

I hanga tēnei taputapu i te Canadian Space Agency. I muri haere whakamātautau cryogenic ka pai ki te whakauru i ki te kokoru taputapu o te whātata ano ai ia.

sunshield

whātata Space ratou kihai i ano i whakaritea. Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga tino ri'ari'a o tetahi whakaoho ko ki te whakamahi i tētahi rauemi katoa hou. Engari o te meangiti te waka ātea katoa kaha te whakamahi i refrigerant whakapau tuku, whakamahi te whātata James Webb te hangarau tino hou - 5-apa ra whakangungu rakau kia tohatoha ki ki whakaata i te radiation solar i te whātata. E hono E rima rau 25-waewae o rakau Titanium, me tāuta i muri whakamahinga o te karu whātata. Ko te tiaki i te whakamatautau i roto i 2008 me 2009. tauira tauine-tonu, whai wāhi roto i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga, kawea atu katoa a ratou ki te mahi i konei ki runga ki te whenua. Ko te auaha ataahua tenei.

I tua atu, he hoki reira he ariā whakaponohia: e kore noa ki te ārai i te marama i te ra, me te hoatu i te karu whātata i roto i te atarangi, ka hanga i taua mea kia e anapanapa te wera katoa te i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga ki te takotoranga o te karu. ka riro ia o te paparanga e rima i roto i te wāhi korehau makariri rite ki te tawhiti i te waho kia paku mahana atu i te pāmahana mata - tawhio kia maturuturu 350-360 K. paparanga whakamutunga pāmahana ki 37-40 K, i te mea makariri atu te mata i te po pluto.

I tua atu, tangohia nui whakatūpatotanga ki te tiaki i te reira i te taiao kino o te wāhi hohonu. Ko tētahi o nga mea ki te kia mo konei he pōhatu iti rahi ririki, onepu, puehu, me te ara iti i roto i te wāhi interplanetary rere i te tere o tekau ara rau o nga mano o km / h ranei. Enei micrometeorites he prodelyvat taea iti, rua mōkitokito i roto i nga mea katoa ratou e farerei: waka ātea, whakawa wāhi, whakaata, whātata me te nui atu. Ki te mea ka whai i te whakaata dents anake rua ranei, paku whakaiti te nui o e wātea ana "marama pai", ka taea te haehae te rōpū solar i mata ki mata, e ka meinga te paparanga katoa memeha. Ki te aro i tēnei āhuatanga whakamahia whakaaro ngingila i.

Kua whakangungu rakau solar katoa kua wehea ki ngā wāhanga kia taua, ki te mea i reira te mea he āputa iti i te kotahi, e rua ranei, ara e toru o enei, e kore te apa e haehae atu, rite te whati i roto i te motokā o te motokā. ka pupuri i te hanganga katoa o te katoa wawahi, he mea nui ki te ārai i tuukinotanga.

Waka ātea: huihui, me te pūnaha mana

Ko te wāhanga noa, kia rite ki reira kei roto i whātata wāhi katoa me misioni pūtaiao. I roto i te JWST he ahurei, engari tino rite ano. Katoa i mahue e te ko te kaikirimana whānui o te kamupene kaupapa Notelopi Grumman, - whakangungu rakau oti, huihuia te whātata me te taki i te reira i roto i. ka kia rite ki te tīmata i roto i te 2 tau te pūrere.

10 tau o te kitea

Ki te haere katoa te pai, he tangata i runga i te mimiha o ngā āhuatanga nui pūtaiao. Te arai o te hau kūpapa, e te taumarumaru tonu tirohanga whānui o te tuatahi whetu me haapueraa, whakatau te kaha pōkākā "Webb" me ona kiko nui. Tenei ka waiho i te, whātata tino rauangi nui rawa ki te whānuitanga roangaru nui i 0.6 ki te 28 microns (kite te kanohi tangata i 0.4 ki te 0.7 microns) o ake hanga. Kei te tika te reira ki te whakarato i te tekau tau o ngā kitenga.

E ai ki a NASA, ka hei te wā "Webb" misioni i 5.5 ki te 10 tau. Kei te iti te reira ki te nui o te wahie e hiahiatia ki te mau tonu ohuraa, me te ora hikohiko me te taputapu i roto i te taiao pakeke o te wāhi. Ko te karu orbital James Webb ka kawe i te take o te wahie mo te wā katoa-te tau 10, me 6 marama i muri i whakarewanga ka whakamatauria kia ki te whakarite i te rere, e te whakapūmau i 5 tau o te mahi pūtaiao.

He aha i taea e haere he?

Ko te take whāiti matua ko te nui o te wahie i runga i te poari. A, no te te oti te reira, ka pahuhu atu ia i te wāhi L2 Lagrange te pee'utari, e haere mai i runga i rite te āmionga huru tata rawa ki te whenua.

Tenei pōroa, kia puta me ētahi atu whakapawera:

• whakaata kinonga, e pā te nui o te marama kohia, ka hanga tao'ao image, engari e kore e tūkino i te mahi atu o te karu;
• kore o te wahi ranei katoa solar mata, e ka whakaara te pāmahana o te ātea, me vāofi te whānuitanga roangaru whakamahia ki te rohe pōkākā rawa tata (2-3 microns);
• ngā tūtukitanga tautauā taputapu pūnaha waenganui-IR, e hanga ere te reira mo te whakamahi, engari e kore e pā i te tahi atu taputapu (0.6 ki te 6 microns).

Ko te whakamātautau uaua tino e fakatatali mai te whātata James Webb, - whakarewatanga me te werohanga ki te āmionga hiahiatia. Ko reira kua whakamatauria enei āhuatanga, me te haere pai.

Revolution i roto i te pūtaiao

Ki te ka mahi te whātata James Webb i roto i te aratau noa, he nui ki te whakarite kia tona mahi i 2018 ki te tau 2028 te wahie. Ano, te vai te pea mo te tamaa, e pai whakawhānui ora o te whātata ki tetahi atu tekau tau. Just rite te "Hubble" i whakahaeretia mō te 25 tau, e whakarite te JWST whakatupuranga o pūtaiao orurehau. I roto i te Oketopa ka āmio 2018 tākirirangi "Ariane 5" te heke mai o te tātai arorangi, i, i muri i neke atu i te 10 tau o te mahi pakeke kua meatia ki te timata ki te whai hua. tata tae whātata wāhi Future.