Me pēhea te ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te rōpū toto me te tauwehe rH

Ko te otinga o rapanga o te iranga i runga toto rōpū - reira ko kore anake te whakaongaonga runaruna i te koiora o te piha haapiiraa, engari ano hoki he nui tukanga ara whakamahia i roto i ngā mahi i roto i ngā tūmomo taiwhanga me hauora-ā-ira kōrero. He etahi āhuatanga e hāngai hono ki te kainga tupu o ira o te tangata toto rōpū.

taatou Various o tuhi rōpū toto tangata

Toto ko te reo wai o te rauropi, a ki reira e hanga e huānga - erythrocytes, me te wē wai. programmed te aroaro ngaro ranei o tetahi matū i roto i te toto tangata e i te taumata ira, a ka whakaatu te lekooti hāngai i roto i te whakaoti rapanga.

E whakaaro ana te nuinga noa ki te kia toru ngā momo o te tuhi ngā rōpū toto tangata:

1. E ai ki te pūnaha AB0.
2. E ai ki te aroaro ngaro ranei o te take rH.
3. Ko te MN pūnaha.

pūnaha AB0

Ko te pūtake o tenei momo o te record ko te taunekeneke ira rite kodominirovanie. E kīia ana, e taea te māngai te ira e ngā irarā neke atu i rua rerekē, me ia o ratou i roto i te tohuira tangata he ona ake faaiteraa.

Hei whakaoti i te raruraru i runga i te rōpū toto kia mahara tetahi kodominirovaniya ture: kahore he ngoikore ranei ira ngoi. tikanga o tēnei e taea ngā rerekē o ngā irarā whakarato i te whānui o ngā tamariki momo.

He ira i roto i tenei pūnaha he kawenga mo te ahua o te antigen A i runga i te mata o erythrocytes, ira B - te hanganga o te antigen i runga i te mata o enei pūtau me te ira 0 - no te ngaro o te antigen ngā. Hei tauira, ki te (te whakamahia ahau ira mō te whakaoti i te raruraru i runga i nga iranga o rōpū toto) he tohuira tangata tuhia rite IAIB, he hakari i ona antigens e rua nga erythrocytes. Ki te kore e whai ia enei antigens, engari he hakari i te wē o te "Arepa" me "peta" paturopi, te mea i tuhituhia rite tohuira I0I0.

I runga i huhu toto i te kaituku ki te kaiwhiwhi. I roto i te rongoā hou i haere mai matou ki te mutunga e te huhu pai ko te take, ina ko te kaituku me te kaiwhiwhi o te rōpū toto ano. Heoi, i roto i te mahi kia mau ai ki he āhuatanga ka kore e taea e koe te kitea te tangata tika ki te rōpū toto ano rite te patunga e hiahia te huhu. I roto i tenei take, nga āhuatanga tohuāhua ko nga rōpū tuatahi me te wha.

he mea motu te iwi ki te rōpū tuatahi i runga i te mata o antigens pūtau toto whero, e hanga ana e ia taea ki te riringi tenei toto ki tetahi atu tangata ki te mau hopearaa iti. Tenei te tikanga e taua iwi e nga kaituku ao. A, no te reira mai ki te rōpū 4, pera ngā rauropi, no te ao taatoa kaiwhiwhi, t. E. ratou kēne huhu toto i tetahi kaituku takoha.

rapua e wero mo te momo toto tetahi tohuira tuhi. Tenei e 4 ngā rōpū o te iwi mo te aroaro o antigens i runga i te mata o ngā pūtau toto whero, me o ratou tohuira ka taea:

Ahau (0) -group. Tohuira I0I0.

II (A) -group. Tohuira IAIA IAI0 ranei.

III (B) -group. Tohuira IBIB IBI0 ranei.

IV (AB) -group. Tohuira IAIB.

toto rōpū rH tauwehe

Ko tētahi atu huarahi ki te kōrero rōpū toto tangata i runga i te aroaro ngaro ranei o te rH. hoki ko tenei take he pūmua matatini hua e te i roto i te toto. Kei te whakawaeheretia reira e rave rahi ira i roto i takirua, engari te tautuhi i tūranga mō ira e kua whakaritea e te pukapuka D (rH pai ranei rH +) me d (rH tōraro Rh- ranei). Nä, meinga te whakawhiti o tenei huru te kainga tupu monogenic engari e kore e kodominirovaniem.

Wero hoki te toto rōpū ki te whakatau titau te e whai ake nei ngā tāurunga tohuira:

• Iwi ki ngā tohuira rH-pai rōpū toto i te DD DD ranei.
• Iwi ki te tohuira rH-kino te tuhituhi te rite dd.

pūnaha MN

Tenei te tuhi aratuka kei atu noa i roto i Western Europe, engari taea hoki te whakamahi i roto i hīraurau te raruraru i runga i te toto rōpū. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te whakakitenga o te rua ngā irarā, e kua riro e kodominirovaniya momo. Ia o enei ngā irarā te kawenga mō te ariā pūmua i roto i te toto tangata. Ki te te tohuira o te kaiao kei te huinga o MM, anake tetahi momo o te pūmua reira i roto i to ratou toto, e He whakawaeheretia i te hāngai ira. Ki te he huringa taua i roto i te MN tohuira, ka waiho i te wē mō ngā momo rerekē e rua o te pūmua.

Wero hoki te momo toto o te pūnaha titau te tāurunga e whai ake nei MN ngā tohuira:

• He rōpū o te iwi ki te tohuira MN.
• He rōpū o te iwi ki te tohuira MM.
• He rōpū o te iwi ki te tohuira nn.

Āhuatanga rongoā mō iranga raruraru

A, no te hanga raruraru ira ko reira e tika ana ki te mau i te ture e whai ake nei:

1. Tuhia he tepu ako huanga, me te ira, me ngā tohuira, e he kawenga mō te whakakitenga mai o tenei huru.
2. Tuhia te tohuira o te mau metua: tuatahi i tuhituhia wahine takitahi, me te ka tane.
3. Whakaritea tohuhema e homai ia takitahi.
4. Arumia te tohuira me tohuāhua i roto i nga uri F1, a, ki te titau te mahi, te tuhituhi i te tūponotanga o ratou tupu.

Ano, titau te otinga o ngā raruraru o te iranga i runga i ngā rōpū toto i te māramatanga o te momo o te pāhekoheko e kua whakaekea e koe i roto i te tauākī. I runga i tenei, tei te ahunga whakamua o rongoā, me te taea e koe te matapae i te hua o te whitinga me te tūponotanga ka taea o zygotes. Ki te he e tika ana mō rua ranei momo Bole o ngā taunekeneke ira te taua tikanga kua riro tonu te kuware tino o ratou.

Tūmahi o AB0 pūnaha

mahi koiora mō te rōpū toto pūnaha AB0 faatiti'aifarohia e te whai ake:

"He wahine te tangata i te rōpū tuatahi o te toto, i marenatia ki tetahi tangata ki te rōpū toto tuawha. Te whakatau i te tohuira me te tohuāhua o ratou tamariki, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tūponotanga o te takanga o zygotes ki ngā tohuira rerekē. "

Tuatahi ti'a ia tatou ki te mohio e mea ira mo etahi whakakitenga o te tohu:

Na, tuhituhia ai e matou nga tohuira o te mau metua, me o ratou tohuhema:

• P: ♀ I0I0 x ♂ IAIB.
• G: I0 I0 IA IB.

Next, whiti tatou i to tatou tahuri tohuhema ahu tahi. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te Penneta tunutunu:

Mai te tūponotanga o te hanganga o tohuhema o ngā mātua e rua, ko te 50%, ka ia o nga rerekē 4 taea tamariki ngā tohuira puta ki 25% tūponotanga.

Rongoā o ngā raruraru: toto momo, rH tauwehe

I roto i te whakaoti rapanga i runga i te take rH, ka taea e tatou te whakamahi i te ture mua o te kainga monogenic o huru. Hei tauira, to tatou marena tetahi tangata, me te wahine i a ko e rua heterozygotes rH-pai. Ko te tūemi tuatahi tuhituhi tatou te tepu o ira me mau huru tohuāhua e pā ana:

Na ka tuhi matou nga tohuira o te mau metua, me o ratou tohuhema:

• P: ♀ dd x ♂ dd.
• G: D d D d.

Tuarua Ture Mendel o kī e i roto i te whakawhitinga o rua heterozygotes ka hei wāwāhi o te tohuāhua 3: 1, a tohuira 1: 2: 1. Tenei te tikanga e matou taea e ngā tamariki ki te pai te rH take i roto i 75% o te wā, me te ki he tōraro te rH tauwehe ki te tūponotanga o te 25%. Ka taea e ngā tohuira kia rite whai: DD, DD me dd i roto i te ōwehenga 1: 2: 1 aua.

I roto i te whānui, e faatiti'aifarohia te raruraru o te rōpū toto me te take rH nui māmā atu i runga i te pūnaha AB0. Ki te whakatau i te take rH o ngā mātua, me te he heke mai o ratou tamariki nui mo te whakamahere whānau, t. Ki. He take o te rH-pakanga, ka te whaea rH +, me te tamaiti Rh-, ranei hurihia. I roto i te wā pērā, i reira te mea he mōrearea o materoto, wahine kia hapu kitea i roto i te whare.

Wero hoki te toto i roto i te pūnaha MN

Kua kitea nga raruraru ira o tenei momo kodominirovaniya ture, Heoi, raweketia te otinga e te aroaro o e rua anake ngā momo o ngā irarā. Tera pea te tangata ki te tohuira marena MN wahine ki te taua ira. He mea tika ki te whakatau i te tohuira me te tohuāhua o tamariki, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tūponotanga o ratou tupu.

I roto i tenei take, e kore te mea e tika ana te tuhi o ira me mau huru, e tikanga t. Ki. Whakaingoatanga me kore e tākaro i te wāhi nui i roto i whakaoti i te raruraru.

• P: ♀ MN x ♂ MN.
• G: MNM N.

Ki te peita koe te grille Penneta, whiwhi tatou i te pikitia rite rite ki tupu monogenic. Heoi, wāhinga i te tohuira 1: 2: 1 Ka hāngai ki te wāwāhi i, me te tohuāhua, t konei ki ia irarā he tona faaiteraa, a he mea motu ira tino, me te ngoikore ... Ka e whanau tamariki ki tohuira MN ki te tūponotanga o te 50%, ka e puta i te tamaiti ki te tohuira MM nn ranei ki te tūponotanga o te 25% i ia.