Haurongo Osip Mandelstam ki whakaahua

Ko tētahi o nga ora'i tino fakamamahi i rite mo te tikanga Soviet he taua pehe nui rite Mandelstam. Kua whakawhanakehia tona haurongo kia nui hoki o te āhua tūturu o Osipa Emilevicha. kihai i taea e ia te tu i te pono, me te kore i hiahia ki te koropiko ki te aroaro o te kaha. Na reira, rerekē i roto i aua ra, a i taea e kore i te meatanga ki a ia, e ko ia e mohio, me te Mandelstam. Tona koioranga, me te mahi o te rohi pehe nui, haapii ia tatou i te rota ...

whanau Budushee rohi pehe i roto i te Warsaw i runga i Hānuere 3, 1891 Kōhungahunga me te taiohitanga pau i roto i St Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Autobiography, kāore, kihai i tuhituhia e ia. Otiia ko ana haamana'oraa te pūtake o te pukapuka "Te Noise o Time." Ka taea te whakaaro te reira i te nuinga pukapuka mōna. Kia mōhio e he pākaha me whakamutua mau haamana'oraa o Mandelstam o tamarikitanga, me te taiohitanga - karohia e ia ki te whakaatu ia ratou, kihai i rite ki te kōrero i runga i tona whiti e rua, me tona ora. Osip i wawe pakari pehe, kaua, i tona aroaro riro ranei. Nanakia me te kaumatua wehewehe tona tikanga toi.

Te ti'aturi nei tatou e, te mea te reira e tika ana ki te whakaaro i roto i te taipitopito te ora me te mahi o te rohi pehe, rite Mandelstam. haurongo poto ki te faatura ki taua tangata whakauaua tika. Ko te tino ngā Osipa Emilevicha tuakiri, me tika hoki te mahi i te ako tino tupato. Ka rite ki kua whakaaturia wa, tetahi o te nui Russian kaitito o te rau tau 20 ko Mandelstam. haurongo poto, aroaro i roto i te pukapuka, he mārama iti hoki te māramatanga hohonu o tona ora, me te mahi.

Ko te takenga mai o te rohi pehe

Engari, Āroha te reo pouri ki te wahi iti e taea te kitea i roto i te pukapuka o Mandelstam e pā ana ki tona tamarikitanga, me te huru a tawhio noa. E ai ki te punake, ko "uaua, me te uaua" tona utuafare. I roto i te kupu, whakakitea korero i te kaha ngā. Na, i te iti rawa, whakaaro ia Mandelstam. Ko reira he ahua o te kupu "huānga" o te utuafare. Me kï reira e kua koroheketia te iwi Hurai Mandelstam. Ake mai i te rau tau 8, mai i te ra o te fakamaama Hurai, hoatu e ia te ao rata ingoa, physicists, Rabi, faihisitōlia o papai me tuhi Bibilia.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich papa Osip, ko te kaipakihi me whakaako whaiaro-. Ko ia tino kowaiwai o te tikanga o te reo. Mandelstam, i roto i tona pukapuka "te Noise o Time" tuhia e ia tino kore i whai i te reo, ko reira he anake "bezyazychie" me "te arero-here". I te tahi taime i te reira Osipovna Flora, te whaea o te rohi pehe, me te waiata kaiako. Mandelstam tuhia e te papakupu i te reira "kōpeke" me "rawakore", tahuri tuhia, engari ko reira he tangi tiori, me te mārama, "te reo nui Russian." Ko i riro tona whaea Osip, ki musicality me te predisposition ki te mate ngakau, te tika o te kupu, he tikanga â o ratou reo Māori.

Mātauranga i roto i Tenishev kura arumoni

Mandelstam i roto i te wā i 1900 ki te 1907 ako ia i te kura arumoni Tenishev. Ko te whakaaro tetahi o te pai pūtahi mātauranga tūmataiti o to tatou whenua. I tetahi wa ako reira Zhirmunsky, Vladimir Nabokov. Ko te huru e taea ana i konei ko te hinengaro-haapae hua. I roto i tenei kura ngakia nga mana'o o ohipa tivira, me te haere noa tōrangapū. I te 1905-1907 tau o te revolution Russian tuatahi e kore i taea e te āwhina engari taka ki radicalism tōrangapū me Mandelstam. i te katoa whanaunga tata Haurongo o reira ki nga ngā o te wā. Ko te hurihanga o te whawhai ki a Japan, me te wa orurehau faauru ia ki te waihanga i te ngā stihovtornyh tuatahi, e taea te i titiro rite Ākonga. Mandelstam mau tupu kāhuarau rite koa ao, whakahoutia huānga.

haerenga ki waho

Kura pōkairua riro ia Mei 15, 1907 I muri i tamata te pehe ki te tīmata whawhai whakahaere SRS i Finland, engari i runga i te kōhungahunga kihai i whakaaetia i reira. He āwangawanga e pā ana ki te heke mai o tana tama, hohoro ki te tonoa atu a ia i te hara ki te ako ki waho, te wahi haere Mandelstam toru nga wa ngā mātua. Ko te wā tuatahi i i noho ia i roto i Paris i Oketopa 1907 ki te raumati o 1908. Na, ka haere te punake heke mai ki Germany, te wahi ako te University o Heidelberg Romance philology (i te ngahuru o 1909 ki te puna o 1910). I te Hōngongoi 21, 1910 ki waenganui-Oketopa, noho ia i roto i Zehlendorf, Berlin waho. Whakatika noa tangi nga mahi tino tata i roto i ngā whiti o Mandelstam te paoro o tona mohio ki Western Europe.

Hui ki a Anna Akhmatova ko Gumilev, hanga acmeism

Whakaminenga ki te putanga ngaua ake Ahmatovoy me Nikolai Gumilev tautuhia rite te rohi pehe Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov i 1911, o te haerenga Abyssinian hoki ki St Petersburg. Maoro ka ratou e toru maha kite i runga i te ahiahi tuhituhi. E rave rahi tau i muri i te hui fakamamahi - te shooting o MRI i 1921 - i tuhituhi Osip Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu e ki matau tona rotarota anake whakahaere, me ia e kōrero tonu ki a ia, Ko te kōrero. Mō pehea Mandelstam, Akhmatova tukinotia, rite kitea e tona parau: ". Ahau - he nāianei o Akhmatova" Osip Mandelstam (aroaro he whakaahua o ia ki ngaua ake Andreevnoy i runga) anake i taea e whakaatu nuitia tenei i roto i te tikanga Stalin, ka ko Akhmatova punake tawainga.

e toru katoa (Mandelstam, Akhmatova ko Gumilev) ka acmeism kaiwhakatū me ngā māngai tino nui o tenei au hou i roto i te tuhinga. Kua tuhia ngā kaituhi e waenganui i whakatika te timatanga o te waku hoki i pukuriri Mandelstam, faatītī Gumilyov ko Akhmatova-feliliuaki.

Ko te kohinga tuatahi o rotarota

I te tau 1913 i hanga e ia tona kohinga tuatahi o rotarota e Mandelstam. Haurongo me mahi i kua i tohua ai e maha ohipa faufaa, me te wheako ora ko reira kua neke atu i te nui. Kua tukuna e te rohi pehe tenei kohinga o tona whare i utua e. Tuatahi, hiahia ia ki te karanga i tona pukapuka "Anga", engari ka whiriwhiria e ingoa i tetahi atu - "Stone", i he rawa i roto i te wairua o te acmeism. e hiahia ana Ko tōna ngā mema ki te ite i te ao hou, ki te hoatu i te katoa he maia, me te whakatika i te ingoa o te tangohia atu me te arai kōnehunehu elegiac, rite nga Symbolists. Rock - mārō, me te roa rauemi māori, mau tonu i roto i te ringa o te rangatira. I roto i te Osipa Emilevicha ko ia te poraka hanga tuatahi o te ahurea wairua, e kore noa te rauemi.

i roto i te 1911 ka Osip Mandelstam he Karaitiana, i hanga he "neke i roto i te ahurea Pākehā." Ahakoa i iriiria e ia i roto i te Ekalesia Metoriti (i roto i Vyborg Mei 14), riro nga irava tuatahi o tona kohinga te ngākau o te kaupapa Katorika. Mandelstam riro i roto i te Katorika Roma pathos ao whakaaro whakahaere. I raro i te ture o Roma, te kotahitanga o te ao Karaitiana o te Te Hau-ā-uru mai i te faaho'iraa o te iwi, rerekē. hanga te taua "kamaka" o te whare karakia kei te ake o te kohatu, ratou "te pakeke ta'e'ofa" me "poroiwi tūturu."

Attitude ki te revolution

I roto i te wā i 1911 ki te 1917 i roto i te University o St. Petersburg, i runga i te peka Romano-Germanic, ako Mandelstam. Tona haurongo i tenei wa i tohua e te ahua o te kohinga tuatahi. i uaua e pā ana te reira ki te pakarutanga o te revolution i roto i 1917. Take me te kore mutu tetahi nganatanga Osipa Emilevicha kitea he wahi i roto i te Russia hou.

kohinga Tristia

Irava wā o te revolution me te whawhai i roto i te Mandelstam kėia he kohinga hou Tristia. I whakaputaina tēnei i "Tohi pouri" mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te tau 1922 i waho te whai wāhitanga o te kaituhi, a ka, i te matahiti 1923, i raro i te taitara "Te pukapuka tuarua," nene'i i Moscow. tima te reira i te kaupapa o te wā, te rere o te hītori, whakahaua nei ki tona matenga. Whakatika ki te ra whakamutunga o tenei kaupapa ka waiho he ripeka-kotinga i roto i te pehe. Tenei kohinga tohua te kounga Mandelstam hero lyrical hou. Hoki a ia, i reira he kore he whaiaro, te whai wāhitanga-kore i roto i te rere whānui o te wā. reo lyrical taea te rongo anake hei vanavanaiki o te haruru o te wā. He aha te mea e tupu i roto i te hītori nui, ka kite a reira rite te waka, me te hanga o te "temepara" o te whaiaro.

Collection o Tristia ka kitea he huringa nui i roto i te kāhua o te rohi pehe. Kei te neke atu kakano āhua ki te whakamunatia, "pouri" uara, neke pū whiu reo noatia.

Kopikopikotanga i roto i Russia

Osip Mandelstam i te tīmatanga o te 1920. I atiutiu noa te nuinga ahau i roto i te wahi tonga o Russia. tae mai ia Kievi, i reira ka tutaki ia tana wahine he kaha'ú, N. Ya. Hazinoy (whakaahua i runga ake), pau ahau etahi wa i Voloshin i Koktebel, ka haere ki Feodosia, te wahi hopukina Wrangel counterintelligence ia i runga i te māharahara o te mahi torotoro. Na, i muri i tona tukunga, i haere ia ki Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Kua tona haurongo kua tohua e te hopu hou - inaianei i runga i te wahi o te Tai Guard o nga Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha whakaora i T. herehere Tabidze ko N. Mitsishvili kaitito Hōriana. I roto i te mutunga, tino emaciated, ka hoki ia ki a mua Osip Mandelstam. tonu tona haurongo aha noho ia mo te wa i roto i te Whare o Toi, a ka haere hoki ki te tonga, a ka noho i roto i Moscow.

Heoi, i te waenganui-1920, kahore he wahi o te toenga o mua o tūmanako me manukanuka i roto i te matauranga te mea kei te tupu. Nā ko te Poetics taui o Mandelstam. "Pouri" Ko piki mārama e tami reira i teie nei. I 1925, i reira te mea he pakaru poto o te auahatanga i e kua hono ki te weriweri Olgoy Vaksel. I muri i taua, taka puku hoki tau ki te 5 tau te rohipehe.

Mandelstam mo te hawhe 2 o te tau 1920 - he wa o te raruraru. I taua wa, ko puku te rohi pehe, kihai i whakaputa rotarota hou. Kaua hoki tetahi mahi e kore e Mandelstam puta i roto i te 5 tau.

He karanga tenei ki te tuhi

I roto i te 1929, ua faaoti Mandelstam ki tahuri ki te tuhi. tuhituhi e ia he pukapuka "Te tuawha Prose". Na roto i te rōrahi, he iti reira, engari reira te tino maringi Mandelstam whakahawea mo nga kaituhi o opportunists, nei nga mema o o Massolit. Hoki te wa roa i roto i te wairua o te rohi pehe kopilas tenei mamae. Ko te "Faá Prose" hoatu te huru o Mandelstam - ngangare, taikaha, rere totoa. Tino ngāwari Osip hanga rite hoariri, kihai i huna e ia tona whakaritenga, me whakatau tata. Na roto i tenei Mandelstam nga wa katoa, tata katoa tau pou-pāhoro, i takoha ki te ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino. ko ia i roto i te 1930 i roto i te anaanatae o te mate tata. Mandelstam faahinaaro o taranata o ona hoa kihai i nui atu, engari ratou tonu i.

te ora

Attitude ki te ora i roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi heheu te ahua o te tangata pērā i Osip Mandelstam. Biography, ngā meka e pā ana ki a ia, he punake e pā ana ki tona pā ana motuhake ki a ia. kihai i Osip e tano ki te ora pumau, ki te ora. Hoki ia, te ariā o te whare taiepa, i he rawa nui, hei tauira, Bulgakov i kore e mea faufaa. Ko te ao katoa te kāinga ki a ia, a i te wa ano i manene i roto i tenei ao Mandelstam.

Mahara ana Osip timatanga o nga 1920, ka ka ia he ruma i roto i te Whare o Toi i roto i mua (me te maha atu ngā kaituhi me kaitito), tuhia KI Chukovsky e reira ko tetahi mea e e kua no ki Mandelstam, anake hikareti. A, no te pae hopea ka te rohi pehe he fare (i roto i te 1933), B. Pasternak, ko wai i roto i te tere ia mea mahue, he reira taea inaianei ki te tuhituhi rotarota - he fare i reira. haere mai Osip i tenei riri. O. E. Mandelshtam, kua tohua e te maha wāhanga o tütü nei haurongo, kanga tona fare, a tae noa whakaekea ki te tiki ia hoki ki te hunga ki nei i hai tikanga ai: portrayer, hunga tika. Ko te wehi o te mohio ki utu e i hiahiatia o ia.

Mahi i roto i "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Ake miharo aha tonu ara o te ora o te rohi pehe, rite te Mandelstam? Biography ngā rā pai whakatata nga 1930 i roto i tona ora, me te mahi. Bukharin, te kaiwhakaruruhau o Osipa Emilevicha i porowhita kāwanatanga, whakaritea ana e ia i te tahuri o 1920-30-doma i roto i te niupepa "Moskovsky Komsomolets" kei a. hoatu tenei te rohipehe, me tana wahine i te iti rawa te tikanga iti o te oranga. Otiia kihai Mandelstam ki farii i te "ture o te kēmu" o kaituhi Soviet nei mahi aratau. Tona impulsiveness tino me emotionality nui faingataa whanaunga Mandelstam ki hoa. Ko ia i te pokapū o te tutukitanga - i whakawakia te rohi pehe o tinihanga i roto i te iritiraa. I roto i te tikanga ki te te tiaki i Osipa Emilevicha i te mau hopearaa o te tutukitanga i roto i 1930, ua faanahonaho Bukharin haerenga o te pehe ki Armenia, i whakaputaina he mana'o nui ki runga ki a ia, engari kitea ano i roto i tona mahi. Kua rongo mārama te irava hou, me te wehi i te Aue whakamutunga hepohepo hoæ. Ki te Mandelstam i roto i te tuhi tamata ki mawhiti i te tupuhi haamouraa reira, engari inaianei te hopea ka mau e ia tona wahi.

Awareness o te ati o tona aitua

Awareness o te ati o tona iku'anga ake, he pea kua whakakaha ki hoatu Mandelstam te nehenehe, pathos fakamamahi o ana mahi hou i tona whiriwhiri. takoto te reira i roto i te aroraa o te tuakiri noa o te punake, "rau-kararehe." mana'o Mandelstam pārurenga te pouri, he tangata iti i roto i te mua o ia ia. mana'o ia rite ki reira. I roto i te pehepehe 1931 "hoki te toa whatitiri o ake ki te haere mai", i huaina i roto i te utuafare "Wolf", Mandelstam ka tohu te whakarau haere mai i roto i Siberia, me tona mate ake, me te tahuti ore whiti. He nui te kitenga mua atu i ētahi atu i te rohipehe.

ruri meapango e pā ana ki Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, te pouaru o Osipa Emilevicha, mahue o tana tane e rua ngā pukapuka o pukapuka, e parau o te itoito tusia o tenei rohi pehe. maha pono Mandelstam taha i runga i te suicidal. Hei tauira, i roto i Noema 1933, i tuhituhi e ia e pā ana ki Stalin maau koi Sapphire, e na ô te rota o toku hoa, tae atu Boris Pasternak. i ohorere Boris Leonidovich i o te rohi pehe te whakarau, ka mea e tona pehepehe - ki te kore te meka tuhituhi, e kore e atu, rite "he mahi o te whakamomori," whakaaetia e kore e taea e ia. tohutohu Pasternak ia e kore ki te pānui i atu i roto i tenei mahi. Heoi, e kore i taea e ia noho puku Mandelstam. Biography, meka ngā i nei kua tika matou faahiti, i tenei momeniti riro te fakamamahi mo'oni.

Sentence Mandelstam, Koinei, kua tukua iho ngohengohe nui. I taua wa i patua te iwi i a mo te nui iti nui "hape". taumira o Stalin lau anake: "tutakina engari tiaki". i tonoa Mandelstam ki whakaraua i roto i te kainga o te raki o Cherdyn. Here Osip, e mate ana i te mate hinengaro, a tae noa hiahia ki te mahi i te whakamomori. awhinatia ano hoa. Kua ngaro mana tuhituhi whakamutunga Bukharin ki hoa Stalin, e kaitito he tika tonu, ko e hītori i to ratou taha. I muri i whakawhitia e Osipa Emilevicha ki Voronezh, i roto i ngā āhuatanga iti kino.

O te akoranga, i hiri tona aitua. Heoi, i roto i te 1933, nui whiua auraa reira ki te pānui i te rotarota e pā ana ki Stalin me te kupu whakaaro ki te whakatau i ngä tatau whaiaro ki te rohipehe. A tino pai te kahore e pai o Stalin, "papa o te iwi". mohio Stalin pehea ki te tatari. mohio ia e te wa katoa. I roto i tenei take, i tatari ia te wehi nui o 1937, i roto i nei i whakaritea Mandelstam, me rau o nga mano o te tahi atu mau taata ngaro rapu.

Tau o te ora i roto i Voronezh

maru Voronezh Osipa Emilevicha, engari maru ia i kino hoki. Heoi, kihai i mutu ki te whawhai ki hepohepo, tamau mai ki a ia, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Tona haurongo o enei tau tohua e te mau fifi e rave rahi. a ia kore rawa o oranga, ki te whakatau ia ia ki mawhiti, kihai i ūkui tona aitua. Ua ite Mandelstam tona oranga katoa rite mau te reira ki runga ki te "tau-kararehe." He tere ia i roto i te whakarau i whakaaturia Akhmatova e i roto i tona ruma tētahi "i runga i ohipa ake purakau." He ngaahi veesi unstoppable ui ratou tuku. Memoirs tohu e kotahi rere Mandelstam ki te waea utu, a tai'o i te imi, i reira nei piri, o ratou mahi hou. ka mea ia, kahore he tetahi ki te pānui i atu. raru whanau ko te rohi pehe, i roto i te rotarota, tauhiuhia ana e ia tona mamae.

Voronezh i 1935 ki te 1937, e toru "Voronezh Notebook" Kua hanga. Hoki te wa roa kihai i tenei mahi huringa i whakaputaina. Tōrangapū e kore e taea te huaina ratou, engari i kite rite te wero ki te ara i te "kūpapa" rotarota rite i ratou whiti, ahea, me te oti'a ore. A mo te mana ko kahore iti mōrearea, no te mea he reira, kia rite ki a J. Brodsky, "wiri te ara katoa o te ora" a kihai pūnaha tōrangapū noa.

Hoki ki te whakapaipai

Ongo'i mate tata î ki maha rotarota o tenei wā, kia rite i roto i te mahi katoa o 1930 Mandelstam. te takanga o hononga Term Voronezh i Mei 1937 tētahi atu tau Osip pau i roto i te takiwā o Moscow. hiahia ia ki te tiki whakaaetanga ki te noho i roto i te pane. Heoi, ne fakafisi ētita hautaka e kore anake ki te whakaputa i tona rotarota, engari ano ki te kōrero ki a ia. rawakore pehe. I tautokona e ia a roto i tenei wa, hoa, me i mohio: Boris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, ahakoa te wā pakeke ia ia ratou. tuhituhi Anna Akhmatova muri e pā ana ki te tau 1938, ko reira te wa "Paipera".

Tuhinga, whakarau, me te mate

tonu te reira rawa he moka ki te kōrero e pā ana ki taua kaitito rite Osip Mandelstam. haurongo Poto o tona tohua e te hopu hou, i tangohia e wahi May 2, 1938. I whiua ia ki te rima tau pakeke mahi. Na haere ana ia ki te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. kihai ia i hoki mai i reira. Hakihea 27, 1938 e tata Vladivostok, i roto i te puni o te rua o nga awa, mau ake te rohi pehe ki te mate.

Te ti'aturi nei matou hiahia koe ki te haere tonu i mohio ki te rohi pehe nui, rite Mandelstam. Biography, whakaahua, ara auaha - homai tenei katoa etahi whakaaro o reira. Heoi, anake tahuri ki nga mahi a Mandelstam, ka taea e matau koe ki tenei tangata, ite i te mana o tona huru taata.