Taonga Nobel mō te tuhituhinga: te rārangi. Nobel Literature paraihe o te USSR ko Russia

I whakapumautia te Nobel i industrialist, ihi me te kaipūkaha matū i Sweden, Alfred Nobel, a kua huaina i roto i tona kororia. Kei te whakaaro te reira i te whaimana te nuinga i roto i te ao. riro laureates he mētara koura, e whakaatu ana AB Nobel tītohu, me te haki mo te moni nui. tito te whakamutunga e o te rahi pai, e manako ana te Nobel Foundation. I roto i te 1895, Alfred Nobel hanga tona pai ai, e i whakanohoia tona pane i roto i here, rakau me loans. wehea Income e kawea enei moni i ia tau kei te rite ki rima nga wahi, me te riro he taonga mo whakatutukitanga i roto i te rima ngā wāhi: matū, ahupūngao, whaiaroaro rongoā ranei, tuhinga, me te hoki ngā mahi ki te whakatairanga rangimarie.

Ko te tuatahi Nobel mo Literature i whakawhiwhia ki te 10 Hakihea 1901, ka kua mai i puta tau i runga i tenei rā, ko te tau o te mate o Nobel. Āpā o nga toa e wahi i roto i Stockholm i te kingi Swedish. I muri i te fariiraa i te tohu o te Nobel mō laureates Literature i 6 marama ki te whakaora i te kauhau i runga i te tumu parau o ta ratou mahi. Ko te huru mahuinga ia mo te fariiraa i te tohu tenei.

Ko te whakatau e pā ana ki te tangata e whakawhiwhia te te Nobel i Literature, e tango te Swedish Academy, e hāngai ana i roto i Stockholm, me te te komiti Nobel iho, e tai'o nei i te maha anake o kaitono, i waho te faahiti ratou ingoa. Ko te tukanga iho ko te pai rawa o tēnā, e ai ētahi wā fakaangá riri me filí e kereme e te hoatu i te tohu mō te take tōrangapū, kaua ki te hoki whakatutukitanga tuhituhi. Ko te tautohe matua, homai nei i roto i te taunakitanga - Karo te moni Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Heoi, ko te rārangi o nga kaituhi i riro he tonu faahiahia. O Russian toa Nobel mo Literature paraihe - rima kaituhi. Ako atu e pā ana ki ia o ratou, e kite i raro.

Te Nobel i Literature 2014 i whakawhiwhia 107 wa, ko reira Patrick Modiano, kaituhi Wīwī me te screenwriter. E ko, mai 1901, nga rangatira o ngā tohu e 111 kaituhi (no te mea e wha nga wa i whakawhiwhia e ia nga kaituhi e rua i te wa kotahi).

Hei whakarārangi nga toa katoa me te kia mohio ki ia o ratou - te reira i te roa rawa te wā. tae mai te tino rongonui, me te Nobel mō te tuhinga, me te e patua ana ratou mahi ki to koutou aro.

1. William Golding, 1983

riro William Golding te tohu mo tona pūrākau rongonui, i roto i tona mahi, i reira e 12. Ko te tino pai-mohiotia, kei roto i te pukapuka pai-hoko i tuhituhia e laureates Nobel "Ariki o nga tami" me "nga kainga". Ko te pūrākau "Ariki o nga tami", tukua i roto i te 1954, ka kawea rongo ao ki te kaituhi. maha whakataurite fakaangá reira ki te pūrākau "Te tautopenga i roto i te rai" e JD Salinger tohu o tona faufaa mo te whanaketanga o te tuhinga me te whakaaro o nāianei i roto i te whānui.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel mō te tuhinga - tangata e kore anake, engari ano hoki wahine. Ko ētahi o ēnei Toni Morrison. Tenei kaituhi American whanau i roto i te utuafare piha haapiiraa mahi i roto i Ohio. Whakauru i roto i Howard University, i reira ako ia tuhinga, me te reo Ingarihi, ka anga ia ki te tuhituhi i ana mahi. Ko te pūrākau tuatahi, "i te ninamu Eye" (1970), i tuhituhia i runga i te pūtake o te kōrero i hanga ake mo tona porohita whare wānanga o kaituhi. Ko ia tetahi o nga mahi tino rongonui o Toni Morrison. Tetahi o tona pūrākau, "Sula," whakaputaina i roto i te tau 1975, i tohua mo te National pukapuka Award te United States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

mahi a Steinbeck tino rongonui - "Te Tai Rāwhiti o Erene," "Ko nga karepe o riri," "O kiore, me te tangata." I roto i 1939, i te pūrākau "te karepe o te riri" riro te bestseller, hoko i runga i 50,000 kape, me tenei ra ratou tau, ko te neke atu i te 75 miriona. Tae noa 1962, i tohua te kaituhi mo te waru ngā wā tohu, a ka whakaaro ia e tau ia o taua tohu. Na tuhia maha fakaangá US e ana pūrākau i muri he nui ngoikore atu te mua, a pahono tōraro e pā ana ki tenei hui. I te 2013, ka i Declassified ratou etahi tuhinga o te Swedish Academy (e kua puritia te ngaro tata tiakina hoki 50 nga tau), ka reira mārama e whakawhiwhia te kaituhi i te mea ko te reira i roto i te tenei tau "pai kamupene kino i roto i."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Ko tenei kaituhi tetahi o nga toa tohu iwa mo te tuhinga, e kore i whakawhiwhia ia mo te mahi e rite ana hei katoa, me mo te hua motuhake, ara te pūrākau "Te tangata Tahito me te moana." Ko te he mahi tuatahi whakaputaina i roto i te 1952, ka kawea te kaituhi ki te muri, 1953, me tetahi atu tohu whaimana - te Pulitzer paraihe.

I roto i te taua tau te komiti Nobel Hemingway ngā i roto i te rārangi o ngā kaitono, engari ka te toa o te tohu i taua wa, Winston Churchill, e na taua wa i kua tahuri 79 tau, a ka reira ua faaoti i te reira e kore ki te puta ki te tohu o te paraihe. Na ko Ernest Hemingway te toa tika ana o te tohu i roto i te muri, i roto i te 1954.

5. Kapariera Garcia Marquez, 1982

Nobel hoki Literature i 1982, ngā i roto i te tau o Kapariera Garcia Marquez. Ko ia te kaituhi tuatahi i Colombia nei whakawhiwhia te Swedish Academy. Ana pukapuka, i roto i nei kia tatou ngā te "Chronicle o te mate ua tohu", "Autumn o te Patereareha" me "te here i roto i te Time o Cholera," ka te pai-hoko mahi i tuhituhia i roto i Pāniora, i roto i tona hītori. Ko te pūrākau "Kotahi te rau Tau o te pororaru," (1967), i te mea tetahi toa Nobel, Pablo Neruda, ka karanga te mea nui rawa i muri i "Don Kuisito" hanga pūrākau Cervantes 'i Spanish, kua whakamāoritia ki te neke atu i te 25 reo, me te tohanga whānui o te hua ko neke atu i te 50 miriona kape.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel hoki Literature i 1969, i whakawhiwhia ki a Hamuera Beckett. Ko te kaituhi Irish ko tetahi o te māngai tino rongonui o te ao hōu. Ko ia te tangata e, tahi ki whakaturia Ezhenom Ionesku te rongonui "whakaari o te heahea." tuhituhi Semyuel Bekket ana mahi i roto i te rua reo - Ingarihi me French. Ko te tamaiti tino rongonui o tona pene ko te tākaro "Waiting for Godot", tuhituhia i roto i French. Mahi e whai ake nei i te wahi. Ko te pūāhua matua puta noa i te tākaro tūmanakohia o te Godot, e kia hanga etahi tikanga i roto i to ratou oraraa. Heoi, i kore puta ia, na kua ki te whakatau i ko reira hoki te whakapakoko te kaipānui pūtirotiro ranei.

ko Beckett aroha o te tākaro whaikīngi, koa angitu ki te wahine, engari arahina te ora, kaua koraha. Ahakoa haere mai ki te hui, e kore ia i whakaae ki te Nobel, te tuku i roto i tona wahi i tona kaiwhakaputa Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

haere Nobel mo Literature i roto i 1949, ki a William Faulkner. Ia ano te tīmatanga i pai ki te haere ki Stockholm mo te tohu, engari i roto i te mutunga i whakakikitia e ia te tamahine ki reira. US Peresideni tonoa Dzhon Kennedi ia he fakaafe ki te hakari whakaritea i roto i te honore o te Nobel. Heoi, Faulkner, whakaaro tona ora ia "he kaituhi me te mahi pāmu", i roto i ana kupu ake, kua pai ki te farii i te aniraa, ka ūkuia koroheketanga.

Ko nga pūrākau tino rongonui, me te rongonui o te kaituhi te "Sound me te riri" a "Ka rite ki te whakapa i ahau mate ka." Otiia e kore e te angitu o enei mahi i haere mai tonu, mo te wa roa, ratou whakauaua hokona. Ko te pūrākau "Te Sound me te riri," whakaputaina i roto i te 1929, mo te 16 nga tau tuatahi i muri i kua i te whakaputanga kua hokona te tohanga o e toru mano kape. Heoi, i roto i te 1949,, kua te wa o te taenga o te kaituhi Nobel kua tenei pūrākau he tauira o te tuhinga puāwaitanga o Amerika.

I roto i te 2012 ka puta mai i roto i roto i te UK he putanga motuhake o tenei mahi, i roto i nei tāngia te kuputuhi i roto i 14 rerekē ngā tae, i meatia i te tono o te kaituhi ki te kaipānui, ki te kite i te rererangi wā rerekē. moni pukapuka putanga Limited ki te 1.480 anake kape ka hokona tonu i muri i te tuku. Na whakatau tata te utu o tenei putanga pukapuka onge te i pā ana ki 115 mano moni.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel hoki Literature i 2007, i whakawhiwhia ki a Doris Lessing. Tenei kaituhi me te rohi pehe i te UK riro te tohu i te tau o 88 tau, ka meinga te rangatira o reira. waiho ano ia te wahine te tekau ma tahi (13), riro te Nobel.

kihai i Lessing i nui rongonui i roto i fakaangá mai varavara tuhituhi ia i runga i ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te pēhi take pāpori, Kei te maha noa huaina reira mau haapiiraa Sufi whakatö, kauwhau liaki o nga mea te ao nei. Heoi, kia rite ki te moheni te Times, e tenei kaituhi rima o te wahi i roto i te rārangi o te mea nui rawa kaituhi Ingarangi 50, whakaputaina i muri i 1945.

Ko te mahi tino rongonui o Doris Lessing whakaaro te pūrākau "te Notebook Golden", tukua i roto i te 1962. Te tahi feia faahapa huanga reira ki tauira o te tuhi patanga puāwaitanga, engari te kaituhi tūturu ki tenei whakaaro te kore.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

Nobel mo Literature, a riro nga kaituhi French. Ko tētahi o ratou, he kaituhi, kairīpoata, buka, o te take mai Algerian, Alber Kamyu, ko te "hinengaro Western." whakaputaina tona mahi tino rongonui i roto i 1942 i France, te kōrero "Ko te manene". English translation, tīmata hoko i hanga i roto i te 1946, a kua i roto i te tau torutoru, ko te maha o ngā kape hokona atu atu i te 3.5 miriona.

maha Albera Kamyu tuku ki rite māngai o existentialism, otiia kihai ia i i whakaae ki tenei, me te kaha whakakahore he whakamāramatanga taua. Na, i roto i te kupu i te Nobel, tuhia e ia e i roto i tona mahi rapu ki "te karo i teka rahi, me te pato'ii te tukino."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

I te 2013, i te tautapa o te Nobel mō te tuhituhinga ngā i roto i tona rārangi o Elis Manro. Māngai o Canada, tenei novellistka rongonui i roto i te momo o te kōrero poto. Tuhituhia ratou, ka anga ia wawe, me te tau hongofulu tupú, Heoi, ko te kohinga tuatahi o ia mahi i raro i te ingoa o "kanikani oaoa o atarangi" i whakaputaina anake i roto i te 1968, ka i kua tahuri te kaituhi 37 tau. I te tau 1971 ka puta te kohinga i muri, "te ora o ngā kōtiro me te wahine," e kua karangatia e fakaangá "pūrākau o te mātauranga". Ona mahi tuhituhi atu ngā nga pukapuka: "A ko wai e koutou, i roto i te meka, ko e?" "Ko e tangata haereere," "āmiorangi o Hupita", "nui rawa te oaoa." E ai ki te tetahi o ona kohikohinga, "te mauahara, te auhoaraa, faahoaraa, te aroha, te faaipoiporaa," whakaputaina i roto i te 2001, ara ka haere te kiriata Canadian i huaina "atu i ona", whakahaua e Sara Polli. whakaaro te nuinga pukapuka rongonui o te kaituhi ko te "Road o Life", whakaputaina i roto i te 2012.

Kei te maha i huaina Munro i te "Canadian Chekhov", rite ki te momo o enei kaituhi rite tahi. Ka rite ki te kaituhi Russian, Kei te āhuatanga i reira i te talena hinengaro, me te mārama.

Nobel Literature paraihe o Russia

Ki te rā, te feia tei mau o te tohu e rima kaituhi Russian. Ko te tuatahi o enei ko te Laureate I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Ko te kaituhi Russian me pehe pai-mohiotia, he ariki o te tuhi kiko, ko te mema hōnore o te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences. I roto i te 1920, heke Ivan ki France, a ka hoatu tuhia te tohu i mahi te Swedish Academy rawa maia, maui kaituhi-tangata heke. I roto i tabulahia i nga kaitono me tetahi atu kaituhi Russian, Maxim Gorky, Heoi, te nuinga e tika ana ki te kia tukua i roto i tā i te wa nōhia te pukapuka "Te Life o Arseniev" nga unahi tonu ki Ivan mō tohu o tenei tau.

timata rotarota Tuatahi Bunin tuhituhi i te tau o 7-8 tau. I muri, i roto i o ana mahi rongonui: te pūrākau "Te Village", he kohinga o "Suhodol", te pukapuka "John Rydalets", "Ko te Pūwhero i San Francisco", me ētahi atu I roto i te 20 i tuhituhia e ratou. "Rose o Heriko" (1924), me te " rangiroro i te rā "(1927). A, i roto i te tau 1943 ka haere mai te reira ki te marama i te tihi o te auahatanga o Ivan Alexandrovich, he kohinga o ngā kōrero "Dark nga huarahi". I whakatapua ana tēnei pukapuka ki te kotahi noa te kaupapa - aroha reira "pouri" me te taha pouri, kia rite ki tuhituhi te kaituhi i te tetahi o ana pukapuka.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel hoki Literature i Russia i roto i 1958 ngā i roto i tona rārangi o Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. I whakawhiwhia te rohi pehe te utu i roto i tenei wa uaua. I takoha ia ki te whakarere i te reira i raro i te riri o ngā hononga Russian. Heoi, whakaahuatia te Komiti Nobel te kore o Pasternak rite te akina atu, i roto i 1989, tukua he mētara me te tītohu i muri i tana tama te matenga a te kaituhituhi. Ko te pūrākau rongonui "Doctor Zhivago" Ko te pono kawenata toi Pasternak. I tuhituhia tenei mahi i roto i te 1955. Alber Kamyu, toa i roto i 1957, ka mea o tenei pūrākau ki faahiahia.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

I te 1965 i whakawhiwhia M. A. Sholohovu te Nobel mo Literature. Kua whakamatauria e kotahi ano Russia ki te ao e kua reira kaituhi pūmanawa. Ka anga tona mahi tuhituhi rite te māngai o te talena, e tohu ana i te ngā whakahēnga hohonu o, Sholokhov, Heoi, riro ora kei roto i te tahi mau mahi ngā hapori. I roto i te paraihe kupu Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich, i tuhia e i roto i ana i tuhituhi ai rapu ki whakamoemiti "kaimahi, kaihanga o te iwi me te aito."

I te tau 1926 ka timata ia tona pūrākau nui "A Kati Kapewhiti te Don", a oti te reira i roto i te tau 1940, i mua i te roa i whakawhiwhia e ia te Nobel mo Literature. whakaputaina mahi a Sholokhov i mongamonga, tae atu i te "Kati Kapewhiti te Don". I roto i te 1928, whakawhetai i roto i te wahi ki te whakatairanga A. S. Serafimovicha, he hoa o Mikaera, i te pēhi i te wahi tuatahi. Ko te rua te rōrahi i whakaputaina te tau e whai ake nei tenei. whakaputaina te tuatoru i roto i nga tau 1932-1933, he, ki te āwhina me te tautoko o Gorky. Ko te tuawha, me te whakamutunga, e i whakaputaina i roto i te tau 1940. he nui rawa nui mo te Russian, a mo te tuhinga ao tenei pūrākau. Kua iritihia te reira i ki reo maha, ka reira te pūtake mo te opera rongonui Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, me te maha ngā tapere me kiriata.

Etahi, Heoi, te whakapanga o tinihanga Sholokhov (tae atu A. I. Solzhenitsyn), whakaaro e kua he wahi nui o te mahi kua anōtia i te parau papai F. D. Kryukova, he kaituhi Cossack. Kua whakapumautia Ētahi atu kairangahau te Kaituhitanga o Sholokhov.

I tua atu ki tenei mahi, i hanga, me te Sholokhov "wahine oneone a Aoraki" i roto i te 1932, he mahi i te faati'araa i te aamu o te collectivization i roto i te taiao Cossack. I roto i 1955 ka haere mai te pene tuatahi o te rōrahi tuarua, a kua oti whakamutunga i roto i te tīmatanga o te 1960.

whakaputaina toru pūrākau i roto i te mutunga o 1942, "whawhai ratou mo to ratou whenua."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

Te Nobel i Literature i 1970, i whakawhiwhia ki a A. I. Solzhenitsynu. whakaae Aleksandr Isaevich reira, engari i te hui tohu ki haere kihai i maia, no te mea i wehi ia i te kāwanatanga Soviet, i i titiro te whakatau o te Komiti Nobel rite "tōrangapū kaikiri." wehi Solzhenitsyn e kore i taea e ia hoki te kāinga i muri i tenei haerenga, ahakoa te Nobel mo Literature i 1970, riro ia, ki te whakaara i te mana o to tatou whenua. I roto i tona mahi, ka pa ia ki te take pāpori-tōrangapū koi, mātātoa whawhai ki Communism, me ona whakaaro, me ngā kaupapa here o te mana Soviet.

I roto i nga mahi matua o Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna ngā: "Ivana Denisovicha tetahi ra" (1962), te kōrero "Matryona", te pūrākau "Te Circle Tuatahi" (tuhituhia i 1955 ki te 1968), "Ko e Kemi tinomoutere" (1964-1970). Ko te mahi whakaputaina tuatahi ko te kōrero poto "Kotahi Day i te Ivana Denisovicha", i puta i roto i te moheni "Ao New". whakaohokia tenei whakaputanga nui moni me te maha ngā urupare i kaipānui, i faauruhia te kaituhi ki te waihanga "Te Kemi tinomoutere." I roto i te 1964, whakawhiwhia te kōrero tuatahi Aleksandra Isaevicha i te Lenin paraihe.

Heoi, he tau i muri mai, ngaro ia te wāhi o te mana Soviet, me ana mahi rāhuitia tā. Tona pūrākau "Te Kemi tinomoutere", "Te Circle Tuatahi" me "Ward Cancer" i whakaputaina ki waho, hoki nei i roto i te tau 1974 i tangohia o raraunga te kaituhituhi, a ka takoha ia ki te kimi oranga. 20 anake tau i muri mai, i taea ki te hoki mai te kāinga ia. I 2001-2002, i reira te mea he mahi nui o te Solzhenitsyn "E rua rau Tau Fakataha". mate Aleksandr Isaevich i 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Mau taea'e tei mau o te Nobel mo Literature i 1987, piri nga rarangi I. A. Brodskim. I roto i te 1972, i akina atu te kaituhi i ki te heke ki te US, na ara karanga mātāpunenga ao reira American. I roto i nga kaituhituhi ano e kua riro te Nobel, ko ia te whakaotinga. Ana ngā kupu, ng ia te ao rite te hinonga ahurea, me te aahuatanga o, a ka tohu ki te iti tirohanga o te tangata kia rite ki te kaupapa o te matauranga.

tuhituhi Iosif Aleksandrovich kore anake i roto i te Russian engari ano i roto i te rotarota Ingarihi, tuhinga roa, fakaanga tuhituhi. i muri tonu i te tānga i te Te Hau-ā-uru o tona pukapuka tuatahi, i roto i 1965, ka haere Brodsky ki rongo te ao. I roto i nga pukapuka pai o te kaituhi ko: "Quay mahu", "wāhanga o Speech", "Landscape ki te waipuke," "Ko te Whakamutunga o te Era Ataahua", "Kati i roto i te koraha" me etahi atu.