Hākinakina Paralympic: rārangi

ngā hākinakina Paralympic te rota o pekanga tuku iho, hangaia ki te whai wāhi i roto i a ratou mo te tangata hauā. Enei kēmu tohu te mutunga, te huringa e wha hākinakina whakamutunga i roto i kaitäkaro katoa me ētahi atu kaiuru i roto i tenei kaupapa. hākinakina Paralympic ngā nga whakataetae tino whaimana mō te hunga hauā, me te kōwhiringa o ratou e wahi i roto i te akoranga o te maha o ngā whakataetae ā-rohe, motu, me te ao.

Olympic ko Paralympic Games

I hainatia te reira i roto i 2000 i te whakaaetanga i runga i mahi tahi i waenganui i te Olympic me komiti Paralympic, ao, te wahi whakapanga iho nga parau tumu matua o whanaunga. Kua i roto i 2002 i whakaritea e te reira ki te whakamahi i te hangarau o "tono kotahi -. Kotahi pa" I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e horapa tonu te tono o te whenua, me hākinakina Paralympic me ngā whakataetae i tū ratou i roto i te taua whakaurunga ki te tautoko o te komiti whakahaere kotahi. mahi Ko te timatanga o te whakataetae e i wā wiki e rua.

I te tīmatanga, ko te wā "Paralympics" tutaki i te akoranga o te Games i roto i Tokyo i 1964, engari kua riro te haamauraa e pā ana o tenei ingoa anake i roto i te tau 1988, ka tū te Winter Games i roto i Austria, me i mua i whakamahia ratou kia huaina ki "Stoke Mandeville" (ko te ingoa kei te hoatu te reira i roto i te honore o te wahi i reira i puritia ratou mo te wa tuatahi mō ngā hoia whawhai).

me kī

i te nuinga e tika ana ki te roro, ko Ludwig Guttmann, e ahu i te whakaaro hākinakina Paralympic. I roto i te 1939, heke Dr. ki Ingarangi i Germany, te wahi mo o te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi whakatuwheratia ona ake Center mō whara filosilivá, e hāngai ana i runga i te Stoke Mandeville Hospital i Aylesbury.

Just wha nga tau i muri i te kitea, faaoti ia ki te whakarite i te kēmu tuatahi mō ngā iwi e mate ana i whara o te pūnaha musculoskeletal, karanga ratou "National Stoke Mandeville Games mo te Monokia." E tano ia tapao e ara ka tīmata ratou whakarara ki te whakatuwheratanga o te Olympic Games i roto i 1948, e i taua wa i tū i roto i London, me nga whakataetae kua kohia ratou he maha nui o ex-hōia nei i whara i roto i te whawhai. Ka taea e tatou te mea e ko tenei ka reira ko te hākinakina Paralympic tuatahi. Winter, raumati, me ētahi atu rōpū i puta i muri anake, ka timata ratou ki te whiwhi i te mana mōhiohio atu.

Ko te ingoa ano i te tuatahi e pā ana ki wā parapledgia e pā ana ki te pāpāngia o nga wahi o raro, rite nga whakataetae auau tuatahi i whakahaere āta roto iwi e mate ana i te tini o nga mate o te tuaiwi. I te timatanga o te whai wāhitanga i roto i taua kaitäkaro kēmu e whai atu momo o injuries, i whakaritea e te reira i te torutoru anō-whakaaro te wā, ko te ki te haere tonu ki te hamani i te reira rite te "whakataetae i waho tata", e ko ki te hanga i te hanumi, o te Para pūtūmua Kariki, te tikanga "tata," me kupu Olympics. Me korero tenei tikanga whakahoutia o te mau ana i roto i o ngā whakataetae i roto i te iwi ki te hauā, tahi ki te Olympic me kawana.

Kua i te tau 1960 i roto i te Roma tū IX ā-International Stoke Mandeville Games. I roto i tenei take, ngā te momo o hākinakina raumati Paralympic i roto i te hōtaka whakataetae:

• wīra poitūkohu;
• kaiaka;
• taiapa i roto i teketeke;
• kōpere;
• tēnehi tepu;
• tao;
• piriote;
• kauhoe.

I roto i tenei whakataetae whai wāhi neke atu i te 400 ngä kaitäkaro ki hauā e haere mai i 23 whenua, a ka timata hoki te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te whai wāhitanga ki te tukua e kore anake te hunga iwi e i whara i roto i te akoranga o te mau ana i roto i ngā ngā mahi hōia. I roto i 1984 faaoti te IOC ki te tautapa ōkawa tenei mana whakataetae o nga Games tuatahi mō kaitäkaro ki te hauātanga.

I te 1976, te tuatahi i timata te whakataetae i roto i nei te hākinakina Paralympic (hotoke) piri. puritia enei whakataetae i roto i Ornskolddsvike, ka whakaaturia te hōtaka i rua anake pekanga - faaheeraa retireti me te retireti ripeka-whenua. I roto i taua whakataetae i faaoti matou ki te whai wāhi 250 kaitäkaro i whenua rerekē 17, a kua whai wāhi te iwi ki hauā, e ngā waimaero, me te amputees.

uniana

Mai 1992, kaitäkaro, ki hākinakina Paralympic i hanga nei (raumati me te hotoke), ka anga ki te whakataetae ki ia atu i roto i te taua pa i roto i te mea i puritia nga Olympics. Ki te whanaketanga o te kaupapa i ngā rōpū rerekē i whakapumautia āta hoki kaitäkaro hauā rerekē. Ko te kupu, i reira hākinakina Paralympic mo nga etahi e ngā waimaero, me tokomaha. whakaturia ano i roto i te tau 1960 e te ao te Komiti Stoke Mandeville Games ka tahuri ki te pera-ka karanga International Federation o Stoke Mandeville Games.

mahi a te komiti

Tuatahi, ko te Runanga Nui, tū whakahaere o te hunga hauā hākinakina ao, ko te hui tino nui i roto i te aamu o te āhua o te hākinakina Paralympic whakawhanakehia. Raumati me Winter Games kua tīmata i raro i te te tirotiro o te Komiti International, i te mea he pai-kore whakahaere ao tīmata ki te arahi i tenei kaupapa katoa i runga i te ao. I fakahā tona ahua i te tono ake-te whakanui ake hoki te roha o tari motu, me te te hanga o te kaupapa pēnei, e taea te nuinga hāngai i runga i te iwi hākinakina hauā rerekē.

Ko te kupu, whakaturia enei kēmu tuatahi tatou te whāinga o te whakanohonoho me te maimoatanga o te tangata hauā, me mo te wā kua riro ratou i te hui hākinakina taumata-tiketike tonu-parirau, a ka rite ki te hua e hiahiatia ana ona ake tinana pule. Hoki tenei take, i roto i 1982 puta te ICC - Te Kaunihera tuitui o ngā rōpū hākinakina mō te iwi ki ngā hauātanga, me te IPC, e mohiotia ana ko te Paralympic Komiti International, e kua tino whakawhiti ki te mana o te runanga fakafekau'aki, i reira e whitu nga tau i muri i anake.

takikupu tika

E tano ia tapao i te meka e tohutohu te takikupu o te wā "Paralympic" kei roto i te papakupu takikupu Russian, me te maha atu tuhinga hangarau. I roto i tenei take, nui atu e taea te kitea takikupu rerekē - "Paralympic Games". Kei te uaua na ka karanga Sports (hotoke me te raumati), he Deviant i roto i papakupu kore e tohua hoki te ingoa, ahakoa tona whakamahi kaha i roto i ngā tuhinga e pā ana mana tūmatanui o tenei ra, i te mea he kape waro o te ingoa mōhiohio i te reo Ingarihi, i te tuhituhi kia rite ki te Paralympic Games .

I roto i te runga i te ture Federal whakau ana te ariā kotahi e me te whakamahi i roto i te ture o te Russian Federation, me te nga kīanga katoa i kua hanga i runga i a ratou. Na reira hākinakina Paralympic mo nga kāwai matapo me ngā waimaero, me rite mo te tahi atu o kaitäkaro, ka karanga i taua ara.

hoatu nga ture takikupu o enei kupu o nāianei i roto i runga ki te ture e kua whakapumautia whakahaere hākinakina ao, me te mangai te pato'iraa o te wā tuatahi e te meka e te whakamahi o te kupu "Olympic", me tetahi o ona pärönaki i roto i te hokohoko tetahi atu take arumoni ranei kia tonu hei reira rite ki te IOC, i te mea tino ērā.

komiti ao

Ko te Paralympic Komiti International he-pai kore, me te whakahaere waho i te käwanatanga, i te mea haepapa mo te faaineineraa, me te muri pupuri ngā hotoke me te raumati Games, whakataetae ao me te maha atu whakataetae te ao mō te hunga hauā.

Ko te tinana nui o te IGC ko te Runanga, tutaki nga rua tau, me te e tae i te mau melo atoa o te whakahaere. Ka rite ki te whakarāpopototanga whānui o te tuhinga, kia rite ki nei kawea te ture i roto i ngā pātai o te Paralympic Movement, faaoti ki te whakamahi i te waehere o te ture IPC.

Ko te Komiti e kore e anake regulates nga take o pekanga ngā - i reira e ano hākinakina Paralympic hou te tāpiri i ia te wā. Mai 2001, te pou o te peresideni o tenei whakahaere e Tā Piripi Kraven (pakeha), ko wai te mea wahi o te whakahaere o te British Olympic Association. E tano ia tapao e tenei tangata ko te toa ao, me te rua ka te toa Pākehā e rua-wā i roto i te poitūkohu i roto i teketeke, a mahi ratou ako mo te wa roa ei peresideni o te International Federation.

I raro i te kaiārahi o Philippe Kravena timata whāinga rautaki hou, me te te hanganga taketake, me te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga o te IPC. I te pae hopea, kua whakaaetia te whakamahi o tenei huarahi auaha ki te whakawhanake i tētahi mōkihi o tono, me te ki te whakamahi i te kitenga hou, me te misioni o te kaupapa katoa, kia e i roto i te tau 2004 i tangohia te Ture i te IGC mahi i tenei ra.

E tano ia tapao e te kapa motu USSR mo te wa tuatahi ka tahuri tona aro ki paralympic hākinakina "bocce" me etahi atu anake i roto i 1984, tae i roto i Austria mo enei whakataetae. ka anga tona rōpū tuatahi ki te mētara parahi e rua i riro e Olgoy Grigorevoy, i ngā nei waimaero. I roto i te whakataetae raumati taea kaitäkaro Soviet hanga tona tuatahi anake i roto i te Games i Seoul, i tangohia e wahi i roto i te 1988 - i ratou i reira i runga i te ara, me te mara whakataetae, me te kaukau, te taea ki te tango ki a ia ki te mutunga o te 55 mētara, o nei 21 i koura.

tohu

I tū hoki te wa tuatahi i raro i te tohu o te whakataetae 2006, ki nei ia hotoke Paralympic hākinakina. Track me mara, kaukau, me te tahi atu te ako raumati timata ki te kia kawea atu i raro i tenei logo kua reira, engari tonu ia tonu ki tenei ra. I tēnei logo ngā te tuakoi o matomato, whero, me te puru tae, e kua kei huri noa te pokapū. tikanga ana tēnei tohu te ki whakaata i te tūranga matua o te IPC i mau mai i tahi kaitäkaro hauā nei faahiahia me te iwi fakalaumālie mo ratou whakatutukitanga puta noa i te ao. Ki te rā, kei te pai te māngai nga tae o te tohu i roto i ngā haki motu o whenua ngā o te ao, a ka tohu ratou te Body, Mind me te Wairua.

whai hoki Games he haki Paralympic, e whakaatu ana te tohu o te IPC i runga i te papamuri ma, i te wa ano e taea te whakamahi i te reira anake i runga i ngā wā ōkawa, petipeti kua mana e te IGC.

Himene ko te himene mahi orchestral de l'Avenir, a tuhituhi ana kaitito French pai-mohiotia ko Terri Darni i 1996, a tata tonu ka whakaaetia ia e te Poari IASC.

moto Paralympic rite "Wairua i Motion", a ko te hoki a reira rawa mārama me mahino kawe te whakakitenga taketake o te ahunga - taea tetahi kaitäkaro hauā ki te oranga ngakau me te faauru i te ao ki o ratou whakatutukitanga, ahakoa o te take mai o te tangata, me tona ahua o te hauora.

momo kēmu

Paralympic Games (hākinakina) e wehea ki te maha ngā kāwai.

• Summer. ngā ratou te atu-wa, me te raumati Paralympic Games (Sports), tū i wā o wha tau i raro i te whakahaere o te IOC. Kei roto i tēnei, i roto i te tua ki te kēmu e rārangi, me te āhua taitamariki hākinakina pērā i Goalball, rere me ētahi atu.
• Winter. I te tuatahi ngā reira anake hākinakina retihuka, engari kua ki runga te wā kua tapiritia Sledge Hockey me tūru wīra Koiri. I te kau, e puritia nga Winter Games i roto i te katoa 5 pekanga nui.

Relay ahi

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, mura ahi paerewa i roto i Olympia, a anake ka tīmata te iwi tānga, i roto i te akoranga o nei tukua reira tika i roto i te pa-te whakapaipai tū kēmu. He hākinakina Olympic me Paralympic faatura tenei i roto i te rerekē, me i konei e kore e tīmata te ara i Olympia - te ngā whakatau ia ratou te pa te wahi e tīmata ai te tira, me te ara o te ahi ki te whakapaipai, o te akoranga, ko te ahua poto tonu.

Hei tauira, roa te 2014 tānga mō te 10 ra, me i roto i tenei wa te rama kawea e 1,700 tangata i Russia me ētahi atu whenua, tae atu i te 35% o te iwi ki te hauā. kia utua tokanga makehe ki te meka i uru i roto i te iwi tānga rite wha mano tūao, ka kawea te ahi i roto i 46 pa i roto i ngā rohe rerekē o Russia. I tua atu, mo te wa tuatahi i roto i te akoranga o tetahi o nga wāhanga o te tānga puritia reira i roto i Stoke Mandeville, e ko rite te wahi te Paralympic Games tuatahi whakahaere, ahakoa kahore ano i runga i te pūtake ōkawa. Tīmata i te 2014, i roto i te ahi, te pa ka tango i te wahi tonu.

ahua o te kilometera

Kaitäkaro tango wahi i roto i te whakataetae Paralympic i rua tekau nga tau o ngā pekanga me katoa rima hotoke - he koi haupoi, tipu retireti, kilometera, wīra koiri, me te ripeka-whenua retireti. E kore rerekētanga taketake i roto i te ture taketake o taua mau ohipa i reira he iti, engari i reira e te tahi mau pau.

Ko te kupu whakarato Paralympic kilometera te tawhiti iti ki te ūnga, ka ko reira 10 anake mita, i te kilometera paerewa whakarato wāhi ūnga 50 mita i te hōia pū. kaitäkaro ki te waimaerotanga ataata, pupuhi i pū motuhake rawa pūnaha optronicheskoy nā ano i roto i te kitenga. Tenei pūnaha tā te whakamahi o te hiko-ngā, e e tīmata ana ki te emit he ararā nui ka te titiro maona tata te pokapū o te ūnga, tuku ki pai whakatere reira ki te whakahaere matā tika i runga i te pukupuku.

i roto i ngā hākinakina hoki e whakamahia ana te maha o te tahi atu tikanga turuki me hangarau motuhake e faaohie i te whakatinanatanga o etahi mahi mō kaitäkaro ki hauā, kia kore e taea te whakarite e ratou ki te paerewa o hākinakina, ahakoa i roto i te mau rave'a e rave rahi e ratou rite nui.

Ko te rota o ngā rerekētanga i te Olympics te Paralympic Games, engari kotahi ara ranei tetahi, whai i te whāinga kotahi - ki te faauru ki āwhatatia tiketike hou. Hoki te iwi katoa e mataara enei whakataetae, te hauā, kihai i hoatu ki runga, ko reira tino he tauira tika ki te whai.