Cycloalkanes - reira ... cycloalkanes: āhuatanga whiwhi tātai, matū me te tinana

Cycloalkanes - Ko waiwaro, i roto i tona hanganga i te hanganga kati. Kia whakaaro tatou nga āhuatanga o enei pūhui, ratou mara o tono.

Āhuatanga o te piha haapiiraa

He aha e nga cycloalkanes? Tātai CnH2n piha tohu te kore o ngota hauwai. Tenei āhuatanga whai wāhi e rua tauari. Tērā, kia waiho te hanganga he here rua i roto i kei te muingota rānei te hanganga kati. He aha te te hanganga o cycloalkanes i? Tātai hāngai ratou ki te take tuarua, e ko, te aroaro i roto i te rāpoi ngota o te hanganga kati. Ko reira te hanganga o te pū o ngā ai ngā āhuatanga ōkiko me te matū o tenei piha o waiwaro.

Kia pehea te maha rerekē cycloalkane hāngai ki te hanganga C4H8? Hei kitea te whakahoki ki tēnei pātai, he mea e tika ana ki te tātari i te momo o te poinanahatanga, e he āhuatanga o cycloalkanes. kia whai i te poinanaha e rua ki te hanganga kounga, me te ine i te hanganga huringa: cyclobutane, methylcyclopropane. ka karanga taua he kōwhiringa poinanaha o te mekameka taha.

Mai cyclo - tenei poinanaha interclass o olefins hamanga taea whakaaro tātai o matū, titoa nei o te here rua. kia tīariari rua hanganga i roto i te puka e whai ake nei: rua pūwaro-1 me te pūwaro-2. Te whakautu ki te pātai e pā ana ki te āhua o ai tīariari nui ngā cycloalkanes mo te tātai whakaarohia, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaaro i te cycloalkanes kore anake, engari ano hoki waiwaro rua. Anake i roto i tenei take, ka waiho e taea ki te tuku i te whakautu tika.

Na, cyclo - he waiwaro, e whai i te iti rawa kia rua ngā momo o te poinanahatanga.

Āhuatanga nomenclature

homai ingoa o motuhake hanganga pūwaro huringa i roto i runga tonu ki te nomenclature ao. No te turanga whakamahia he tau waro i roto i te ara iahiko kati. Next, whakaaro te ngota reira i roto i te mekameka taha. Hei tauira, methylcyclopropane. Cycloalkanes - he pūhui i ai te ngota waro he kāwanatanga ranu sp3, rite ki waiwaro kukū. Tenei āhuatanga tautuhi te tikanga taketake mo te āhuatanga faaineineraa me āhuatanga o tenei piha.

Kōwhiringa mō te fariiraa i cycloalkanes

Me pehea ahau e taea te tiki cycloalkanes? tohu tauira o tauhohe taketake e reira e rave rahi kōwhiringa mō rātou mātauranga. Hei tauira, whakaputaina huriowaro e hydrogenation o te benzene kakara. kia rite pūhui ki ngā ngota waro e toru, mowhiti wha i wāhinga o te waiwaro tahi kōnakonako digalogenproizvodnyh rāpoi. Hoki cycloalkanes whiwhi i roto i te pyrolysis o Mariao o ngā waikawa organic dicarboxylic. Whakawera i waho te aroaro o te rangi arata'i ki te hanganga o te cyclopentane me te huriowaro.

āhuatanga matū

Naphthenes āhuatanga matū rite ki waiwaro kukū. Hoki ratou, te tauhohe i rawe ki ki kōnakonako i runga i te momo o te whakauru. I tua atu, tomo māngai naphthenes ki te tauhohenga matū ki te waikawa hauota. Cycloalkanes ātete ki te waikawa pungatara kukū. Ki te waikawa chlorosulfuric me oleum te tauhohenga ko ano hoki e taea: waikura whanariki te mutunga i hanga (4).

E whakaaro Naphthenes he i roto i te rāpoi ngota o 5 me te 6 ngā ngota waro pūhui matū pūmau. Otira ka whai wāhi ki te pūkeha konumohe ranei pūhaumāota, he reira haere tahi ratou isomerization e rāhuitanga toronga o te huringa taketake ranei.

isomerization

Hei tauira, i roto i te puka tukanga, te huriowaro, methylcyclopentane isomerization. I roto i i kitea te hinu he momo o pärönaki o cyclopentane me te huriowaro, te tahi atu māngai o naphthenes reira e tata ngaro.

Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o te huringa tuarua whakaaro te kaha ki te hanga i te conformation taua i roto i nei e whakahaua etahi ngā ngota waro waho, a roto i te koropiko. huaina taua kōrero ko intranulyarnymi, me te hunga e kua kei roto te mowhiti, ka karanga ekstranulyarnymi here.

Hei tauira, mo te cyclodecane conformation pai mōrahi riro intranulyarnyh ono me ma wha ngota ekstranulyarnyh hauwai. Tenei titau rerekëtanga rōpū CH2, kitea nei i roto i te whakanui ake pūngao here, whakapiki i te āhuatanga matū o te pūhui.

Hoki waiwaro he 12, neke atu rānei ngā ngota waro, te āhuatanga nekeneke conformational. Mai i kahore e te C-noa rotatable, mo te taua hononga mahara oraraa o puka trans me cis.

Tsiklany (naphthenes) taea roto i te hinu māori i roto i te whānui i te 25 ki te 75 ōrau. Ko te ihirangi ine o ratou tei runga i te hautanga Nuiōrau. Ko te hautau te hinu i whai he wāhi e koropupu tiketike, i reira he he hua i roto i ngā hanganga kakara. Rawa kitea he rota o naphthenes i Emba me Baku hinu.

Ko ake 80 ōrau te whika ōwehenga ine. He hononga i waenganui i nga momo o hinu faufau, me te tohatoha o te cyclo-hautau. Iti ātete whakaaro waiwaro thermodynamically monocyclic e whai he mekameka alkyl lateral roa. Ko e pā ana tika ki te pāmahana whakamahia i roto i te CnH2n tohatoha o ngā momo o ngā hanganga Māturu o te hinu.

Hei tauira, e kore e nga naphthenes monocyclic kitea i te pāmahana ngā o 300-350 degrees, a ka ngaro pūhui bicyclic i te taikaha tohu pāmahana 400 degrees.

āhuatanga cyclopropane

C3H6 Ko te māngai māmā o naphthenes. Tenei taonga haurehu waihā he memehatanga hokiate i roto i te wai. I roto i te āhuatanga matū nui āhuatanga o te pūhui waro tutakina hydrogenation catalytic. Ko te hua o tenei pāhekoheko ko te pōwaro pūwaro hopea. I tua atu, cyclopropane, atu pūwaro rite, kei te ähua ki te hāora ki te hanga i te hauhā, kohu wai, he nui rawaka o te pūngao.

Rawa māngai o te piha haapiiraa

Ki te whakarite tatou i te pāmahana Reflux o ngā māngai o cycloalkanes piha ki tohu mō waiwaro tahi he te taua maha o ngā ngota waro, ka waiho ratou paku teitei. Ko te take i te hanganga taiāwhio o tenei piha. nui atu i te ahua mo nga waiwaro tahi, engari paku iho ki te ao naphthenes kiato.

I roto i te tikanga ki te mārama me pēhea te maha hāngai rerekē cycloalkanes ki tetahi tātai, me hanga e koe rerekētanga e kore anake poinanaha o momo huringa, engari ano ki te kōhiwi tika titoa kotorgo whai te here rua. I roto i te aroaro o substituents i te rāpoi ngota i te puka o Radicals pūwaro, he whakaiti i roto i te ira whakakoero o te cycloalkane.

Ki te tātari tatou nga āhuatanga tinana, me te matū o tenei piha haapiiraa o waiwaro, he reira taea ki te mahi i te wehenga herenga o matū i runga i te hononga ki te mowhiti iti (e toru ranei wha), te paerewa (e rima, e ono, e whitu), reo (i waru ki te tekau ma rua), me te ki huringa nui (i kotahi tekau ma rua waro).

Ngā wāhanga o te whakamahi

Kia kōrero a pā ana ki te mea te whakamahi tuatahi o cycloalkanes. E whakamahia Naphthenes i roto i te rongoā. Hei tauira, cyclopropane ko te tarukino whakapōauau. whakaaro Cyclopentane te he whakarewa pai, kua kī te reira i roto i te kōtuitanga organic. hiahiatia te huriowaro te i roto i ngā tauhohenga kōtuitanga matū o nairona, nairona (tangohia ake muka polyamide), i roto i te tua, kua kī te reira ki te whakaputa i benzene. waiwaro tahi kukū me cycloalkanes riro te tauhohenga iti. Ka taea te faataa i tēnei meka e wehenga iti C-C here. I roto i te tua, he nui nui o cycloalkanes whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi matū.

mutunga

Kei te whakamahia ranunga o waiwaro takitahi me naphthenes ki te hanga lubricants. Māngai o tenei piha o waiwaro taea ki te whakapai ake i te mahi o kora diesel. Hei tauira, cycloalkanes tāpiri nui faarahi te tau wāwaro, faarahi pokey, faarahi te wera ngingiha o te pūkaha. Ko te aha e kore e nga cycloalkanes taratahi i ngā hua hinu parakore, a ka waiho i te wahi o te hautanga penehīni.

E whakamahia aro naphthenes rite whakarewa organic. Cycloalkanes ki toharite taimaha whakamahia i roto i te hanga rāpoi o teretere waihanga. naphthenes ranea a haere rite wahie, mai te nui o te wera i roto i to ratou parariraa.