Corporation: te ariā, te āhua ōhanga, me te taketake. Corporation i Russia

Ko te pūtake o te öhanga o te nuinga o nga whenua i roto i te ao hanga ake te kaporeihana. Ko te kupu, kia hāngai te wā ki te ngā ōhanga ki ngā āhuatanga rerekē - i roto i ngā o ngā kaupapa matua rahi, hanganga, te whanaketanga. He aha e nga huarahi o nāianei ki te ariā o te wā "kaporeihana"? Pehea enei hanganga taea mahi i roto i nga whenua rerekē?

He aha te mea he kaporeihana?

E te wā "kaporeihana" taea te matau:

- ki te uniana o te maha kamupene whakaoti tahi raruraru pakihi matatini;

- he kamupene nui ranei, i roto i ētahi wā, e pupuri ana e ngā rave rahi āpiti;

- he hinonga tōrangapū ki te pūnaha kotahi o te whakahaere, me te-whakatau i ngā whakaritenga - i te taumata pa, ranei ara te kāwanatanga.

Ko ake maha e pā ana te reira ki te kaporeihana e pupuri i te huinga pakihi, ētahi wā - heriheri (hei tauira, i roto i te puka o cartels). whanaunga Corporate i waenganui i nga kaiwhakatū o te hinonga ohaoha, me te ratou hoa, e te nuinga o whakaturia i te taumata o whakaaetanga ā, me te mahi. Ko te whai hua ake ka waiho he kai ture o mahi o te kaporeihana, te angitu ake ka waiho i roto i te mahi, i roto i te mahi tahi ki te whakataetae.

Balance o ngā ngākau nuitanga o te kaporeihana

Whakaaroa tenei āhuatanga o te feohi i pātai, ka rite ki te ōwehenga o te moni. ai enei hei nga kaiwhakatū o te kaporeihana, kaiwhakahaere me ngā kaimahi noa. kia rerekē ngā ngākau nuitanga Corporate o ngā kaiuru, engari faaite ratou i te meka e tohaina ratou ki te tangata motuhake i te taumata teitei.

Ko te kupu, ki nga tikanga tiaki kaimahi noa tiakina ona ngā pānga ki te matenga o te tari. E, i roto i te tahuri, tuku ratou ake, tango ki pūkete riro i te tuarua, rangatira, kia mea a, o te Tari. I muri e whakawhiti ngā pānga ki te taumata o nga kaiwhakahaere runga o te kamupene, ka whakaaro e ratou i roto i runga i ā rātou kaupapa matua. Ki te he makona ki tenei kaupapa o te rōpū tono o moni te tangata, kei te nuinga o te wā pai integrated ia i roto i nga mahi o te kaporeihana.

Ko tēnei āhuatanga o te ngā o ngā kaiuru i roto i rōpū e hāngai ana i roto i te mahi hanga tika i te reira ki te whakawhanake i ngā ture ture ratou kōrero ki ia atu.

paerewa rangatōpū

Ko te huru tino nui mo te whanaketanga whai hua o te kaporeihana - te oraraa o ture, e, e ākina ana ki te piri ki ona kaimahi i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ō rātou ngākau nuitanga. E āhuatanga ratou e tohu te tikanga nui o te centralization. Kia kï hoki, e nga āhuatanga o nga momo rerekē o corporations pūtea i, i roto i te parau tumu, te taonga kotahi. E whakahaeretia ratou e ngā hanganga kamupene matua, kua tangohia e te kaiwhakahaere runga o ratou kamupene tohatoha te whakatau matua.

Ko te tikanga o te kaporeihana, rite ki te tikanga, whakaturia i te taumata o ture rohe. Otiia e kore e he tonu tenei te take. Ko reira taea e ka waiho ratou ōpaki, haere i tetahi kaiuru ki tetahi kaporeihana-waha, engari tino piri ki. Kia kï hoki, e i roto i te tahi mau kaupapa rangatōpū e nui atu ture ōkawa, i roto i etahi atu - nga mea e tika kōmakatia rite ōpaki. Tei te reira i runga i ngā tikanga motu i roto i te State i i rēhitatia te kamupene kei te, nga rangatira o te kaupapa here, ngā kaiwhakahaere runga o te u, i runga i nga pau o te wāhanga i roto i nei whakawhanake te whakahaere.

Kia mōhio e he nui hoki te whanaungatanga whare whai hua i roto i te mahi, ka rite ki te tikanga, e kore anake etahi hōputu o paerewa rangatōpū, rite huarahi ki te whakarite tautukunga.

A feruri i reira, he aha e nga momo matua o corporations, taratahi kairangahau.

Whakarōpū o koporeihana i runga i te āhua ōhanga

whakarōpū whakaaro tohunga Modern whakakotahi ki te 3 ngā momo matua o corporations i runga i te paearu o te natura ōhanga:

- puāwaitanga;

- statist;

- auaha.

Ka ako matou ratou taipitopito tauwhāiti.

Classic Corporation - he kamupene e whakapumautia ki te tirohanga ki te whakatutuki tōtika pakihi mōrahi rite te hanga-utu whai hua o taonga ratonga ranei, me te mana'o tupu on o rerekē haere ki te hua nunu'a i roto i te wahi i te kamupene o runga i te mākete. Corporation Classical āhuatanga e te puta ke i tohua i waenganui i te mana me te whakahaere pūtahi. He rangatira o ngā umanga haumi i roto i reira, me i reira he kaiwhakahaere he tuari hoki no tona whanaketanga. Tuatahi, ka rite ki te tikanga, e kore e pokanoa i roto i nga mahi o te muri. Heoi, aufauhia i kaiwhakahaere i roto i te kaporeihana puāwaitanga te tikanga haepapa ki rangatira te kamupene o.

Ko te feohi i roto i te pātai, te tikanga whakaturia he ahurea pūmau o ngā waenganui i nga kaimahi ratou. Tei runga i te tohu o te mana e taea wherahia ana e ia ki te tahi atu umanga, ka whakaaetia i reira. I raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga wāhanga hanganga rangatōpū, kotahi i hanga, e taea te puta ke. Ko taea, hei tauira, e tika ana ki te mana o te mara o te whanaketanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau, ngā hangarau pāpori, te whanaketanga tōrangapū.

Evolution o corporations matarohia

Na, tawhiti te kairangahau i roto i te aamu hou o 3 ngā wāhanga i roto i nei ki te whanake me te huri i te kaporeihana. Ngā momo o hononga e hāngai ana, na reira i hou, Nä te nuinga ki te hunga o mua.

Na, i roto i te rau tau waenganui-20, kua timata corporations ki faaaravihi i te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou rite te painga whakataetae matua i roto i te mahi. nui o te maitai hanga foaki ki whenua i reira i pai ake i roto i ngā o tikanga moni whakamahinga o ngā whakaurunga e tika ana. I roto i te whenua i roto i i rēhitatia te kaporeihana i, ko nga tari upoko me ngā pokapū hangarau.

I te 70-80 tau whakawhanakehia mahi o te ao ki te aronga nui ki te roha rohe, ki te whai wāhi i te wahi ka taea nui rawa i roto i te hokohoko o te ao. Tenei awe te timatanga o tukanga ao i runga i te harmonization o paerewa, te utu o te wheako rangatōpū ki te whai wāhitanga o kaipakihi i whenua rerekē.

I te 90 tau i roto i te hanganga o corporations ao tīmata ki te tupu ki te huri i te pūāhua pāpori, e whakaata ana i te whakahounga o te tokotoko o tona tūranga ake o kamupene i roto i te mahi. Hei tauira, kaimahi o kamupene maha kore whakaaro ratou rite ngaio aufauhia i, ka anga ratou ki te ite ratou hoa kaituku mahi. O te akoranga, te ngā tohua kitea i roto i ngā āhua ki te kaha Nä. kia whai wāhi etahi momo o corporations ao, me o ratou āhuatanga motuhake āhuatanga tino ahurei o te mahi e kore e e uru ki tetahi ariā ao.

I tua atu i roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te tahi mau hi'oraa o ahurea rangatōpū motu, tohu e kia te ngā i kua hanga e ara i roto i nga ōhanga nui e kore tonu tino pā te tukanga tupu i roto i te tahi atu āhua.

statist Corporation

Whakarōpū me ngā momo o corporations, i hanga e te kairangahau hou whakaaro te kōwhiringa i roto i te kāwai uniana statist motuhake. He aha te mea ratou pū?

Kua puta corporations Statist rite te whakautu ki te ngā capitalist, mātātoa whakawhanake me te horapa tona mana i roto i te ao nei. Ratou kaiwhakarewa me tino ideologue o te kāwanatanga. Kei te riro te reira e tautuhi ana te reira i te raraunga taketake o te ahurea rangatōpū o ngā ture rōpū, hanga nga kaupapa matua ōhanga me te pāpori i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga e tika ana.

I roto i te rerekē ki te corporations capitalist puāwaitanga whakapumautia rōpū statist ki te whakatutuki i te nuinga nga raruraru pāpori, me te tōrangapū akiaki. Hei tauira, te whakarato tangata ki mahi. Hea e kore e te capitalist matarohia maia ki te whakawhānui i hanga no o nga utu tiketike o te hanganga hanga, hinonga tūmatanui, te haamauraa i te kaporeihana statist kia pai te kōkiri i te hanganga o te wheketere hou i roto i te tikanga ki te mahi i te tangata e noho ana i roto i te rohe.

Ko te feohi i roto i te pātai, he faufaa ture ōkawa whakahaere i te whanonga o ngā kaimahi rangatōpū. E whakawhanake te nuinga enei kamupene i roto i te USSR me ētahi atu whenua-pāpori. I te wa ano i roto i te Amerika mo te mauri o te wā "kaporeihana", te ariā, te āhua ōhanga me nga momo matua o rōpū pakihi e kore maha e whakaaro i roto i te horopaki o te kaupapa here pāpori tūturu, rite e whakaaro ki te no ki te pūnaha capitalist.

Ko te kupu, ko te rōpū i roto i te pātai kia whai kore anake anga pütahitanga ōhanga engari pāpori hoki, me te tōrangapū. I roto i tenei tikanga, ka taea e ratou auraa e nui teitei i roto i ngā o te whanaketanga o te whenua atu i roto i te take o te hanganga puāwaitanga.

Creative Corporation

Ko tētahi atu kāwai nui o corporations - rōpū auaha. Ko ratou nga hanganga whakaotinga. He nga Corporation auaha i roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 20. horahia e tika ana to ratou putanga, me te nuinga ki te whanaketanga o te hanganga kōrero - matua te Internet. I roto i te tangata, i reira ko he hiahia ki te kōrero, ki te mōhiohio utu, hua mamati, taea ki te whakaputa kare.

Nā tēnei, i reira ko he tono mo te pakihi rite taua hua - kēmu, tukutuku, pūmanawa, ihirangi rongorau ki whakaora. titau te whakatūnga o taua whakatau te huarahi auaha - ina te hiahiatia reira ki te whakawhanake i te hua, e kore e rite ki te hunga ngā, e whai whakataetae, whai painga nui i runga i te muia kua runga rongoā mākete ranei.

He he momo o te kaporeihana auaha. E whakaaturia Ngā momo o ngā hanganga hāngai i roto i te "aho atu-", "online" putanga. He nui, a reira ko te umanga iti auaha. Homai te rōrahi nui o whakataetae mākete ipurangi i waenganui ia ratou e taea e rawa ngohengohe. e kore te mea angamaheni rawa hoki corporations puāwaitanga e.

Whakaaro i runga ake rōpū i roto i te mahi - te hua o te kunenga mai o te ōhanga, hapori, hangarau. Ko tetahi o ratou e taea te whakaaro tawhitotia i roto i nga whenua tino whakawhanakehia, e taea te kitea māngai i roto i enei corporations kāwai katoa. Ka taea te whakarōpūtia momo o feohi e hāngai ana, me te maha atu paearu. Tei ratou pū i runga i te huarahi o te kairangahau ranei i hanga te National School o Economics.

Nature, e taea te ako momo o corporations i te whai wāhi o te whānui o ngā tikanga whānui. I roto i te hunga - tāututanga ture tohu Corporation. Ie, te hunga e kua hāngai i runga i nga tikanga o te ture o tetahi whenua. Ka reira e te reira whai hua,, ki te whakaaro i te haape'ape'ai te mōhiohio i te taumata o te ture kāwanatanga te huarahi ki te whakarōpū o rōpū, te uiui.

Whakarōpū o koporeihana i roto i te ture Russian

Na, nga momo matua o corporations i roto i te Russian Federation i raro i te ture - ko reira te hapori ōhanga, NGO, rōpū, ētahi, hononga. Ki te korero tatou e pā ana ki kainga, te hanganga hāngai i roto i Russia te tino maha tuku ki rite te rōpū o kamupene. He he i roto i te Russian Federation me corporations tūmatanui, i roto i te tikanga, ko te momo o te statist, engari ki runga ki te taumata wä, kaua rātou ariā capitalist o tuatahi i roto i te whanaketanga ōhanga.

Kei te nuinga o integrated te ōhanga Russian ki te ao. Na reira, tangohia te Russian Federation i te whakamāramatanga o "kaporeihana", te ariā, te āhua ōhanga me nga momo matua o feohi hāngai ana, i roto i te mahi, e taea te whakaatu ai i roto i te marama o ngā whakamāramatanga ao o nāianei.

Hei tauira, i roto i Russia me ki waho horapa te wā "rōpū". Tei runga i te horopaki, e taea te mohio ki reira i roto i kaiwhakahaere Russian i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. Kia waiho te āwangawanga i roto i te Russian Federation rite te ahua o te kaporeihana? Ko te pau o nga mahi pūtea o kamupene Pākehā Western - i roto i ngā German, whakatau te whakamahi auau o te wā i raro i te arotake, i roto i te tikanga ki te kōrero ki te rōpū maha-motu nui i roto i Europe. I roto i tahuri, i te umanga American, ahakoa ki te tauine nui, maha kīia ki rite corporations rōpū pūtea ranei.

Ko te kupu, ko te wā "kaporeihana", ariā me ngā momo e taea te whakaatu ai i te reira i roto i te huarahi rerekē i runga i ngā tikanga rānei, tangohia i roto i te whakahaere taiao ahurea rerekē. Ka riro te reira whai hua ki te ako i te wheako o te hanga i te mahi rangatōpū ki waho. Kia tatou ako reira hei tauira o etahi o nga ōhanga nui.

momo motu o corporations hou

Ka taea te whakarōpūtia momo o corporations i runga i te pūtake o ngā tikanga-motu o te hanga whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kaiuru o te rōpū e hāngai ana. Na, ko reira pai ki te whakaaro i te wheako o Hapani. Ko te meka ko e i roto i tenei āhua o tikanga rangatōpū whai wāhi nui ngā. I te wa ano nga kino tino e maha tukinotia tika nga mea taua e he ōpaki.

Ko tētahi o nga āhuatanga matua o te kaporeihana Japanese - he matua o te ngā i runga i ngā ngākau nuitanga takitahi. mai te tangata ki te mahi i te kamupene ngā, te tikanga i waho whakaaro i roto i te whakawhitinga heke mai tata ki tetahi. Tenei taea ki a ia te whakatinana i ngā wā katoa ratou kounga me te kia whakarato tupu mahi. Ko tētahi atu take he aha e kore ai te 'amanaki whakawhiti ki tetahi atu kamupene titiro ātaahua rawa mo te kaimahi Japanese - te meka e te hanganga o corporations momo e whakataetae ki te kaitukumahi o nāianei, te nuinga pea, ka kore e faufaa rerekē i te hunga e tohu te u i roto i nei kaimahi. Te nuinga pea, ka mahi i te kaimahi te taua mahi, me te ki te farii i te taua utu.

Ko tētahi atu mea - te iho rangatōpū American. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira, i roto i te tahuri, ko te matua o te takitahi i runga i te ngā. Ko te tangata, a te akoranga, tuku wahi o tona moni ki te taumata muri, engari ko te nuinga o te wā ratou rōrahi tino raro atu i te mea mahi ia i roto i Japan. Ko e tika ana ki te meka e taea te ahurea rangatōpū i roto i te US rerekē tino i kamupene ki kamupene tenei. A ka taea e whakatenatena reira te hekenga kaha o tohunga o taumata rerekē i tetahi u ki tetahi.

Ahakoa te meka e whai i te US me te ahurea rangatōpū Japanese he maha o ngā rerekētanga kitea, e kore tenei e ārai tohunga i US kamupene pai te mahi ki te kaipakihi i Japan. I roto i te māramatanga whānui o te ngako o te wā "kaporeihana", te whakamāramatanga o ngā momo e tika ana o ngā rōpū, ako te American me te kura Japanese o Management, kia hāngai ai ki runga ki te mau parau tumu taua. Ko te kupu, ko te kaporeihana US me tauira Japanese i roto i te maha o ngā horopaki ka hei ihirangi rerekē, engari ki te kia tino rite i roto i te āhua. A e kore e waiho nui mō te hanga tahi whai hua tenei.

momo korerotia o corporations ao, me o ratou āhuatanga motuhake tohu e, i roto i te parau tumu, i roto i tetahi āhua taea te hanga i tētahi taiao ahurei e whakatau i te whanaketanga o te rōpū e hāngai ana i roto i te mahi. - tautautefito ki he taimi tae mai te reira ki whenua ki iti ngā wheako i roto i te hanga whanaunga capitalist. Hei tauira, i roto i Russia. Ka riro te reira whai hua ki te tūhura i te āhuatanga tino nui o te ahurea rangatōpū i roto i Russia.

ahurea rangatōpū Russian

He aha ngā momo o corporations i Russia i hanga e i roto i te wā o te hanga o te moni i roto i te whenua? E ai ki maha tohunga i roto i Russia e tino kaha ngā tikanga Soviet, tautautefito ki he taimi tae mai te reira ki nui-tauine hinonga tapahanga ki te whai wāhitanga kāwanatanga. Ko te hunga i tetahi faitatau ki te ariā Japanese o hanga ahurea rangatōpū - ka whakaritea he tangata e ki te hamani koe rite te kawe o ngā ngākau nuitanga matua rangatōpū i roto i to ratou noho i runga i te mahi.

trudoustraivayas tangata Russian i roto i tenei ranei e kamupene, me te te Japanese, i roto i te maha ngā take, he pai ki te mahi i roto i reira ake, kahore whakaaro nga opuaraa o whakawhitinga ki tetahi atu kamupene. Ko reira he momo o corporations i Russia, e, i roto i te tahuri, he nui ofi ki te ariā o te whanaungatanga hanga i roto i te mahi American tona hanganga. Ko te tikanga he hinonga ririki, me te reo-rahi, maha enei - pakihi whānau. Kei te hanga e tonu National iho rangatōpū Russian. Pehea e titiro te reira i roto i te heke mai tata, tei reira ki runga āhuatanga maha - pāpori, hokohoko ke, kaupapa here ke.

whakarāpopototanga

Na, kua ako matou te uho o te wā "kaporeihana", te ariā me ngā momo o feohi hāngai i roto i ngā o ngā ariā, noa i roto i ngā pūkenga hou. He te whānuitanga whānui o ngā momo te momo o ngā hanganga. Te ariā, ngā āhuatanga, corporations, momo rangatōpū i roto i wā rerekē o mua ako, tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga tōrangapū, pāpori, me te ōhanga i roto i te tukanga o te ao pūtaiao, me te hangarau.

I roto i te iho motu o te whakahaere huarahi ki he mahara ki ai hoki rerekē te pau o corporations. Otiia e kore e he tonu tenei te take, ahakoa he tino kitea, i te iti rawa, ina tae mai te reira ki puka o feohi rangatōpū nga ngā ao i roto i te maha ngā wāhi o te mahi. Ko te torutoru rawa Paearu mo te whakarōpū o te hanganga. Ko tētahi o te tino whānui whakaaro ki hei te ariā i runga i nei wehea te kaporeihana ki classic, statist me te auaha. momo rerekē raraunga o corporations i te maha o ngā pūtahi i te hanganga, hanganga, i runga i te kaupapa matua i roto i te whanaketanga.

I roto i te öhanga whakawhanakehia o tenei ra e taea te rapu pakihi rite ki tetahi o nga kāwai te uiui tatou. Ko te mea ia tapao e i roto i te tahi mau öhanga motu share atu kitea o corporations matarohia, me te auaha, etahi - statist. Ngā āhuatanga o te ōhanga, tei runga kua kua aha ngā wāhanga i roto i te whanaketanga ōhanga te āhua i ngā whāinga pāpori, me te tōrangapū e whakatu ki reira iho haere.