Whakarato ngā pūtau ki pūngao. puna o te pūngao

Mai i nga ngā pūtau ora katoa kaiao, te kahore wheori. whakarato rātou i nga mea katoa e tika ana mō ngā tukanga ora o te tipu kararehe ranei. Cell a kia waiho ano he tinana motuhake. A me pehea i taea e te taua hanganga matatini ki te ora, kahore pūngao? e kore o te akoranga. Na me pehea e koe whakarite reira he pūngao pūtau? Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te tukanga kia e ka kōrerohia i raro.

Whakarato pūtau pūngao: me pehea e tupu te reira?

Torutoru pūtau whiwhi ratou pūngao i te waho, whakaputa ratou i te reira ratou. pūtau Eukaryotic i te ahua o "teihana". Na te puna o te pūngao i roto i te pūtau, ko te pungaraungao - organelles e mahia te reira. Ko reira te tukanga o te respiration pūtau. Nā ki reira, a ki reira he tiaki o te pūtau ki pūngao. Heoi, e kitea ratou anake i roto i ngā tipu, ngā kararehe, me te harore. I roto i ngā pūtau ngaro huakita pungaraungao. Na reira, E ratou ki te whakarite ko te nuinga te pūngao pūtau tika ki te tukanga o te FERMENTATION, a kahore te kupukupu.

Ko te hanganga o te pungaraungao

Te reira i dvumembranny organelle, i puta i roto i te pūtau eukaryotic i roto i te tukanga o te kukuwhatanga rite ki te hua o te absorption o ona kaitahi para pūtau prokaryotic. Tenei kia whakamārama i te meka e i roto i te pungaraungao tapaea ona ake DNA me RNA rite te pai kia rite ki ribosomes punaraungao e hua nga pūmua organelles hiahiatia.

He protuberances, e te hunga kua huaina te crista tupuke ranei te membrane roto. Christie me te tukanga o te respiration pūtau.

He aha te mea i roto i te kiriuhi e rua, ka karangatia e te kopu. whakaritea te reira i pūmua, whākōkī e hiahiatia ana ki te whakatere tauhohe matū, me te rāpoi ngota RNA, DNA me ribosomes.

tukupūngao pūtau - te pūtake o te ora

E te reira i wahi i roto i te toru ngā wāhanga. Kia titiro a i ia o enei i roto i te kōrero atu.

Ko te wāhanga tuatahi - faaineineraa

I roto i tenei wā, kua pakaru ngā pūhui matū waro matatini iho ki ohie. Na, hanehane nga pūmua ki amino waikawa, ngako - ki ngā waikawa me te nonireka, waikawa karihi - ki nucleotides, me te warowaihā - ki te kūhuka.

glycolysis

Te reira i atamira anoxic. takoto te reira i roto i te meka e te taonga whiwhi i roto i te wāhanga tuatahi, e pakaru ki raro atu. Ko te puna matua o te pūngao e whakamahia ana e te pūtau i tenei wā - i te rāpoi kūhuka. Ia o ratou kei roto i te tukanga o te glycolysis decomposes ki rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te pyruvate. puta tenei i roto i te tauhohe matū karapīpiti tekau. No te mea te rima tuatahi, he phosphorylated kūhuka, a ka motumotuhia ki rua phosphotriose. I roto i te tauhohe e rima e whai ake nei hua e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP (adenosine triphosphate) me rua ngā rāpoi ngota o STC (waikawa pyruvic). pūtau Energy me kei te rongoa i roto i te puka o ATP.

Ka taea te faaohie te tukanga katoa o te glycolysis ki te whakaatu e whai ake:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + PF ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ → 2H ₂ E + ^2NAD. + 2c ₂ H ₃ H ₄ E ₃ + 2ATF

Ko te kupu, mā te whakamahi i tetahi rāpoi ngota o te kūhuka, e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ADP me rua waikawa phosphoric, e tango te pūtau e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ATP (pūngao) me rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te waikawa pyruvic, e ka whakamahi i te reira i roto i te taahiraa i muri mai.

Ko te atamira tuatoru - hāora

puta tenei taahiraa anake i roto i te aroaro o te hāora. tauhohe matū puta i roto i tenei wā o te pungaraungao. Ko te wahi matua o respiration pūtau, i roto i nei tukua te pūngao tino tenei. I tenei wā, waikawa pyruvic, tauhohe ki te hāora, he piri ki te wai, me te hauhā. I tua atu, kei te hanga i te reira 36 rāpoi ATP. Ko te kupu, e nehenehe tatou e faaoti e te puna matua o te pūngao i roto i ngā pūtau - kūhuka me te waikawa pyruvic.

Whakarāpopoto i te tauhohe matū, ka whakakorea te kōrero, ka taea e tatou e faaite i te tukanga katoa o te respiration pūtau kotahi whārite māmā:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ E ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6Na ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Ko te kupu, i roto i te kupukupu i muingota rāpoi hāora kotahi kūhuka e ono e toru tekau ma waru ngā rāpoi ngota o te ADP, me te nui ano o te pūtau waikawa phosphoric e tango 38 rāpoi ATP, a ai i roto i te puka o te pūngao penapena.

Ko te kanorau o whākōkī punaraungao

Ko te pūngao mō te ora o te pūtau e tango tika ana ki te respiration - hāora o te kūhuka, me te waikawa ka pyruvic. kore katoa o enei tauhohe matū i taea te tango i te wahi i waho whākōkī - kaiwhakakökï koiora. Kia titiro a i te mea e kua kitea i roto i te pungaraungao - organelles kawenga mō te respiration pūkoro. huaina katoa o ratou e oxidoreductases no te hiahia mō ngā tauhohenga piti hāora-whakaiti.

Ka taea te wehea oxidoreductases katoa ki e rua ngā rōpū:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ki takohe me te hāorakore. Kei roto hā ora i roto i to ratou coenzyme hanganga Huapuhuikowhai e riro te tinana i te huaora B2. dehydrogenase takohe Kei rāpoi ngota rite ngā hoa nad me NADP.

He nui ake kanorau Oxidases. Tuatahi o te katoa, kua wehea ratou ki e rua ngā rōpū:

• te hunga kei roto parahi;
• te hunga i roto i te nei te wahi o te rino, ko te reira.

ngā te mua polyphenol, ascorbate, ki te tuarua - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ki wha ngā rōpū:

• cytochromes he;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome c;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes a roto i roto i to ratou zhelezoformilporfirin hanganga, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - whakakapi zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Ka taea e reira kia atu huarahi ki te whakaputa i te pūngao?

Ahakoa te meka e te nuinga o ngā pūtau riro te reira rite ki te hua o te respiration pūtau, i reira e ano huakita anaerobic ki te tīariari e kore e rapua e te hāora. hua ratou i te pūngao e tika ana i te FERMENTATION. Ko te tukanga i roto i nei e pakaru warowaihā iho e whākōkī kahore whai wāhitanga o te hāora, ai te pūtau, me te whiwhi pūngao tenei. He maha ngā momo o te FERMENTATION, i runga i te hua whakamutunga o te tauhohe matū rānei. Ko reira waikawa lactic, waipiro, waikawa butyric, hauwaiwaro, pūwaro, waikawa citric.

Hei tauira, whakaaro te FERMENTATION waipiro. Here taea e koe faaite tenei whārite:

C ₆ H ₁₂ e ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

E ko, kotahi muingota o kūhuka wawahi te huakita ki tetahi muingota o te waihā me te rua ngā rāpoi ngota o (IV) te waro haukura.