Āhuatanga o te hanganga karihi. Hanganga me te mahi o te karihi pūtau

karihi pūtau - tona organelle tino nui, te wahi o te rokiroki me te uri o te mōhiohio ā-ira. Tenei hanganga membrane, e noho 10-40% o te pūtau, he tino nui hoki te ora o eukaryotes nei mahi. Heoi, ara i waho te aroaro o te mōhiohio ā-ira pata taea whakatinanatanga. He tauira o tenei tukanga ko te kaha ki te ora pūtau kitakita. Otiia, he tino nui hoki te hanganga o te karihi, me tona whakaaro āhuatanga he rauropi multicellular.

Wāhi o te karihi i roto i te pūtau, me tona hanganga

Kei te karihi te hohonu i roto i te cytoplasm me i roto i te whakapā tika ki te taratara me maheni kiriuwhi. Kei te karapotia te reira e rua kiriuhi, wehea e te wāhi perinuclear. Roto te kopu pata he reira, he nui etahi o te pūpūira me nucleoli.

e kore e ētahi pūtau tangata pakeke i karihi, me te whakahaere etahi i raro i te tukino o ona mahi nui. I roto i te whānui, māngai te hanganga o te karihi (Kaupapa) te rite te kōhao karihi rohe karyotheca i ngā pūtau kei roto pūpūira me nucleoli, whakaritea i roto i te kopu karihi nucleoplasm.

karyotheca hanganga

Hoki te haratau o te pūtau matua, kia kite i te whakamutunga rite mirumiru, whāiti anga i te tahi atu mirumiru. Core - te reira i te pounamu o te mōhiohio ā-ira i roto i te matotoru pūtau. paruruhia e ia bilayer lipid membrane i tona cytoplasm. hanganga anga Core rite ki te membrane pūtau. I roto i te meka, rerekē ratou te ingoa me te maha o ngā papa anake. Te kore tenei katoa, he te taua i roto i te hanganga me te mahi ratou.

Hanganga karyotheca (membrane karihi) e rua-apa: kua tito reira o paparanga lipid rua. Bilipidny karyotheca waho apa tika hoapā te taratara pūtau kiriuwhi. karyotheca ā-- ki tirotiro matua. I waenganui i te kariomembranoy waho, me te roto vai wāhi perinuclear. Te āhua, i hanga e te reira e tika ana ki ari hiko - repulsion whakaaro toenga nonireka.

Ko te mahi o te membrane karihi ko ki te waihanga i tētahi arai aunoa i waenganui i te karihi, me te cytoplasm. Ko te matua i roto ko te wahi membrane warea kopu karihi - rāpoi mekameka pūmua e tautoko i te hanganga e toru-ahu. Ko te kiriuhi karihi e rua whai kōputaputa motuhake: i roto i a ratou ki te ribosomes i roto i nga rau RNA cytoplasm karere. I te matotoru rawa matua e rave rahi nucleoli me pūpūira.

Ko te hanganga ā-o te nucleoplasm

Āhuatanga o te hanganga karihi tukua ki a tatou faaau i te reira ki te pūtau. Roto te karihi he hoki hakari he taiao motuhake (nucleoplasm) tuku e sol-rā, he pūmua otinga colloidal. Roto reira i reira nucleoskeleton (kopu), fakafofonga'i e pūmua fibrillar. Kei roto i te rerekētanga matua anake i roto i katoa e kitea te nuinga i roto i te karihi te pūmua waikawa. Te āhua, Me he taua taiao tauhohenga ki te tiaki i nga āhuatanga matū o waikawa karihi me tauhohe matüora.

endosome

e kore e taea te whakaoti i te hanganga o te karihi pūtau kahore nucleoli. Im Ko te RNA ribosomal helical, kei nei i roto i te wā e maoa. I muri, i ia te tiki i te ribosome - he organelle tika mō te kōtuitanga pūmua. E rua ngā wāhanga hanganga taratahi te nucleolus te: fibrillar me flare. rerekē ratou anake i te irahiko Microscopy, a kahore e whai ratou kiriuhi.

Kei wähanga Fibrillar te i roto i te pokapū o te nucleolus. tohu te reira i te momo o te whenu RNA ribosomal, ka e kia kohia i subunit ribosomal. Ki te whakaaro tatou i te matua (hanganga me te mahi), he reira kitea e ka kotahi wāhanga potakataka kia hanga e muri. Ko te taua höu subunit ribosomal, e te hunga i roto i te wāhanga i muri mai o tona whanaketanga enei. O enei ribosomes e hanga e hohoro. E nekehia atu ana ratou i te nucleoplasm roto karihi kōputaputa karyotheca me hinga ki te membrane o kiriuwhi taratara.

Pūpūira ko pūira

Hanganga me te mahi o te karihi pūtau pararopi hono: ko reira hakari anake aua hanganga e e tika ana mo te rokiroki me te tārua o te mōhiohio ā-ira. Ano i reira karioskelet (kopu matua) nei mahi ko ki mau tonu te organelles āhua. Heoi, ko te wae tino nui ko te pūpūira karihi. Tenei pūira, te tākaro i te tūranga o taupū kāri o ngā rōpū rerekē o ira.

Pūpūira Ko te pūmua matatini e ngā o te hanganga quaternary o te polypeptide honoa ki te waikawa karihi (tuipūmua DNA ranei). Ko te plasmids pūpūira hakari hoki huakita. Tata te hauwhā o te katoa histones pūpūira taimaha ake - pūmua kawenga mō te "tākai" o mōhiohio ā-ira. Ko tēnei āhuatanga o te rangahau te mataora me te koiora. Ko te hanganga o te matatini matua mea ïa no te mea te aroaro o te pūpūira me tukanga reira Ētahi spiralization me uncoiling.

Ko te aroaro o te histone hanga taea reira ki te whakawhāiti me te kīnaki i whenu o te DNA i roto i te wahi iti - i roto i te karihi pūtau. Tenei tupu e whai ake: histones ki te hanga i nucleosomes, e he hinonga pērā i pirepire. H2B, H3, H4 me H2A - ko nga pūmua histone matua enei. Nucleosome i hanga e wha o ia histones aroaro takirua. Ko te kupu histone H1 ko te linker: kua hono reira ki te DNA i te pae o te tomokanga e i roto i te nucleosome. DNA tākai Ko te hua o "awhiowhio te" rārangi muingota 8 hanganga histone pūmua.

Ko te hanganga o te karihi, kua whakaaturia i runga ake nei kaupapa presupposes hanganga DNA solenoidpodobnoy rawa i runga i histones. Ko te matotoru o te kongahu ko e pā ana ki te 30 nm. kia kia whātatahia te hanganga, me te atu ki te noho iti wāhi me iti kitea ki te kino aunoa taniwha tupu i roto i te ora pūtau.

Ko te hautau o pūpūira

Te hanganga, te hanganga, me te mahi o te karihi pūtau fuu runga taua tautoko tukanga hihiri helix me uncoiling o pūpūira. No te mea i reira e rua hautau matua ona: nui te helical (heterochromatin) me malospiralizovannaya (euchromatin). E wehea ana ratou e rua te hanganga, me te functionally. I roto i te DNA heterochromatin te pai tiaki i tetahi pānga, me te kore e taea te patohia hōutia. Euchromatin tiaki te ngoikore, engari e taea te rererua ira mō te kōtuitanga pūmua. Nuinga o ngā wā e kīnakinaki pae o heterochromatin me euchromatin puta noa i te roa katoa o te pūira.

pūira

Te karihi pūtau, te hanganga me ngā mahi o nei e whakaahuatia i roto i tenei whakaputanga Kei roto te pūira. Ko te pūpūira matatini, me te Tuitui Kikī e taea te kite i raro i Microscopy marama tenei. Heoi, ko te taea anake tenei ki te kei te kiriata kei i runga i te pūtau i roto i te taahiraa mitotic wehenga meiotic ranei. Ko tētahi o nga wāhanga ko te helix o pūpūira ki te hanga i ngā pūira. Ko te tino māmā ratou hanganga: pūira he telomere me rua ringa. Ia rauropi multicellular o tetahi momo te taua hanganga o te karihi. Ripanga pūira ia ano hoki rite.

Ko te whakatinanatanga o te mahi matua

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te matua o te hanganga e pā ana ki te whakatinanatanga o te tahi mau mahi me te hiahia ki te whakahaere ia ratou. mahi te karihi rite te pätaka o te mōhiohio ā-ira, e ko te ahua o te kōnae ki tuhia te raupapa waikawa amino katoa o pūmua e kua synthesized i te pūtau. Te auraa ra, no te raveraa i te mahi, me synthesize te pūtau hanganga pūmua whakawaeheretia te i roto i te ira.

Ki te matua "matau" aha pūmua motuhake ki te kia synthesized i te wa e tika, i reira te mea he pūnaha o waho (membrane) me receptors ā. tukua ngā mōhiohio i runga i a ratou te ki te matua i te tikanga o foaki rāpoi. Nuinga o ngā wā mahi tenei kei roto i te huarahi adenylate cyclase. Mai E whai wāhi ana ngā pūtau ki hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine), me etahi taero ki te hanganga hydrophilic.

He ā te rua o tikanga mōhiohio tuku. He rawe ki ki rāpoi lipophilic ia - corticosteroids. Tenei taonga bilipidnuyu ô i te membrane pūtau me te whakahaua ki te karihi, te wahi e pähekoheko reira ki tona receptor. Ka rite ki te hua o te faaitoitoraa o te matatini receptor kei i runga i te membrane pūtau (adenylate tikanga cyclase) karyotheca ranei, tīmata tauhohenga whakahohenga o te ira ngā. tukurua reira, hangaia karere RNA te i runga i te pūtake o taua. I muri mai, i rite tonu ki te hanganga pūmua synthesized hou e rave i te mahi.

Ko te matua o ngā kaiao multicellular

I roto i te multicellular rauropi ngā hanganga matua ko te taua rite i roto i te pūtau-tahi. Ahakoa i reira e te tahi mau onäianei. Tuatahi, titau multicellular e ka kitea ona ake mahi motuhake (nui ake ranei) i roto i te maha o ngā pūtau. Tenei te tikanga e he tūturu despiralizovany etahi ira, ētahi atu i he i roto i te āhua tautauā.

Hei tauira, ka haere hohekore pūtau o kiko adipose kōtuitanga pūmua, me reira spiralized te nuinga o te pūpūira. A i roto i ngā pūtau, hei tauira, puta tonu pūmua pancreatic tukanga biosynthetic exocrine. No te mea o ratou despiralizovan pūpūira. I roto i aua wāhi, e tāruaruatia atu maha nga ira. I roto i tenei āhuatanga matua nui: te huinga pūira o ngā pūtau katoa o te tinana ko te taua. Anake no te mea o te pārōnaki o ngā mahi i roto i nga kopa o etahi o ratou atu i mahi, a te tahi atu dispiralized te nuinga o ētahi atu.

pūtau Nuclear-free o te tinana

He pūtau, e te hunga e kore e taea te whakaaro te hanganga o te pata āhuatanga no te mea he ratou te hua o to ratou ora tautāwhi i tona mahi ranei, ahakoa rawa kia whakakahoretia o reira. Ko te tauira māmā - pūtau toto whero. Tenei pūtau toto, te karihi i nei te reira anake i roto i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga, ka synthesized pūtoto. Kia he rawaka hoki te whakawhiti hāora tona rahinga, nekehia atu te karihi kei i te pūtau, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahaere i tona transportation e kore pokanoa ki te hāora.

I roto i tona puka whānui he ngeniwhero putea cytoplasmic ki tonu i te pūtoto. Ko āhuatanga o te pūtau ngako hoki te hanganga rite. Hanganga karihi adipocyte pūtau tino māmā, heke reira me ngā tīpakopako ki te membrane, a he maximally leva tukanga kōtuitanga pūmua. Ko hoki enei pūtau haamana'oraa o "peke" ki tonu i te ngako, ahakoa, o te akoranga, he paku nui ake i ngā pūtau toto whero, he momo o tauhohe matüora. whai platelets hoki kahore karihi, engari e kore e kiia e ratou kia rite ki ngā pūtau ki tonu i-parirau. mōtete tika tenei pūtau mo te whakatinanatanga o te tukanga hemostasis.