Waro maitai. Classification, GOST, tono

Steel - te hua maitai, te matua rauemi hanga. Mai i hua ai te hanganga rebar, whakarewa o rerekē pūkete, korere, wahi, mīhini me ngā taputapu.

hanga o te maitai

whai wāhi rino me te maitai ahumahi i roto i te hanga o te rino , me te maitai. Rino - pakeke, engari rauemi roa. Steel - roa, pono, kirihou, e pängia ana ki te doping whakarewa te whakamahia i roto i Foundries, okeoke, rikarika ki me te takahi.

He maha ngā huarahi o te maitai production:

1. Converter. Taputapu: hāora converter. Te tiaki (taketake): ma maka rino, maitai e mau, pākeho. Hua steels waro anake.
2. Open-kanga. Taputapu: tuwhera-kanga oumu. Akona: wai maka rino, maitai e mau, rino ore. Pūkenga hoki e rua waro me te koranu steels mo.
3. Arc. Taputapu: oumu pewa hiko. Akona: maitai mau, poaka rino, Coke, pākeho. He tikanga ao.
4. Arataki. Taputapu: oumu Whakangungu. Akona: maka rino, me te mau rino, ferro-alloys.

Ko te ngako o te tukanga whakaputa maitai - te whakaiti i te maha o inclusions tōraro matū ki te whiwhi i te whakarewa, paingia te nei tuku ki rite "te rino" - ranei, kaua, o te koranu rino he ihirangi waro e kore te mea neke atu i te 2.14% reira.

tukanga deacidification

Hoki maitai, te wā whakamutunga o te tango, tukanga koropupu angamaheni, pāngia nei e te hauota ki reira tūturu, hauwai, te waro haukura. Taua te koranu i roto i te āhua whakapakeke he hanganga maiengi, nekehia atu nei e okeoke. Ko reira ngawari me te compressible, engari e kore e feunga roa.

taupāhohea tukanga Deacidification e tomo i te poke kohua i roto i te koranu ferromanganese o ferrosilicon, konumohe. Tei runga i te nui o haurehu wäriu me huānga deoxidizing, kia mărû te parahi ai āhua-patua ranei.

Kei te operehia te parahi hiahiatia tohu oti o deoxidation ki pakete mo te whātioatanga me te whakamahi i roto i muri tukanga takahanga o hanga o nga hua maitai oti.

Whakarōpū o waro maitai

te parahi katoa e te vai i roto i te mākete ao e taea te wehea ki waro me te koranu. Kua wehea rama katoa o waro maitai ki ngā rōpū rerekē me ngā āhuatanga o te reo tohu classifier.

I runga i nga āhuatanga whakarōpū matua Kei te noho taratahi:

1. Waro maitai hanganga. Ratou waro iti iho i te 0.8%. E whakamahia ratou mo te hanga o mapuni, whakataka atu hua me castings.
2. Waro taputapu maitai i sodrezhat waro i roto i te nui o i 0.7% ki te 1.3%. E whakamahia ratou mo taputapu, taputapu pūrere.

E ai ki nga tikanga o te deoxidation:

• kohua - huānga deoxidizing (RE) i roto i te hanganga he iti iho i te 0.05%;
• semikilled - 0.05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• ata - 0.15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

I runga i te hanganga matū:

• waro iti (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• -Waro tiketike (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel kei roto waro i roto i te nui ki runga ake i 1.3%, e kore e whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi.

Tei runga i te microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - i roto i te parahi waro i roto i te hanganga he iti iho i te 0.8%;
• eutectoid - he parahi ki te ihirangi waro o 0.8%;
• akomanga hypereutectoid - maitai ki te ihirangi waro rawa 0.8%.

I te kounga:

1. kounga Toharite. Whanariki kei reira iti iho i te 0,06% ūkuikui - e kore neke atu i 0,07%.
2. Kounga maitai. whanariki me ūkuikui 0.04% nui e kore ratou e roto i.
3. High-kounga. Na te nui o te whanariki he iti iho i te 0,025% me ūkuikui - e kore neke atu i 0,018%.

E ai ki te taketake maitai kōeke waro paerewa ki te tuwha:

• kounga noa hanganga;
• kounga hanga;
• taputapu kounga;
• kounga mauhaa.

Rawa tapa hanganga maitai o te kounga noa

Steel o kounga noa Kei roto: i - ki 0.6%, S - ki 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Kia kite a pehea tapaina tenei te waro maitai. Paerewa 380 tautuhi te mita momotuhi whai ake:

• A, B, C - rōpū; A - e kore e tohua i roto i te whakaaetanga;
• 0-6 i muri i te pukapuka "ST" - he tau rangatū, whakamuna nei i roto i te hanganga matū me (ranei) āhuatanga aunoa;
• T - Mangan aroaro o Mn (konupora);
• KP, PS, c - te tohu o te deoxidation (koropupu, āhua-patua, marino).

Ko te tau i te 1 ki te 6 i muri i te ti'araa o te tohu o te deoxidation i te taia - tenei kāwai. I roto i tenei take, e kore e te kāwai tuatahi tohua i roto i tetahi ara.

Nga pukapuka M, K tohu taea te timatanga te tikanga tikanga ahumahi metallurgical: kanga hāora-pūtahuri ranei. Ratau, te parahi waro o te kounga noa te aroaro tohu hanganga ine, e pā ana ki 47 nga wahi.

Whakarōpū o steels hanganga o kounga noa

E wehewehea waro maitai o te kounga noa ki ngā rōpū.

• Rōpū A: maitai, rite nei me ōrite te āhuatanga hangarau i tohua. Kei te maha tukua kiritaki i roto i te puka o te pepa, me te maha-whakataka (pepa, Tees, wāhanga H, whare, rivets me te whare). Pane: St0 St1 - St6 (KP, PS, sp), ngā kāwai 1-3, tae atu ki ngā St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Rōpū B: maitai, e kia whakaritea e te hanganga matū e tika ana, me ngā āhuatanga. te whakarewanga o Hangaia me te awhiowhio, ka e kia i raro ki te pēhanga machining atu i roto i te huru wera (rikarika ki, takahi). Pane: BSt0, BSt1 (KN-cn) BSt2 (KP, PS) BSt3 (KN-cn, tae atu BSt3Gps) BSt4 (KP, PS), BLS 6 (PS, cn), kāwai 1 me 2.
• Rōpū B: maitai, e ti'a ia haapa'o ki te matū, āhuatanga ōkiko, hangarau me te hangarau. Tenei rōpū Ko kanorau tūturu o tohu, o nei hanga o ngā hua pepa kirihou te, ngā roa mō ngā wāhi i roto i te pāmahana tino, wahi tino (raka, pokekore, kakau, piston maihao). hua katoa o rerekē hanganga, ngā āhuatanga me rama o te rōpū fakatahai weldability hangarau pai. Pane: VSt1-VSt6 (KP, PS, sp), VSt5 (PS, sp), tae atu ki ngā VSt3Gps, kāwai 1-6.

Structural maitai o te kounga noa - alloys he whakamahi whānui maha-iu i roto i te ahumahi.

Tohu kounga maitai waro

ka mea te ihirangi waro o te parahi o te kounga i 0.05% ki 0.6%. Rewa o te whakarewa o te whakarōpūtanga rōpū puta tuwhera kanga tikanga pewa hiko ranei. He whānui o te aroaro waro ngā diversifies āhuatanga mīhini: iti-waro - kirihou, o reo - kaha.

Kounga waro maitai e tito o te P me te kore S neke atu i te 0.04%, aua.

Tapanga (GOST 1050-88):

• tatauranga 05-60 - aroaro o te waro whakamuna (min - 0.05% max - 0.6%);
• KP, PS, c - te tohu o te deoxidation ( "cn" Kei te kore tohua);
• T, U, F - i roto i konupora, konumohe, vanadium.

Okotahi ki te tapanga

Kounga maitai waro i roto i tona tapanga he okotahi:

• 15K, 20k, 22K - kounga maitai, e hāngai ana i roto i te kōhua hanga;
• MF-20 - Carbon - 0.2%, he hāngai ki te hanga o putorino i te awhiowhio wera i roto i te hanga kōhua me te tāuta o ngā pūnaha whakawera te parahi, ngā parahi, me te chromium;
• Kei Steel mo te hanga o kakau motokā, nika, chromium, me parahi - TOTE.

Hoki rama katoa o-kounga tiketike maitai āhuatanga e te hiahia ka taea ki te whakamahi i waiariki (hei tauira, Whakapūnoa) me te maimoatanga matūrewarau (hei tauira, WHAKAPIRIPIRINGA).

Whakarōpū o kounga waro maitai

Ka taea te wehea tenei momo o te waro maitai ki 4 ngā rōpū:

1. rauemi ukanga e tika ana mō te mahi matao (awhiowhio), okeoke te pepa, me te ngongo. Waitohu - 08ps maitai, maitai 08, maitai 08kp.
2. Te whakarewa whakamahia i roto i te awhiowhio wera, me te rikarika ki, e ka mahi i roto i te taiao thermally pukuriri. Waitohu - Steel o 10 ki te 25 maitai.
3. Steel kua kitea, tono i roto i te hanga o ngā wāhanga tino, tae atu ki ngā puna, puna rau, hononga, raka, ngahaú. Waitohu - Steel o 60 ki te 85 maitai.
4. Steel tono mahi pono i roto i ngā taiao kino (hei tauira, te mekameka anuhe). Pane maitai 30, maitai 50, maitai 30G, 50g maitai.

Ko reira taea hoki ki te wehe ki te 2 ngā rōpū nga rama rongonui katoa o waro maitai o te piha haapiiraa te kounga: mau konupora hanganga, me te hanganga.

Ko te whakamahi o te waro maitai hanganga

piha kounga Steel	tohu	tono
kounga noa	A0	whare, peresideniraa
	St1	waitohu, ahau-kurupae, takere
	St3Gsp	hanga rīhi
	St5sp	bushings, nati, raka,
	St6ps	crowbars hanga
	VSt4kp	ahuahu, pepa, whakataka atu wāhanga maitai mō ngā hanganga roa
kounga	Stal10	putorino ki nga kohua i, takahi
	Stal15	Taipitopito tiketike ukanga, cams, raka, nati
	Stal18kp	weldments
	20ps maitai	toki, marau, maihao, whare, putorino
	Stal50	nihowhiti, ringa
	Stal60	muka, mōria, mōria puna

Waro maitai taputapu āhuatanga e kaha nui, me te taikaha. ka waiho ratou ngohengohe ki te maimoatanga wera maha-atamira.

Te ihirangi waro i roto i te maitai: 0.7 - 1.3%. Hoki te kounga - ki runga ki te 0.03% ūkuikui - ki runga ki te 0,035%. He taputapu mō te-kounga tiketike: whanariki - ki runga ki te 0.02% ūkuikui - ki runga ki te 0.03%.

tohu Vintage (GOST 1435-74):

• U - waro taputapu;
• 7 -13 - waro ihirangi reira 0.7-1.3%, aua;
• D - Ko te aroaro o te konupora;
• A - kounga teitei.

Okotahi ki te mau parau tumu o te tohu steels waro taputapu - te rauemi mō te wāhanga A75 tikanga jet ASU10E, AU10E.

Whakaritenga mō te taputapu maitai

I roto i runga ki te GOST, me te whakatau steels taputapu he maha o ngā āhuatanga.

physicochemical tika me ngā āhuatanga hangarau: tohu kounga pakeke, taikaha, kaha, ātete ki huringa pāmahana i roto i te mahi (i roto i te tuhi, he kōhao, kawenga pānga), te waikura resistance.

Tautuhia ngā āhuatanga hangarau:

• ātete ki ngā tukanga hangarau whakairo tōraro (e piripiri o maramara, pakeke);
• machinability pai tahuri me te huri;
• susceptibility ki te maimoatanga wera;
• ātete ki te pukā.

Hei whakanui i te kounga o te mīhini, me te hangarau maitai tawhā taputapu i raro ki te maimoatanga wera multistage:

• kōpeke ana te rauemi tīmata mua ki hokohoko taputapu;
• tinei (meangiti i roto i rongoā te tote), me te tempering hua oti muri (tempering nuinga iti).

kua oti te whakarite nga āhuatanga whiwhi e te hanganga matū me te microstructure whiwhi: cementite me martensite ki austenite inclusions.

Ko te whakamahi o te waro taputapu maitai

Whakamahia whakaahuatia maitai mō ngā taputapu: tapahi, percussion, pŭpŭ tauturu.

• U7 Steel, U7A - hama, whao, toki, whao, sledgehammers, whao, hī matau.
• U8 maitai, U8A, U8G - kani, screwdrivers, nifó, e werohia counter, nga kaitapahi, kūmau.
• U9 Steel, U9A - taputapu pae, taputapu hoki te tapahi rakau.
• U10 Steel, U10A maitai, U11, U11A - rasps, körere, ngā akoako tea, te taputapu pŭpŭ tauturu mō te pahaki me te whakatika.
• I 12, U12A - reamers, körere, taputapu ine.
• Y13, U13A - kōnae titi, heu me taputapu hāparapara, takahi nifó.

Kouma maitai māka pai rawa waro, tona hangarau maimoatanga wera, he māramatanga o ona āhuatanga me ngā āhuatanga - he taunaha o te ora roa hua, tukatuka whakamahia ranei hanganga mea ranei.