Toi Russian o te rau tau 20, me ona momo

"Pure" toi, ka kauwhau i te uara e kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i ngā take pāpori, me te hītori, me ngā, - te tino, engari tītohunga mariko.

E kore e taea ki te mahi i motu ke i te ora ia rā, e kore aufauraa i te whakarongo ki nga whakaaro anö, i roto i te hapori - e rua ōkawa, me te ōpaki. Kua pāngia Russian rautau 20 toi e huringa i roto i te pūnaha pāpori o kaha, mohiotia ki tetahi atu whenua.

Ko te timatanga o te rau tau, te rapu hoki ngā whakaaro hou

100 tau o te rau tau XX mo te katoa o te ao, ko te wā o te nekehanga tuatahi. Na roto i te mutunga o te XX rau ahunga whakamua romia e wa hangarau, me te wāhi mo te ao katoa, ka kino ake pakanga pāpori i roto i te iti rohe kia puranga tauine planetary. Culture me toi o te rau tau 20 Russia, me te mahi tūmatanui katoa i roto i Uropi me Amerika, kua he āpitihanga rangitahi ki te ngā tino nui i roto i te hītori tata.

tau Magic tohu i te takenga o te rau tau hou, mahia tonu tumanako o huringa, tumanako mo te taeraa mai o te hou, te wā hari. Te rau tau tekau ma iwa, nana nei i hanga te rongo ao-whānui ki te ahurea Russian, hutia i te mua, ka mahue i te iho e kore i taea e e ngaro te pō.

"Ao Art o" - te pera-ka karanga feohi o toi e puta i roto i te 1898, ka roa ki pōrearea noa 1924, kahore nei e kore e taea ki te whakaaro toi i roto i te hauwhā tuatahi o te rau tau 20 i roto i Russia. Ko te "miriskusstnikov" kihai i whai kia kotahi, te katoa kāhua hanga - kaipeita, toi whakairoiro, haere kaiwhakairo ratou ara motuhake, me te whakaae o ngā whakaaro i runga i te whakaaro o te toi, me tona tūranga i roto i te hapori. He maha ngā āhuatanga o tenei tirohanga faaite poto Mihaila Vrubelya. Ōkawa turanga matua o feohi ko L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. I ngā wā, i tae ai e Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov me rangatira atu.

ia ite ratou katoa te aoniu o te ngaiotanga i roto i te toi, he wahi nui o te haere noa auaha me te motuhake o te artist i te Tokāteliné tūmatanui, e kore whakakahore te uara o te toi i roto i te ora tangata, whakatupato ana ki te rigidity mātauranga i runga i te ringa kotahi me politicization nui o te peita i te Wanderers - i runga i te tahi atu. kaitautoko whakahē o te tuku iho o "Ao Art o" kore i taea e pai i roto i te tukanga tere o te whanau o te "proletarian" toi, engari kua i te pānga nui i runga i nga toi pai katoa senekele 20 Russia - me te hunga e mahi i roto i te Soviet Union, me te hunga e te hunga i roto i hekenga.

hou

Ko te tekau tau whakamutunga o te rautau tekau ma iwa ko te wā o te whanau o te kāhua hou e mahue he tohu i roto i te mahi o rangatira o toi pai, me te hoahoanga. I te reira i ona ake āhuatanga i roto i te tahi mau rohe o Europe, te wahi i huaina ara ia rerekē. I roto i Belgium ko France, titi te ingoa "Art Nouveau" i roto i Germany - "Art Nouveau" i roto i Austria - "Secession". Mohio o ngā ingoa atu e pā ana ki te toi tino rongonui o tenei kāhua umanga ranei hua ngā rite taonga, whakapaipai me ētahi atu hua: kāhua Musha, kāhua Guimard - i roto i France, Liberty i roto i Itari, i roto i te United States - Kāhua Tiffany, me ētahi atu Art o Russia .. 20 hoahoanga rautau i ngā, e matau ana ki a ia rite te kāhua Onaianei.

ka Art Nouveau i muri o te stagnation o kāhua te wā roa ka mau tetahi o nga ngā tino whakaputa, me te ngā toi āhua. Tona otaota āhuatanga, huru maeneene o te rārangi hoahoa kukū ngā ki ngā puka āhuahanga māmā, me te whakaputa ngā moni nui o te hou, me te taketake o kaitoi me kaihoahoa.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - whetu Russian o hoahoanga hou. kua homai tona taranata āhuatanga motu tino masterpieces kāhua cosmopolitan Shechtel - whare Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky - tenei hanga ko kaihoahoa Russian, me i whānui, me i te kōrero.

Vanguard mua-orurehau

i nui hoki te toi puta noa i Europa ko Amerika - te tukanga o te kimi momo hou o toi, me te ake - tona meka hou. toi Russian o te rau tau 20 kei etahi wā tino pāhoro, ka tohu te mahi o te torutoru faaapî ki ahunga hou o te whanaketanga o te whakaaro toi. Ko tētahi o te Tūrongo tino me mīharo ko te wā ā-orurehau i 1905 ki te 1917. i meinga Āhuatanga o Five and Seven toi i roto i Russia e te raruraru te ora tūmatanui Russian i muri i te ati o te Russian-Japanese War me te Revolution o 1905.

Whakatika i roto i tenei wa he tokomaha nekehanga Five and Seven me te hapori auaha i take rite, me te whakaputa i ngā whāinga rite o te rapu toi. A ani i te mana kaha i runga i te mahi taketake o te rau tau 20 i roto i te Futurists Russian me Cubo-Futurists, "Jack o Taimana" me "Blue Rose", Kandinsky ko Suprematism huarahi rerekē o Malevich titiro hoki ao hou, ua faaite te toi tawhito o te raruraru, kua ngaro matou pa ki mooni, mua te taeraa mai o te arepurepuraa ao .

I roto i te whakaaro hou whanau Five and Seven, ko te whakaaro o ariā o te toi. toi whakaari o te rau tau 20 Russia Kei te whārangi e whai ake nei rite tākaro rongonui - te Faaiteraa o te toi hou "Victory Neke te Sun" (1913). Ko te hua o te auaha kaitito futurist noa A. whiria, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov me whakapaipai e mahi Kazimir Malevich.

Haafaufaa i to outou fekumi toi o rautau 20 toi Russian Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mashkov, Goncharova, ka Marc Chagall nga kaituhi o peita e kua riro te āhukahuka ao. timata te reira i tenei āhukahuka i roto i nga tau kotahi tekau o te rau tau XX, i roto i te tau o te whanautanga o te peita Five and Seven o hītori tata.

Hanganga o te toi Soviet

I muri i te Oketopa Revolution, te whai wāhi ki te whakatuwhera ake Horizons hou katoa i runga i te ao i roto i te ora tūmatanui, tae atu i te toi a Russia. Na kua oti hanga nga tikanga i te timatanga, no te ino oia nui haere te uara o nga tangata pupū, ka haere mai ki nga generators mua o whakaaro auaha hou.

Kia pehea te marū i te hītori o te toi? Te rau tau 20, Russia, pia ma e ngengere - he unprecedentedly kaha ora toi o maha ngā rōpū toi, i roto i nei ko:

- UNOVIS - "toi hou faaiteraa" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Whakaturia i runga i te pūtake o te kura toi i roto i Vitebsk, ko tenei rōpū he apologist mo te toi Five and Seven, kua whakaekea ki te titiro mō ngā kaupapa hou, me ngā puka o toi.

- "E wha Toi" - no te i roto i te raina ki te "Ao Art o" Te whakaaro matua - ki te whakaatu pūmanawa expressive nui o hoahoanga, whakairo, tuhi me te peita. Hei whakaatu i te hiahia mō te kairangi, me te haere noa auaha. Ko te māngai tino nui o te kaihoahoa A. V. Schusev, tabula V. A. Favorsky, toi V. I. Muhina, kaipeita Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev me ētahi atu.

- "OST", "Society o Easel Artists". Kei te whakaaro te reira i te tohu whakaatu matua o te tīmatanga o te ora rangimarie hou, te hanganga o te whenua taitamariki hou e te tikanga o te kāhua matatau, whakaputa, engari ohie, me te mārama. Feia faatere: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle o Artists" (Leningrad). I muri i te auau whakawhiti mōhiohio, te whanaketanga o "te wā o te kāhua." ngā mema o te Active o te rōpū: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Association o Artists o Revolutionary Russia" - te uniana i riro te pūtake mo muri i hanga te Union o Artists o te USSR, rārangi pēne kaha o te ārahitanga wä o te tukanga toi, he taputapu o whakatö-rōpū, te kainga o nga Wanderers. tu matou i te matenga o I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V. Ioganson.

constructionism

I roto i te hōtaka o te pūtahi mātauranga tino whaimana e whakangungu kaihoahoa tonu nei tirohia te kaupapa "Hanganga Russian - te hoahoa Five and Seven 20-doma". O te faufaa nui kua reira mo te mahara o te toi o te whare, te tino hāngai hoki tetahi roa o te wā ko te whakaaro i haapiihia e te feia faatere o te o te aronga. Ko nga whare ora o Konstantin Melnikov (whare architect karapu Krivoarbatsky Lane Rusakova runga Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, etc), te teina Vesnin, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin i runga i Novinsky Boulevard) me ētahi atu whetu o ngā take Russian hoahoanga - te moni koura o te hoahoanga motu.

Functionalism, te tupato embellishment faufaa, te rerehua o te hanganga whare, te au maite i hanga e te taiao - ka enei whakaaro te pūtake o te wero hou fai ki kaihoahoa taitamariki, toi me ngaio o te rohe i ka mohiotia rite hoahoa ahumahi. i ratou ki te hanga whare papatipu mo nga pa hou, kia karapu kaimahi 'whakawhanake ratou huru, ki te hanga taonga mo te mahi, me te nuinga atu o te tangata hou. e kore e taea te karo e ako i te toi o Russia whakatutukitanga Amazing o Five and Seven o nga pia ma o te rau tau 20. Architecture i roto i Uropi me Amerika wa o muri katoa te nuinga i runga i a ratou. Ko reira pouri i enei whakaaro whakamua iti rawa i roto i te tono i te whare, a ka kua te whānui te paetae nui o hoahoanga Soviet i titiro rite "kingitanga o Stalin".

Art i roto i te taitahi o te totalitarianism

I roto i 1932, te Resolution o te Komiti Central o te CPSU (b) i runga i te mahi o ngā rōpū toi. era ki te paroro, o ngā ngā me tohutohu i runga i te mahi i riro te mana o te mīhini kāwanatanga te mana e te taputapu wä, i whakakaha te mana anake. No te tau maha, toi Russian o te rau tau 20, ka rite ki te nui i roto i te ora o te whenua, kua riro ti'aturi i runga i nga whakaaro o te tangata kotahi - Iosifa Stalina.

Kua waiho uniana Creative he tikanga o te subordination o whakaaro toi paerewa wä kotahi. Ko te tau o te hapori talena i roto i te peita. Āta, ka criminalized tetahi ine i te auau e pā ana, haere mai angatu'u i raro i te tāmitanga tūturu. Whakapae o raa'tu i te rārangi rōpū ko te tikanga o te whakaoti kōrero auaha. Ko te progressiveness o tenei ko te tino whakaaro. Me pēhea te ki te whakawhanake, hei tauira, whakaari Russian o te rau tau 20, ki te kahore hinga pārurenga ki te tāmitanga reforomatio nui atamira Vsevolod Meyerhold?

He matatini me te tatararaa i te āhua taranata toi o. incarnated Images o te feia faatere i te mohio nui, me te mana'o aau tae. kihai i taea e kore noa te tāmitanga tino nanakia ārai i te putanga o te kaitoi pono pūmanawa, hoki nei ko whaiaro faaiteraa-te mea matua ahakoa o te anga wä.

I roto i te hoahoanga, he reira wa ki "kingitanga o Stalin". Ko te rapu mo te Five and Seven i whakakapi e te hoki ki te kēnana kï. Ko te mana o te Māoritanga hapori whakatinana tauira mīharo Neoclassicism tukatuka - Stalinist "skyscrapers".

pakanga Art

I roto i te aamu o to tatou whenua i te wa tatou, ka te ati rahi me te taahiraa ta'ehanotatau o tupu i te pae varua. kua Russia 20-21 rau toi kua tetahi o nga kaupapa matua, ka taea ki a tatou faaite te nui o te huru motu Russian, te hohonu o te mau mana'o e taea rangatira i te takitahi me te papatipu nui i roto i te tutū o mua.

Ko te Pakanga nui Patriotic i te tīmatanga o nga ra i kitea faaiteraa i roto i ngā whakaahua ataata o te kaha mīharo. pānui I. Toidze "te Waea motherland!" Whakaarahia ki te tiaki i te whenua pai atu i tetahi o nga rangatira, me "Defence o Sevastopol" Deineki rawa tetahi, ahakoa o nga whakaaro e faaite ia. Just mīharo Seventh Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, me te toi puoro o te rau tau 20 Russia he kore iti iho i te tahi atu momo o te mahi auaha utua takoha ki te kaupapa o te whawhai ki fascism.

koero

I muri i te Victory nui ko te take e whai ake nei kaha hītori o te mana i runga i te ora tūmatanui i roto i te USSR te mate o Stalin (Maehe 1953) me te XX Congress o te CPSU, e whakaarahia te take o whaki te fifi o te tuakiri. I etahi wa mo nga toi, me te mo te hapori katoa, he manawa o te haere noa o auahatanga me ngā whakaaro hou. Generation "Heoi" - ko te tino motuhake te āhuatanga, mahue reira he mahara o ia rite te manawa poto o te rangi hou, i hanga i mua noa ruku hoki ki te repo mō tekau tau whanganga, peita, oraraa whakaritea.

Ko te ngā tuatahi o te toi Five and Seven o te "poipoi tuarua" - mahi E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V. Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky etc. -. Ki te whakaaturanga whakatapua ki te huritau 30 o te peka Moscow o te Union o Artists, i pakeke whakataua ia rangatira hou te whenua o H . Khrushchev. timata ano Pāti ki te whakamārama ki te iwi he aha te ahua o te toi, ko te mea e tika ana, me toi - pehea ki te tuhituhi.

I whakahau Architecture ki te whawhai i te kakai o e he pono e tika ana ki te mau fifi ōhanga o te wā he vahaataimi, ko reira te wa mo te whare papatipu, te "Khrushchev", i nekehia atu etahi acuteness o te raruraru whare, engari te mata i ahua ke o nga pa maha.

Ko te Art o "hapori whakawhanakehia"

Ko te nuinga o toi te nuinga Russian o te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau 20 he hītori o te tuakiri pakanga toi me te Māoritanga ngoi. Otiia ara i roto i te huru o te ture wä kua kitea wahi ia o te wāhi i te pae varua maha toi huarahi ki paku e whakarereketia te tikanga i whakaritea o te talena hapori.

Na, i roto i tenei tauira mo te taitama nga rangatira e kua āhua ratou mau ti'aturiraa ara i roto i nga uofulu: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, paparanga A. me ētahi atu. ka te pikitia o te melo o mua o te rōpū toi "OST" e Yuri Pimenov "Wedding i runga i te apopo Street", tuhituhia i roto i te 1962, he tohu o te tumanako ki te whakahou hapori.

Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga a Tūrongo, i roto i te toi Soviet o taua wa ko te hanganga o te "kāhua nui". I roto i tenei wā e pā ana ki te mahi G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky teina Smolin, P. Nikonov et al. I roto i to ratou peita, te tuhituhi i roto i te momo rerekē (kāinga, hītori), i reira ko tetahi hero nei kihai i hiahia tohutohu, pukumahi mea mahinongofua, me te tika. I tuhituhi ia, kahore kōrero faufaa me ahuareka coloristic, mahino me henehene.

O te faufaa ngā ko te mahi o rangatira pērā i Victor Popkov. Kei tangi Civil o ana kowaiwai onge mō te toi humanistic noa Soviet, karere tata fakalotú, ka kua ona pakiaka kāhua peita: te Italian Renaissance.

recusancy

faatîtîraa Official "talena hapori" hanga toi ōpaki kitea ratou ara ki te pūtirotiro, ki huihui ki te hekenga ranei. Shemyakin Mauī, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. unknown, me te tini ke atu. ko nga kaitoi o te rau tau 20 Russia, i te mea te kawe o ngā uara wairua, whanau o te tīmatanga o te rau tau rua tekau Five and Seven enei, a hoki ana ki to ratou fonua tupu'angá i muri i te parariraa o te Māoritanga kominiusi.

A i roto i te wa o tona mana puta hekenga ā-, ki rö te tauihu, rongonui o te haurangi, te wahine e noho artist haurangi o hōhipera hinengaro, whakatoia e nga mana, me te kaiārahi o ngā uniana auaha, engari tino wāriutia ana e te tohunga te uru motuhake. He kawe angamaheni o tenei ara ko Zverev - he ahua rongonui mo Moscow era o te hapori whakawhanakehia.

Polystylistics me pluralism

Wewete i nga tikanga pakeke o te kāwanatanga o te wā Soviet, ngā nga toi pai o te rau tau 20 i roto i Russia i roto i te tukanga ao rite ko reira he wahi rāua, he i roto i te noa ki a ratou nga āhuatanga me ngā ia. He maha ngā momo o te toi, waia ki te Te Hau-ā-uru mo te wa roa, i hohoro taukei me toi rohe. .. Ko te kupu "mahi", "tāutanga ataata", me ētahi atu kua riro matarohia i roto i to tatou kupu, a i roto i te toi o nāianei tino nui ki te rongo te ao - toi whakaaro diametrical i runga i tohutohu: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. Nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov me te tini ke atu.

Stormy, hītori tata ohorere o te whenua, e tangohia ana te ono o te whenua o te whenua, titiro i roto i to koutou whakaata - toi Russian o te rau tau 20 - a kua kitea te reira i roto i nga mano o whakapakoko fakangalongata'a ...