Te Tolú Reich: te Whakatika, Hingá, pu, hīkoi me tohu

Te Reich Tuatoru (Drittes Reich) - te pera-ka karanga kāwanatanga Tiamana ōpaki i 1933 ki te 1945. mooni tikanga Reich kupu Tiamana "whenua e riro nei ki raro ki te mana taua." Engari kia rite ki te tikanga, kua iritihia te reira rite "mana", "Empire", iti "rangatiratanga." Te reira i katoa tei runga i te horopaki. I muri mai i roto i te tuhinga, ka kia whakaahuatia reira te ara, me te hinga o te Tuatoru Reich, nga whakatutukitanga o te kaupapa here ke, me te kāinga o te kingitanga.

mōhiohio whānui

I roto i te historiography o te Tolú Reich me te tuhinga tuku ki rite Fascist Nasí Germany ranei. Kei te nuinga o te ingoa tuatahi tono i roto i te pukapuka Soviet. Ko tenei whakamahi o te wā ahua hē rite nga tikanga whakahaere Fascist o Mussolini i Itari me Hitler i rerekētanga nui. rerekētanga faaite i roto i te Māoritanga me te pūrere tōrangapū. I taua wa ko Germany he whenua i roto i nei i tāutatia he tikanga totalitarian. Ko te āhua kotahi-rōpū, me te Māoritanga tino - hapori National. toro mana Kāwanatanga tino katoa ngā wāhanga o te mahi. Ko te Tuatoru Reich ki te tautoko i te mana o te German National Party-pāpori Workers '. Ko Adolf Hitler te rangatira o tenei hanganga. mahi ano ia kia rite ki te matenga tūturu o te whenua tae noa ki tona matenga (1945). taitara o Hitler kātipa - "Fuehrer me Reich Chancellor." Hinga o te Tuatoru Reich i i te mutunga o te Pakanga Tuarua. Taimi nounou ki mu'a e, i roto i 1944, kawea he tukipoto i taka me te kōhurutanga o Hitler ( "te whakatakotoria Generals") i roto i. Ko whānui te kaupapa Nasí. O te faufaa ngā ko te tohu o te fascism - te swastika. I whakamahia te reira i tata ki hea, ara puta moni o te Tuatoru Reich.

kaupapa here ke

Mai 1938 i roto i tenei rohe i tuhia ai he hiahia etahi mō te roha tōrangapū, me te rohe. haere hīkoi o te Tolú Reich ki āhua rerekē. I roto i te Maehe, i runga, i hanga te Anschluss (mharahara i kaha), Austria, a i roto i te wā i Mahuru 38 th ki Maehe 39 th i piri ki te āhua German Klaipeda rohe me te Czech Republic. Na ka whānui ake te whenua noa atu. I roto i te 39raa i piri ai etahi rohe Polish ko Dantzig, a puta 41 mharahara (mharahara) Luxembourg.

ao

Me kï hoki te angitu tuatahi o te German Empire i roto i nga tau wawe o te whawhai. Hīkoi o te Tuatoru Reich haere i roto i te nuinga o continental Europe. i riro maha rohe, ki te okotahi o Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal ko Spain. i nohoia ētahi wāhi, ētahi e de hinonga kāwanatanga ti'aturi märena. Ko te whakamutunga, hei tauira, ngā Croatia. I roto i tenei take, i reira nga okotahi - ko Finland me Bulgaria. Ko ratou hoa o Germany, a kawea atu te kaupapa here motuhake kotahi katoa. Otiia e 1943 i reira kua he huringa nui i roto i te pakanga. Painga i teie nei i te taha o te whakakotahi anti-Hitler. E January 45th te whawhai kua oho ki te rohe German mua-te pakanga. Hinga o te Tuatoru Reich, tupu i muri i te whakakorenga o te kāwanatanga Flensburg arahina e Karl Doenitz. ¶ Na i roto i te 1945, i runga i te 23 o Mei.

Ko te whakaoranga o te ōhanga

I roto i nga tau tuatahi o te ture a Hitler, kua muri Germany kore anake i roto i te kaupapa here ke. Me mea tatou konei e kua whai wāhi te Führer me whakatutukitanga ki te whakaoranga ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. Hua o ona ngā mahi arotakea te maha o kaitätari ke, me te i roto i ngā porowhita tōrangapū rite te merekara. Ka kaha i roto i te he vahaataimi Germany tae noa ki 1932, ka hinga kore mahi i ono miriona ki tetahi pahara ki 1936 mu. I roto i te wā taua i reira ko te hua o te hanga ahumahi (ki runga, ki te 102%), rererua me hua. Whakatere te tere o te whakaputa. I roto i te tuatahi o nga tau o te kāwanatanga Nasí i whakahaere i te ōhanga kei te nuinga whakaritea e Yalmarom Shahtom (Hitler ia kihai tata i pokanoa ki tona mahi). I roto i tenei take, i te kaupapa here ā- i hāngai, te tuatahi, me te tuatahi, he mahi o te kore mahi e tika ana ki te hua koi i roto i mahi tūmatanui, me te ki whakatenatena rāngai hinonga tūmataiti. Hoki taurewa kāwanatanga takoto kau whakaratohia hoki i roto i te puka o ngā pire motuhake. Ko te auau tāke mō ngā kamupene ki te whakawhānui haumi whakapaipai, me te whakarato i te mahi hua on tino heke.

Takoha Hjalmar Schacht

kia mea te reira e ōhanga te whenua o mai 1934, ka mau te hōia te akoranga. E ai ki kaitätari maha, e hāngai ana te whakaoranga pono o Germany i rearmament. E taruke reira i tonoa huihui te piha kaimahi me te pakihi ki te mahi hōia. whakaritea te ōhanga whawhai i roto i te ara pēnei i ki mahi i roto i te rangimarie me te i roto i te whawhai, engari kei te arotahi ki runga i te whawhai katoa. Ko te kaha o te toku ki te whai wāhi i roto i ngā take pūtea i whakahaua ki te utu mo ngā mahi faaineineraa, i roto i ngā re. Ko tētahi o ana tinihanga ko ki tā monipuka. a Schacht te kaha ki te tahuri i te ravea ngā o te moni tino handily. Kua ara tatau economists Foreign e i taua wa te tohu Tiamana i kotahi 237 akoranga. mutu Schacht he whakawhitinga hokohoko rawa pai ki ētahi atu whenua, whakakitea te ohorere ki kaitätari, me mea te reira e kua whakatakotoria te teitei te ohipa, te whānui ka taea e koe te whakawhānui i te pakihi. Ka ora ake na kua ōhanga o Schacht i 1935 ki te 1938 kua whakamahia anake ki te moni i te rearmament. I tata te reira i 12 piriona tohu.

Mana Germana Geringa

Kua riro tenei ahua nga mahi o te toku, a ka te "tonotono" o te ōhanga Tiamana i roto i te tau 1936. Ahakoa te meka i ko ia Goering, rite, te mea, Hitler, he ignoramus i roto i te ao ōhanga, kua oho te whenua ki te pūnaha hōia o te kaupapa here kāinga katoa. I whakawhanakehia mahere-tau e wha, te whāinga o i ko ki te tahuri Germany ki te āhua e taea takitahi whakarato ratou ki nga mea katoa e tika ana i roto i te take o te whawhai me te pā. Ka rite ki te hua, kua ki te kawemai i heke ki te taea iti, tīmata hoki te whakahaere utu, me te utu uaua, kua meinga pānga iti ki te 6% te tau. timata matou ki te hanga i te pehu Megastructures Tuatoru Reich. Ko ratou otaota nui mo te hanga o papanga, rapa waihanga, wahie, me te tahi atu taonga i ona ake rauemi raw. timata hoki ki te whakawhanake i te ahumahi maitai. I roto i ngā, whakaarahia te Tuatoru Reich i Megastructures - wheketere ammonite Goering, i roto i nei whakamahia production te ore anake rohe. Ka rite ki te hua, kua oti tino huihuia te ōhanga German mo te kaha whawhai. I roto i tenei take, nga industrialists, nei moni i ara koi, huarahi maitai o tenei "mīhini whawhai." Kua me ki tenei mahi o aku kua faaiti ki fakangatangata nui, me te pūrongo.

Economy te aroaro o te Pakanga II o te Ao

I roto i te wahi o te toku Walther Funk haere mai i roto i te tau 1937. mahi ia te tuatahi rite Minita o Economy, a ka, e rua nga tau i muri mai, i roto i 1939, ka peresideni o te Reichsbank. E ai ki te tohunga, Tiamana ki te tihi o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i whānui, o te akoranga, "whawhati ake" te ōhanga. Otiia tahuri reira i roto i taua kihai i rite te whakahaere roa whawhai i te Tuatoru Reich. kua rauemi, kai, rauemi raw kua iti, a ko iti te rōrahi o te production kāinga. Ka rite ki te mea tino taumaha, e rua i roto i ngā kounga me te ine i roto i nga tau whawhai te āhuatanga ki ngā rauemi mahi. Heoi, ahakoa nga mau fifi katoa, e tika ana ki te katoa te mana o te taputapu kāwanatanga me te whakahaere Tiamana o te ōhanga tonu tu i runga i te ara e hiahiatia ana. A ahakoa haere te whawhai i runga i, tupu production i roto i te whenua piki haere. Nui ake ki te wahi o te wā, me te nui o te ahumahi hōia. Na, mo te tauira, i roto i te tau 1940 moni reira ki te 15% o te hanga matotoru, a na 1944 th - kua 50%.

Whanaketanga o te turanga pūtaiao, me te hangarau

I roto i Germany, i reira ko he pūnaha ammonite o rāngai wānanga pūtaiao. Ki a ia no ki te pūtahi hangarau teitei me wānanga. E tenei rāngai ngā SRI "Society Kaiser Wilhelm". E subordinated whakahaere pütahitanga katoa ki te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga, Mātauranga me Pūtaiao. I roto i tenei hanganga, i ngā o mano o pūtaiao, i reira ona ake Kaunihera Research, nei te mau melo i māngai o pekanga rerekē (rongoā, faaiopoiporaa me te keri, matū, ahupūngao, etc). Ko kaimahi taua pūtaiao takitaha ki te rōpū motuhake o tohunga o tetahi kōtaha. te melo tata'itahi o te kaunihera ko ki ārahi te mahi pūtaiao, me te rangahau, me te whakamahere o ratou rōpū. I te wa taua i reira ko rāngai ahumahi whakahaere rangahau pūtaiao motuhake. ka mārama tōna faufaa i muri anake i roto i te tau 1945 kua tangohia e te hua o ona mahi ano nga hoa Tiamana. Na roto i te rängai o te whakahaere ahumahi tukinotia taiwhanga āwangawanga nui "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Tae", "Telefunken", "OSRAM". Enei me ētahi atu kamupene whai tikanga rahi, taputapu, te whakatau i te whakaritenga hangarau o te wa, i kaimahi tino tohu. Ka taea e ēnei āwangawanga te mahi ki te neke atu i, mo te tauira, te mahi evanelia taiwhanga.

Speer Tāhuhu

I tua atu ki te rangahau me te rōpū ahumahi, me te ngā taiwhanga rangahau i roto i ngā whare wānanga, ko te rawa he whakahaere nui i te Institute o te ope patu Rangahau. Ko, ano, kihai i tonu tenei rängai, a ka wahia ki te maha nga wahi, marara puta noa momo takitahi o ngā hōia. O te faufaa ngā riro i roto i te whawhai te mahi minita Speer. Me ahau mea e i roto i tenei wā tino heke te taea o te tuku o taiwhanga me'inisititiuti o rauemi mata, taputapu me ngā kaimahi, te ahumahi i roto i te whenua whakauaua akakoromaki i te rōrahi nui o whakahau i te mana hōia. riro Speer Tāhuhu mana ki te whakaoti i ngā raruraru production. Hei tauira, i runga i te aha rangahau kia mutu rite te tikanga, haere tonu etahi, i te mea he faufaa rautaki e kia rangahau he matua, te tākaro i te tūranga whakatakotoria.

pakanga

Weapons o te Tuatoru Reich i hanga ki te whakataki o ngā whanaketanga pūtaiao, hangarau rawa hanga. O te akoranga, ki te kore i taea e te akoranga i tīpakohia o te ōhanga me te tahi atu. Germany i kore noa ki te whakarato ratou ki te tikanga ahumahi engari ano kia hōia rawa. Haunga te mua, ka anga ki te hoahoa me te "maitai makariri" o te Tuatoru Reich. Heoi, kaupapa katoa kua whakatotoka mua ki te hinga o te fascism. Kua mahi nga hua o maha mahi rangahau rite te tīmatanga mō te mahi rangahau o State anti-Hitler whakakotahitanga.

Awards o te Tuatoru Reich

I mua ka tae mai nga kau Nasí ki te mana, i reira ko tetahi tetahi pūnaha, kia rite ki nei te whakaaturanga o te Tohu Hei whakamaharatanga kawea rangatira o te whenua, e ko, ko o te pūāhua rohe. Ki te haerenga mai o Hitler i hanga huringa nui i roto i te tukanga. Na, i mua i te Tuarua o te Ao Fuehrer fakatāutaha whakaritea, ka te aroaro tohu o te tuatoru Reich o ahua tetahi. I muri mai riro tenei matau taumata rerekē o te whakahau o ngā hōia. Otira i reira i te tahi mau wehewehenga e, i roto i te tua ki Hitler, e kore i taea e hoatu tetahi (hei tauira, a Knight Cross).