Te Internet rite te pūnaha mōhiohio ao. A, no te puta te Ipurangi i roto i Russia? Rauemi online

Ko maheni ki te tangata noho angamaheni o te pa hou Ipurangi, engari mua tenei āhua o take i na te huarahi pai roa, me te uaua o te hanganga me te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ki te whakawhetai i taea e te reira ki te whakarite i te whakamahinga o te Tukutuku Ao Whānui i runga i te tauine ao. He aha e enei rongoā? Kia pehea te kua te Tukutuku Ao Whānui i roto i Russia?

Internet whakamāramatanga

Te Internet rite te pūnaha mōhiohio ao ko te whatunga rorohiko, te wahi tohaina nga kōpuku e puta noa te ao, me i te wa ano arorau hono i roto i te whakamahinga o te wāhi wāhitau ngā. Ko te mahi o te whatunga ao he taea matua whakawhetai ki te whakakotahitanga o ngā paerewa kōrero: hei tauira, whakamahia te rite te tuatahi TCP / IP, whakatinana ōrite i runga i ngā rorohiko katoa hono ki te Tukutuku Ao Whānui.

I roto i te puka hou o te Internet rite te pūnaha mōhiohio ao, i reira e pā ana ki te 30 tau. Otiia i te wa o tona hanganga tupu, i runga i te pūtake o nei te tupu Ao Whatunga, i makona whakawhanakehia i roto i te whenua maha huri noa i te ao.

Ka riro te reira āwhina ki te whai whakaaro te ara i roto i nei kapi reira ake i roto i āhua rerekē. Ko reira taa'eraa e o i timata te hītori o te whanaketanga o te hanganga, i runga i te pūtake ki te kia hanga te Internet hou, ngā hāngai ki te wā o te aroraa i waenganui i nui ngā pūnaha hangarau te ao o e rua - te Western me Soviet. O te akoranga, ko tenei he whakarōpū rawa māmā, pera i roto i te anga o te pūnaha tuatahi me te whakawhanake kaha i te tuarua, hangarau motu rohe, he tino rerekē i roto i ētahi wā.

I roto i te mutunga, kua meinga te pūtake mo te whanaketanga o te Internet hou te tauira Western - engari i te wa o tona whakataki i roto i te USSR, kua kua tohunga Soviet i wheako o te whakamahinga o whatunga rorohiko, ki etahi whānuitanga rite ki te tauira Western o te Internet. A feruri i, Na, he pehea ki te whakawhanake i te Ao Whatunga i roto i te wahi ki te hauauru o te pūnaha hangarau, a ka, ka i reira ko te Internet i roto i Russia e hāngai ana i runga i nga pau o te hanganga whatunga rorohiko-motu.

Ko te hītori o te Internet i roto i whenua Western

I te mutunga o nga 50s, tetahi o nga wā uaua tino o te Cold War, kua whakaturia te kāwanatanga US te mahi pūtaiao American: ki te hanga i tētahi hanganga raraunga e taea mahi ara i roto i te mata o te pakanga patu ao. Kua whakaarohia pūtaiao te ariā o te pūnaha taua - te kaupapa i huaina ARPANET.

I roto i 1969, i te rorohiko o te maha wānanga American nui kua tuhonohono i raro i kaupapa e kua whakawhanakehia e te aivanaa i roto i te anga o tenei kaupapa. I muri, te wheako riro e kairangahau, tangohia i runga i te maha atu ngä: kua arahina tenei ki te tini o ngā whatunga rorohiko e mahi i runga i te paerewa ARPANET te motu.

Puta me ngā hōtaka motuhake mō tenei hanganga: hei tauira, kua i roto i 1971 mo te ARPANET i tuhituhia pūmanawa hangaia ki te unga karere. I roto i te meka, e korero tatou e pā ana ki te ahua o te ī-mēra tuatahi - te mahi taketake o te ipurangi ngā tonu tenei ra te whakahaere o te utu o ngā raraunga i roto i te hōputu tika. I roto i a te 70 email ko reira, kia rite ki nga kairangahau, me te mahi tino rongonui katoa o whatunga rorohiko, deployable roto te kaupapa American.

Ina e, tae te ARPANET te tauine o te Hau Amui no Marite: timata te whatunga ki te hono i te ngā pūtahi Pākehā. i whakaritea Communication ki te hanganga American i te wa taua mā te taura waea whakatakotoria puta noa te Atlantic Ocean.

I roto i te meka, mai i te hononga ki te ARPANET i Europa, i roto i ngā i roto i te 1973, ka anga te utu o raraunga ki te whatunga ki te whakarite i te whakahaere o Ingarangi, me te Norwegian, hei te kaupapa kua ao. Heoi, kōrero i waenganui i rorohiko kei roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te ao, e kore i kainga tonu e tika ana ki te kore o ngā paerewa whänui ana te whakaaetia mō te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga.

whakatau te take e hāngai ana i muri i te kupu whakataki o te kawa TCP / IP ao. Kei te whakamahia tonu te reira e tata rauemi Ipurangi katoa.

Na roto i te wa o te whakataki o te TCP-IP kua te whatunga US-Pākehā ko, kaua, ā-rohe atu ao - ahakoa te meka e i roto i 1983, i muri ka reira te ingoa "Ipurangi." Otiia i tere tona whakamahinga atu. whai wāhi ana tēnei tukanga ki te tenenga i 1984, i te paerewa DNS - e hāngai ana ki runga ki taua mea ka whakahaere ratonga ingoa rohe. Kia kï hoki, e i roto i te taua tau i te kaupapa ARPANET inaianei kua he whakataetae nui i roto i te NSFNet whatunga mata o rorohiko o wānanga rerekē.

NSFNet hanganga i runga i Ipurangi rua

NSFNet hanganga taea ki te whakarato tino teitei akiaki raraunga. tupu ake ia ki te tere tino kaha. Ina e, te "Ipurangi" ka mohiotia rite te wa tupu whatunga NSFNet. I roto i te 1988, ka taea ki te whakamahi i te rauemi mo te whakahaere o te karere inamata i roto i te hōputu kōrerorero - mā IRC.

I roto i te 1989, whakawhanakehia pūtaiao Ingarangi Tim Berners-Lee te ariā o te whatunga rorohiko ao, te Tukutuku Ao Whānui. I roto i te 2 tau i muri mai, hanga ana e ia he kawa whakawhiti o Kuputuhiitua - HTTP, HTML reo, me te pūwehe URL. E ai ki maha kairangahau, he reira te whakawhetai ki te tenenga o Tim Berners-Lee Ipurangi rite te pūnaha mōhiohio ao timata hīkoi tere puta noa te ao.

Enei paerewa, me te te pea o te kawa TCP / IP ao whakahohea ki āwhatatia te Tukutuku Ao Whānui i runga i te tauine ao ki te tere nui. I roto i te wawe 90-doma i hanga te taketake kaha o te Internet, e wātea ana ki ngā kaiwhakamahi i tenei ra: te whiwhi uru ki ngā whārangi tukutuku puta noa pūtirotiro, whakatakoto kōrero ki runga ki a ratou, te fariiraa, me te whakawhiti i ngā kōnae. O te akoranga, noho ratonga rongonui ī-mēra, IRC.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. ake Xia hangarau whakahaere ihirangi te reo Kuputuhiitua. NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. Ka rite ki te pūtake hanganga o te Internet mo te wa roa e whakamahia tūmau NSFNet, engari i roto i te 1995 i whakawhitia tenei mahi ki kaiwhakarato whatunga. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. I te 1996 ka e ia he paerewa WWW nuitia tupu e ai i reira taea ki te whakawhiti tata tetahi raraunga mā te whakamahi i te takere Ipurangi. FTP. Otiia i mau a reira tona hāngaitanga me te paerewa FTP. интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. I teie mahana, tonu maha rauemi ipurangi ki te whakamahi i te reira ki te whakarite tiritiri kōnae pai.

I roto i te puka mua o te Tukutuku Ao Whānui rite te katoa i hanga te timatanga o nga 2000. Ka rite ki whakanui i koe te tere o te whai wāhi kaiwhakamahi ki rauemi ipurangi i roto i hangarau pērā i DSL, muka, 3G, 4G, rawa rongonui ko nga rauemi ki te hāngai te ataata, pērā i YouTube, papa matotoru hoki petipeti, ratonga kapua. whakaritea te reira i roto i te Internet ki kōrero i waenganui i te iwi, engari ano hoki i waenganui i ngā pūrere rerekē e kore anake - i ngā tūemi whare ohie ki hanganga nui ahumahi. He he nui o ngā ariā pūtaiao rite ki te pehea, ki te whakawhanake i te Internet rite te pūnaha mōhiohio ao i roto i te heke mai. He tino rerekē ratou, a i roto i te tikanga maha ratou iteraa tei runga i te akoranga tūturu o te whanaketanga o hangarau rorohiko.

History o te Ipurangi i roto i Russia

Matou e tuatapapa i teie nei, ka ko te Internet i roto i Russia. I runga i te tauira te uru o te whanaketanga o te kōrero online, ua haapii matou, he mea inaianei nui mo ki tatou mahino e founga ki te whakatinana i te hanganga e tika ana i roto i to tatou whenua.

Mai tei tapaohia tatou i roto i tenei tuhinga, mo te wa roa, hangarau mōhiohio i roto i te Soviet Union whakawhanakehia i roto i te whakarara ki te uru. Me kï reira e ki te whānuitanga nui i to ratou whanaketanga kua meinga whakawhetai taea ki te putanga o te Soviet Union nga rauemi mo te uri o te turanga ki te hauauru o te microprocessor, kua kaha nei kua whakatinanahia i ngā taumata o kōrero kāwanatanga i roto i te 60-70s, engari i mua i te pūtaiao Soviet te whanaketanga rawa ahu whakamua o ratou ake . Ko rānei ara, te ngako o te Ipurangi i roto i te Western tikanga i taea rerekē materia i aua ariā o whatunga rorohiko i roto i te USSR.

Hoki i nga 1950, kua hanga e kaipūtaiao Soviet he whatunga rorohiko hei wāhanga o te kaupapa korero hanganga pere. hāngai ēnei whatunga i runga Soviet momo o "Diana-ahau», «Diana-II» me ētahi atu whakatau rorohiko. kawea te utu o ngā mōhiohio i waenganui i nga rorohiko e hāngai ana i roto i ki te tātai i te trajectory o pere rere.

I roto i te 1970, whatunga rorohiko me e whai wāhi i roto i te ao ā - i roto i ngā rite te hanganga i roto i te anga o te momo pūnaha ACS Express me "Siren", ka taea ki a koe ranei, aua, rerewē me te rangi tīkiti. I roto i te 1974, whakaaro te rorohiko i Koi-8.

I roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te 80raa Institute VNIIPAS timata ki te whakatinana, te whakamahi i rorohiko, utu raraunga mamao ki ngā rōpū ke. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). I roto i te whānui, i roto i nga tau 80 te whakamahinga o Soviet pūnaha rorohiko raumata haere kaha rawa, te nuinga e tika ana ki te putanga o te Soviet Union putanga paetata o te pūnaha mahi UNIX (i runga i te mau parau tumu o te mahi Linux hou, me te, i roto i tahuri, e hāngai ana i runga i tona pūnaha mahi Android, e taea te pēnei ki te te tino noa i roto i te ao nei, ki te tango koe i te mākete pūkoro). I roto i te meka, i 1990 te Soviet Union te hanganga e tika ana katoa mo te whakatōpū atu o nga whatunga rorohiko Soviet me te Internet ki mahi i runga i te pūtake o NSFNet Rauemi i hanga e.

"RELCOM" - te whatunga rorohiko-motu

He he he whatunga rorohiko katoa-Union "RELCOM" e e whakamahi ngā tikanga me hangarau Ipurangi. whakaratohia kōrero i waenganui i te rorohiko e takere waea. He wāhi tino hira i roto i te hanga tenei hanganga takaro nga ngā o te mahi ngātahi "Demos", whai wāhi i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā rongoā pūmanawa.

I roto i August 1990, kua whakapumautia kairangahau i te Kurchatov Institute he hononga ki te Whare Wānanga o Helsinki i te tikanga ki te whakarite i te mahi o ngā karere ī-mēra i roto i te awa tuku, i roto i te meka, te Internet. I roto i te Mahuru RELCOM 1990 tohunga ' "me" Demos "kamupene rēhita te rohe .su Soviet Union, i te mea tonu i roto i te te whakamahi - ka i reira ko te putanga e ka tupu tona rongonui.

I roto i te USSR, te whatunga kaiwhakamahi whakawhanakehia me Fido ki "RELCOM". Na roto i te 1991, no te kaiwhakamahi Soviet whakauru i te "RELCOM" hei rauemi e wātea ana ki te whakatutuki rohe - rite i roto i te Internet hou. I roto i te 1992, kua i roto i te Federation Russian reira ko nga kaiwhakarato tuatahi.

Mā te whakamahi i te TCP paerewa ao / IP i Russia te hoko whaikörero. I roto i te April 1994, i rēhitatia rohe motu .ru. Mai reira, whakawhanakehia te Internet i roto i Russia rite te katoa kia rite ki te pai kia rite i roto i nga whenua Western. I te wa ano, kua hanga tohunga Russian ano he wāhi nui ki te whanaketanga o te Tukutuku Ao Whānui, i roto i ngā i te taumata o te whanaketanga o anti-huaketo, rongoā tūmau.

Na, ako matou pehea te whatunga ko te Internet, ngā te whanaketanga o hangarau kōrero e tika ana i roto i Russia me i te Te Hau-ā-uru. Tatou ako inaianei e ko te teie mahana Ao Whānui Tukutuku.

Ipurangi Modern: kaiwhakarato ratonga

Access ki te Internet mo kaiwhakamahi o te ISP. Kei te ako matou i te mau fifi motuhake ki te whakatika e ratou.

Ko wai te mea te kaiwhakarato o te Ipurangi? I roto i nga tau wawe o te Tukutuku Ao Whānui i whakaaro te kamupene taua whakarato ratonga whakawhiti ki te whakarato kōrero o te kaiwhakamahi, me te tūmau Ipurangi tawhio noa. Na te kaiwhakarato - he kaiwhakarato o ngā rauemi kōrero moni mo te mahi o te hanganga whatunga i roto i te tauine rohe, me te ētahi wā motu. Kamupene whakarato ratonga, ka taea e kia rite te nui rawa, te ao, me te rohe, e taea te mahi i runga i te tauine o tetahi pa.

He he maha nui o tikanga e e taea kaiwhakarato ratonga whakarato ratou ratonga: awa whatu me te waea, amiorangi, ipurangi pūkoro. He ona huapai me ngā huakore ia o ratou. I nei takere e whakamahia ki te whānuitanga nui i runga i te utu o te Internet hangaia e te ISP. Ka rite ki te tikanga, waeahia te utu tino utu mo te kaiwhakamahi te takere, he bit utu - pūtau, te tino utu - amiorangi. I roto i tenei take, ka taea e kia te utu i te kaiwhakarato ratonga:

• i roto i te hōputu utu ā-marama;
• mo te waka;
• i roto i ētahi wā - mo te wa uru ki te Net.

Te Mahi o te Internet i roto i te ao nei i teie mahana, ko te matua ki te whakarato i ngā kaiwhakamahi ki te taea ki te haere ki ngā pae rerekē.

Ipurangi Modern: paetukutuku

Posted i runga i te pae Ipurangi - te kohinga o ngā kōnae (kuputuhi, whakairoiro, ataata, me ngā oro kei roto i ētahi atu wāhanga rongorau), e kua uru mā ngā kawa pērā i WWW, HTTP, FTP, me ētahi atu e te hunga tino pai i roto i te take ngā. O te akoranga, te kōnae raraunga i roto i te ara etahi pūnahanaha ki te whakahaere i te perception o ngā mōhiohio i te kaiwhakamahi.

Ko te huānga matua o te pae pūnaha - he whārangi tukutuku. I roto i te nuinga o te wā, kua hanga te reira i roto i te reo o HTML, maha te whakamahi i ngā hōtuhi rerekē. kia whai i te kaupapa rerekē te pae. Ka taea e kia nūpepa online, rangitaki, hautū ataata, hākinakina, whakangahau tomokanga tenei - i reira he rota o momo o ngā rauemi e taea te kei i runga i te Tukutuku Ao Whānui.

Ipurangi Modern: Radio ko TV

Runga ake tuhia e matou e ki te whanaketanga o hangarau kōrero, me te whakapiki ake i te auau raraunga, e whiwhi rauemi ataata rerekē rongonui i runga i te Ipurangi. Ka rite ki taua e taea te whakaaro, mo te tauira, TV Internet me te reo irirangi ipurangi. Ēnei hangarau hanga reira taea ki te kawe TV haapurororaa me ngā hōtaka reo irirangi i runga i ngā pae motuhake ki te whakamahi o hangarau motuhake.

Ko reira taa'eraa e tokomaha o nga ratonga matatau tukua ki a koe te whakarite to koutou ake fanongonongo ki tetahi kaiwhakamahi hiahia. TV Ipurangi tango ki pūkete te nuinga o ngā rārangi nui-tere - e kore te mea he haamaitairaa, engari he rauemi noa tenei. E i te wa ano kia rapua e haumi nui i te kaiwhakamahi (tangata, pūtea) i roto i tona whakatairanga me te whanaketanga. Ka taea e te taua te mea hoki tukutuku. nūpepa Online whakangahau tomokanga ranei e taea te rēhita i te tangata e hiahia ana, engari tahuri ratou ki te waitohu e mōhiotia - e kore te mahi ngāwari.

Ipurangi Modern: tono pūkoro

Ko tētahi o nga ngā tino korerotia i roto i te whanaketanga o te Ipurangi hou e taea te whakaaro tono pūkoro whaikörero - pūmanawa motuhake ki te kia whakarewahia ki smartphones papa ranei. Functionally, kia rite ki ngā whārangi Tukutuku te raraunga tono i roto i te maha ngā take. Ko reira he rongoā motuhake o te momo e tika ana, mo te tauira, urutau ki te whakarato wāhi haumaru ki te pūkete whaiaro, pēnei i te pēke. tenei ra Internet - he taiao kōrero i roto i nei ka taea e koe te whakawhiti tata tetahi mōhiohio mamati, a i roto i te maha ngā take e titau te reira i te whakamahi o ngā kawa motuhake me ngā hangarau, tae atu te hunga o tono pūkoro.

whakarāpopototanga

Na, kua ako matou te mea ko te ariā o te Tukutuku Ao Whānui, me te hangarau matua e kua whakamahia i roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite i tona mahi. Ko te ngako o te Internet - ki te whakarato i ngā kaiwhakamahi huri noa i te ao he wāhi iti-utu pūmau ki ngā momo o ngā mōhiohio whai hua, ngā kōnae, ihirangi rongorau, me te ki te rauemi i roto i nei te iwi e taea te kōrero ki ia atu, me te whakawhiti i te momo o raraunga. he mōhio ki te tangata peheé te taea tenei ra, pea katoa i runga i te ao, ahakoa i mua i te reira e wātea ana ki te torutoru rawa iwi, i roto i te maha ngā take, i taea te whakamahi ratou anake i roto i te aroaro o te tohu teitei i roto i te parae o hangarau mōhiohio.

Ko wai te mea te kaiwhakarato o te ipurangi, e o ratou e taea te hono ki a i te mea utu - pātai tata tino e ka mohio te noho angamaheni o te metropolis hou. tonu te Tukutuku Ao Whānui ki te whanake: i reira he ratonga hou, ngā hangarau, ngā ariā o te whakahaere o ngā kaiwhakamahi kōrero, ake pūrere hoki whakawhiti raraunga. Ko te ara ki te haere he hangarau te ahunga whakamua, na, he aha e te ōhanga ao, tautuhi tatou te pere mo te whanaketanga atu o te Internet.