Rauemi Electrotechnical, āhuatanga me te tono

Te kaha me te te mauroa o mihini me ngā tipu hiko tei runga i te huru o te mātao, whakaaro hiko hoki e whakamahia te rauemi. E āhuatanga ratou e te huinga o ngā āhuatanga motuhake ka whakanohoia i roto i te tikanga mara hiko, a kei te tāuta i roto i ngā pūrere e hāngai ana i runga i enei tohu.

taea wehea rauemi hiko Whakarōpū ki ngā rōpū motuhake o te tuuraa, semiconducting, whakahaere me ngā rauemi autō e fakalahi te hua matua: pūnga iahiko, conductors, isolators me āhuatanga rite Semiconductor.

Materials ki ngāue mara autō hiko ranei rite takitahi ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake, me E whai wāhi ana ki te radiations maha wā kotahi. conventionally wehea rauemi autō ki matū ngonge autō, me te matū autō. I roto i te tikanga hiko tino nuitia mahi kaha rauemi autō.

Materials pūtaiao

mea te rauemi te rawa, āhuatanga e motuhake mai i ētahi atu taonga o te hanganga matū, āhuatanga me te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota me ngota. Ko te taonga, ko te i roto i te kotahi o āhua wha: haurehu waihā, totoka, wai wē ranei. Electrical me ngā rauemi hanganga mahi ki te tāuta i te whānuitanga o ngā mahi.

rauemi whakahaere tuku irahiko wāhanga rere whakarato motuhake uruhanga. Taupānga o nga mea timatanga parenga tahuri pūngao hiko ki wera, pupuri nga rauemi o ngā hua hanga ratou āhua, hei tauira, te whare. rauemi Electrical me hanga e hiahiatia ki te mahi i kore tetahi engari e rave rahi mahi e pā ana, pērā i te insulator i roto i te whakamātautau kawenga hiko, e hopoi mai te reira i ki rauemi hanganga.

rauemi Electrical pūtaiao - te pūtaiao e pā ana ki te whakamāramatanga o te āhuatanga, te ako o te whanonga o te mea i raro i te mana o te hiko, wera, makariri, mara autō, me te tahi atu rangahau pūtaiao nga āhuatanga motuhake e hiahiatia ana ki te hanga hiko mīhini, ngā pūrere me tāuta ..

Kaiārahi

Ko ētahi o ēnei taputapu hiko, i te mea ua faaite te tohu matua kawe o nāianei hiko. Ko tenei no te mea i roto i te papatipu o te taonga ngonge e herea tonu irahiko hakari ki te karihi, me te te kawe tiaki noa. neke ratou ki te āmionga o tetahi muingota ki tetahi, me te hanga i te nāianei. Ko te rauemi conductive matua whakaaro parahi, konumohe.

Ki nga conductors he āhuatanga e whai he ρ resistivity hiko <10 ^-5, ai te rauemi ko te kaiwhakahaere pai ki te tohu 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. e kore e konganuku anake konganuku katoa he tepu nāianei pai o 105 huānga 25, me i tenei he rōpū kanorau o ngā rauemi 12 whakahaere o nāianei hiko, me te e whakaaro rite Semiconductors.

Ko te ahupūngao o ngā rauemi hiko taea ratou te whakamahi rite māngai i roto i te āhua haurehu waihā me te wai. Ka rite ki te tono i te whakarewa wai i te pāmahana noa te mēkuri anake, mo e te āhua tūturu. Ko te tahi atu konganuku whakamahia rite conductors anake wai i roto i te āhua wera. No te conductors whakamahia me conductive wai, hei tauira kawehiko. āhuatanga nui o te conductors, tuku ki te wehewehe ratou rite ki te tohu o te kawe ia hiko, e whakaaro āhuatanga kawe ia waiariki me te kaha ki te whakatupuranga waiariki.

rauemi uruhanga

Rerekē conductors, he maha iti o irahiko free āhua elongated kei dielectrics papatipu. Ko te taonga matua o te taonga, ko te tona kaha ki te farii i te wehenga tawhiti o te mara hiko. faataa tēnei āhuatanga e te meka e raro i te mana o utu e pā ana-hiko e oho i roto i te ahunga o ope mahi. Ko nui, te teitei te kaha mara hiko te tawhiti wāhikē.

Ko te piri ki te pai atu i te kawe ia taupū iti, a iti iho korerotia atu te tohu o te vahiraa, e homai he tohu o te manene, me te tohatoha pūngao ngāwhā rauemi te tuuraa i hiko. hāngai ana te kawe ia o te uruhanga kei i runga i te mahi o te nui iti o dipoles noa tīpakopako ki te mahi o te parae. I muri i te vahiraa, te taonga puka uruhanga ki wehenga tawhiti rerekē, i.e., e rua utu o rerekē tohu i hanga i runga i te mata.

dielectrics Taupānga tino ngā i roto i te hiko, mai i te whakamahi o ngā āhuatanga huānga kaha, me te hāngū.

Ki te rauemi hohe, me ngā āhuatanga Nireaha ki te whakahaere, ngā:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• rauemi mō ngā emitters i roto i te taiaho.

rauemi hiko Basic - āhuatanga hāngū uruhanga, whakamahia te rite tuuraa i ngā rauemi me ngā pūnga o te momo tikanga. E kaha ki te momotu i te wahi e rua o te taiawhio hiko i ia atu, me te ārai i te waipuke o utu hiko ratou. Mai kawea ratou wehe i roto mā te wahi o nāianei-amo ki pūngao hiko mahue te i roto i te whenua ranei i runga i te whare.

wehea e te insulator

I roto i te rauemi uruhanga organic me inorganic e wehea, i runga i te hanganga matū rānei. e kore e dielectrics pararopi roto i waro i roto i tona hanganga, i te puka organic he huānga waro tuatahi. matū pararopi pērā i uku, Mika, he nui rawa o te wera.

rauemi hiko i runga i te tikanga mo te whakaputa wehea ki dielectrics māori, me te horihori. hāngai ana te whānui o ngā rauemi waihanga whakamahi i runga i te meka e taea hanga ki te hoatu i te rauemi te āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana.

E ai ki te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota me dielectrics wini rāpoi wehea ki neke, me te kore-neke. Kei te hoki i huaina te whakamutunga kūpapa. Ko te rerekētanga ko e te ngota me rāpoi mua ki o ratou mahi i runga i te nāianei hiko ranei kahore tiaki hiko. K te rōpū kūpapa ngā Teflon, polyethylene, Mika, kiripaka, me etahi atu. Ko te dielectrics neke ngā o ngā rāpoi ngota ki te tiaki pai kino ranei, he tauira ko te polyvinyl pūhaumāota, bakelite.

āhuatanga uruhanga

Ka rite ki dielectrics wehea ki haurehu waihā, wai, me te totoka. Ko te tino whakamahia nuitia rauemi hiko totoka. arotakea ratou āhuatanga, me te tono mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā me ngā āhuatanga:

• he resistivity rōrahi;
• permittivity uruhanga;
• he resistivity mata;
• te tau whakarea o ngāwhā uruhanga;
• uruhanga pātapa mate o te koki faaite;
• kaha o te rauemi i raro i te mana o te hiko.

Tei rōrahi resistivity i runga i te kaha o te rauemi ki te pato'ii te leakage runga nāianei uara tamau. Tohu kōaro resistivity i huaina kawe ia nuinga.

takoto Mata resistivity e te kaha o te rauemi ki te pato'ii te te nāianei tamau e rerengia ana i runga i tona mata. Mata kawe ia ko te tau utuutu o te ahua o mua.

Ko te tau whakarea o waiariki uruhanga whakaata te tohu o te huringa i roto i te resistivity i muri i te whakatairanga i te pāmahana o te taonga. Tikanga, heke te ātete ki te whakanui ake i te pāmahana, reira, he tōraro te uara whakarea.

Te taimau uruhanga whakatau te tono hiko o ngā rauemi i roto i runga i te kaha o te rauemi ki te waihanga te puritanga hiko. Mehua o te kaha whanaunga o te uruhanga ngā i roto i te ariā o te uruhanga pūmau. whakaaturia huri tohu kaha mātao o mua whakarea uruhanga waiariki, e wā kotahi whakaatu he hua heke ranei i roto i te puritanga me te huringa i roto i te pāmahana.

Pātapa o te koki mate uruhanga whakaata te tohu o te mekameka mate te mana ki te whakapai kanohi ki te rauemi uruhanga i raro ki te nāianei tauutuutu hiko.

rauemi āhuatanga Electrotechnical o tohu kaha uruhanga, e whakatau i te taea o whakangaro te taonga i raro i te ahotea. I roto i te tāutu i te kaha pūkaha o te maha o ngā whakamātautau ki te whakatū i te rohe taupū kaha shock, kurut, piko, torsional, pānga, me te whati.

āhuatanga tinana me te matū o dielectrics

I roto i te dielectrics roto i te maha etahi o waikawa tukua. huaina te nui o te konurehu waihā i roto i milligrams hiahiatia ki te pehea e poke i roto i te 1 g o te taonga kei te tau waikawa. whakangaro waikawa rauemi organic i te pānga kino i runga i te āhuatanga te tuuraa.

rauemi hiko āhuatanga kīnaki pokey whakarea te waku ranei, e whakaatu ana i te tohu o te rere o te mea. Kei te wehea pokey ki here me kinematic.

whakaritea Waeine o te absorption wai kei runga i te papatipu o te wai whenumi e whakamātautau nga ra rahi huānga i muri rumaki i roto i te wai i te pāmahana tomu'a rānei. Tenei kiripuaki tohu te porosity o te rauemi, te whakanui ake i te taupū ino roa te āhuatanga te tuuraa.

rauemi autō

e karangatia aro mātai mahinga o nga āhuatanga autō nga āhuatanga autō:

• uruhanga pūmau autō;
• uruhanga whanaunga autō;
• whakarea waiariki o te uruhanga autō;
• mōrahi pūngao autō.

E wehea rauemi autō ki pakeke, me te ngohengohe. Kei te āhuatanga e parekura iti ërä nui o magnetization o te tinana mahi mara autō nga huānga ngohengohe. He nui ake permeable ratou ki nga ngaru autō i te kaha coercive iti me te teitei waiwai arataki. Ratou whakamahi i roto i te transformers pūrere o mihini hiko me ngā tikanga, pukupuku autō ranei atu taputapu wahi ko reira magnetization tika ki awerenga pūngao iti. Ēnei ngā parakore rino, te rino -hiko - Armco, permalloy, maitai hiko alloys pepa, nika-rino.

Kei te āhuatanga e te mate tohu i ërä nui o magnetization i runga i te papa autō waho rauemi Solid. Te fariiraa ngātere kotahi autō, he magnetized taua rauemi hiko me ngā hua, me mo te wa roa ki te pupuri i te pūngao penapena. E ratou he ope coercive tiketike, me te kaha arataki wäriu tiketike. Elements ki enei āhuatanga e whakamahia mo te hanga o aukume pahoho. Māngai o ngā huānga he alloys i runga i ngā wāhanga rino, konumohe, nika, konukurahina, silicon.

magnetodielectrics

Ko tēnei rauemi whakauru, 75-80% i roto i te hanganga kei roto i te puehu autō, ki tonu te papatipu o te toenga polymeric teitei organic te ki uruhanga. Y ferrites me ferrites nui haere ngā uara o resistivity rōrahi, parekura o nāianei Eddy iti, e taea ratou te whakamahi i roto i te hangarau nui-auau. Ferrites he tohu pūmau i roto i ngā āpure auau rerekē.

MALA'E whakamahi ferromagnets

Kei te tino whai hua e whakamahia ana ratou ki te hanga i tētahi matua o coils hiko. Taupānga o te rauemi e āhei ana ki te whakapiki ake i te nui te papa autō o te hiko, i te kore te huri i te pānui o te kaha o nāianei. Taua whakaurunga o te ferrite whakaora mana kohi i roto i te mahi o te pūrere. rauemi Electrical me ngā taputapu i muri i te mana autō waho pupuri āhuatanga autō, a ka pupuritia te mara i roto i te wāhi pātata.

e kore e ngā Elementary haere i muri i whakawhiti atu te aukume, te kupu te hanga i te aukume paerewa pūmau e mahi whai hua i runga i taringa, waea, ine whakaaro, kāpehu, pūrere tuhi tangi. Tino rongonui i roto i te whakamahi o aukume pūmau, e kore electrically conductive. pūhui whiwhi o waikura rino ki ngā atu waikura. Lodestone pā ki ferrite.

rauemi Semiconductor

He āhuatanga e whai he uara kawe ia i te mea i roto i te wā o tenei taupū mō conductors me dielectrics enei. Ko te kawe o enei rauemi tei runga i te oraraa o poke i roto i te taimaha, pānga waho me tohutohu o hē ā-.

Āhuatanga o Electrotechnical rōpū rauemi Semiconductors whakaatu nui ngā rerekētanga i ia atu āhuatanga i runga i te wini whakakahokaho hanganga, hanganga me ngā āhuatanga. Tei runga i enei tawhā, kua whakarōpūtia rauemi ki 4 momo:

1. ngota Elements kei roto i te momo kotahi: silicon, ūkuikui, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, me ētahi atu.
2. Rauemi kei roto waikura konganuku tito o - parahi waikura, cadmium, konutea me etahi atu.
3. Ko te rauemi i roto i te antimonide rōpū ngā.
4. rauemi Organic - naphthalene, anthracene, me ētahi atu.

Tei runga i te wini whakakahokaho wehea ki rauemi polycrystalline Semiconductor me huānga monocrystalline. Āhuatanga o rauemi hiko e āhei ki a ratou faaite i roto i te kore-autō, me te ngonge. I roto i te wāhanga o autō wehewehe Semiconductors, conductors me āhuatanga kore-conductive. he uaua tohatoha mārama ki te mahi, mai i te tikanga rerekē maha rauemi i roto i te taiao huri. Hei tauira, e taea te whakaritea mahi o etahi Semiconductors i pāmahana iti ki te pānga o te insulators. Ko te hunga dielectrics mā te whakawera mahi rite Semiconductors.

rauemi hiato

Materials kahore e i wehea i runga i te mahi me te hanganga, ka karanga rauemi hiato, he reira ano hoki ngā rauemi hiko. Ratou āhuatanga me tono e tika ana ki te huinga o ngā rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga. Tauira he wāhanga whārangi muka karaihe, kaka kōata, ranunga o konganuku conductive me whakangutungutu. Whakamahi o ngā ranunga kaha ōrite heheu rauemi, me te tono ia ratou ki to ratou ūnga. I te tahi taime te huinga o ngā wāhanga hiato arata'i ki te hanga o te huānga katoa hou ki te tahi atu āhuatanga.

rauemi kiriata

hōkai nui hoki E whakataka ana hiko me rīpene piripiri kua riro rite rauemi hiko. He rerekē i ētahi atu dielectrics ngāwari, rawaka kaha mīhini me ngā āhuatanga tuuraa i pai ratou āhuatanga. Ko te matotoru o te hua rerekē i runga i te rauemi rānei:

• kiriata matotoru o 6-255 microns mahi, tuku rīpene 0,2-3,1 mm;
• hua terei i roto i te puka o rīpene me kiriata hua 20-110 microns matotoru;
• matotoru rīpene polyethylene hanga 35-200 m, he whanui o 250 ki te 1500 mm;
• hanga matotoru kiriata fluoroplastic te 5 ki te 40 microns, he whanui o 10-210 mm te tauhononga.

Whakarōpū o rauemi hiko i te kiriata taea ki te wehewehe e rua ngā momo: hāngai, ka hāngai-kore kiriata. whakamahia te rauemi tuatahi te tino maha.

Peita me coatings mō te mātao hiko

Solutions o matū hanga i roto i solidification kiriata he taputapu hiko hou. Tenei rōpū ngā asphalts, hinu whakamaroke, resins, hākawa cellulose ranei pūhui me ngā o enei wae. Te faafariuraa o te wāhanga Kaore i roto i te insulator puta i muri i te whakaetonga o te papatipu whakarewa whakatakotoria me hanga he kiriata mātotoru. Na roto i te ara o te faaohiparaa i te kiriata kua wehea ki piripiri, paninga me te impregnation.

Impregnating varnishes whakamahia mō te kopiko hiko i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapiki ake i te kawe ia waiariki me te ātete ki te makuku. Paninga wanihi o runga waihanga he paninga tiaki ki te houku, makariri, te hinu, mata awhiowhio te, mātao kirihou. wāhanga piripiri i he kāpia ahei pereti Mika ki ētahi atu rauemi.

Pūhui mō te mātao hiko

Kua aroaro ēnei rauemi i te otinga wai i te wa o te whakamahi, aru i te pakeke me te fakafuofua'i ke. Matū āhuatanga e te meka e kore e te hanganga i roto i ngā whakarewa. no ano nga pūhui ki te rōpū "taputapu hiko". Puka ko to ratou makanga me impregnating. Kei te whakamahia te momo tuatahi mō te whakakī kōwhao i roto i nga hononga cable, a kua whakamahia te rua o nga rōpū mō te impregnation o te kopiko nekeneke.

Pūhui hua he rewarau, fakamolū ratou i muri i te hua i roto i te pāmahana, me te rewatau, matatau tiaki te ahua o te solidification.

Moe rauemi tuuraa i kaiota

Hoki te hanga o taua rauemi whakamahi muka organic me wāhanga te tangata-i hanga. muka huawhenua Natural o te hiraka, rinena, rakau te faa'una'unaraa i roto i te rauemi o te take waro (te muka, kakahu, te pepamārō). Haumākū o taua insulators pae i 6-10%.

rauemi Organic o waihanga (nairona) i roto i makuku anake 3 ki te 5%, pērā i waiwai o te houku me muka pararopi (kaka kōata). Kei te āhuatanga rauemi pararopi e te ngoikore ki te ahi i te tino whakawera. Ki te ki nga rauemi waiwai enamels ranei lacquers, te piki flammability. E hua supply o rauemi hiko i roto i te hanga o te mīhini hiko me taputapu.

Leteroid

whakaputaina te muka angiangi i roto i ngā rau me te whakataka atu ki te pukapuka mo te transportation. whakamahia te reira i rite te rauemi mō te hokohoko i nga gaskets mātao, āhua dielectrics mōria. Pepa moe ki kiripaka me te poari papa kiripaka hanga o papa kiripaka chrysotile, te wāwāhi i te reira ki muka. Papa kiripaka he ātete ki tikanga kawakore, engari e wawahi iho i roto i te waikawa.

Roto i te whakamutunga, kia tuhia te reira e ki te whakamahi o ngā rauemi hou mo te mātao o te taputapu hiko ora ratonga kei te tino nui haere. Hoki tāuta whakamahi whare rauemi ki ngā āhuatanga i tīpakohia e tukua mo te hanga o te taputapu hou mahi ki te whakapai ake mahi.