Private kauwhau ture te ao.

I roto i te pūtaiao Russian, me te Western hou tonu e kore e te tīariari te whakahoki mārama, me te ta'e ki te pātai, he aha te mea he tūmataiti kauwhau ture ao (MPP). I tua atu ki te kore o te whakamāramatanga pū o te wā, i reira te mea ano hoki he huarahi noa ki te hanganga me te whakarōpū o tenei ariā matatini, me te maha-wae. Ko tetahi wahi e tika ana ki te meka e kua vai te ture te ao tūmataiti mai te rau tau XIX, me mai ka kua oti maha huringa me panoni tenei, a ka kua te mua hītori taonga.

Ko te tenenga o te wā tika tautapa te kaiwhakawa o te United States Supreme Court, Ahorangi i Harvard Dzh.Stori, e noho i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau XIX, me kua kauhau i runga i Private Ture International. I aua ra, i roto i te US whakamahia te wā kei te haere ki tetahi atu ariā roa-ngā o "pakanga o ture". I te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, kua oho te wā i te whaiwhakaaro ana American me i te whenua Old World. Heoi, i roto i te kura Pākehā i te tikanga tenei ariā ahua rerekē: rite te huinga o ngā ture pakanga, e pā ana ki te aroaro o whanaunga i waenganui i takitahi o rerekē States, a hāngai ina ngā te ahua rerekē o takitahi hononga te huānga ke pera-ka karanga. he tikanga taua o te ariā o tūmataiti kauwhau ture ao tiaki i roto i te pūtaiao Pākehā ki tenei ra.

pūtaiao American R.Deyvis ko M.Garrison whakaaro nga ngā "pakanga o ture" me "te ture te ao tūmataiti" e pā ana me te tino rite i roto i te natura. Rua o enei ariā, i roto i to ratou tirohanga, ngā te huinga o tikanga ture e te hunga e tika ana mō te pā ana ki taua take o wae pāhekoheko interethnic, pērā i te marae o te State, kia e whakatau i te tautohe ture me nga tika o te kāwanatanga, kia nei kia i roto i tenei take tono.

I roto i to tatou whenua, kauwhau, te vai ano te ture te ao tūmataiti i roto i te rau tau XIX. He whai nui ki te whanaketanga o tenei rohe o te Rünanga Whakamana whakaurua te pūtaiao pūmanawa Russian FF Martens. I te mutunga o te rau tau XIX, whakaputaina ana e ia tona mahi tino "ture ao Modern o iwi ritenga." Tenei tino auaha, me te rawa hao mo tona wa, i roto i te pukapuka te wāhanga katoa whakatapua ki te ture o te ao tūmataiti. Ohunga Martens i rua tohu nui o MCHP: tona āhua metarahi me te huānga ao tonu.

Ka rite ki te pera-ka karanga hononga hinonga kia, hei tauira, i tetahi takitahi, matou te tangata whenua o tētahi atu whenua (he ke motu, he rerenga, he tangata stateless, motu rua), he hinonga ke, ngā momo me ngā ahunga o te kāwanatanga me ngā whakahaere waho i te käwanatanga, a tae noa katoa whenua ke.

I roto i ētahi wā, fehangahangai te peka o te ture ao te ki taua āhuatanga, ka te hinonga ture kei te ki waho. Tenei kia, hei tauira, hoko whare, perehodimoe riro, i te mea ki waho. Me pēhea te ki te whakatata tenei take i tei te tirohanga ture, o te akoranga, i runga i nei māngai o te whenua e rua whai wāhi i roto i tenei mea. Ko te tūranga ture i roto i tenei take takaro e nga ture o te ture tūmataiti ao, e āwhina ki te whakaoti i te raruraru i te taumata tiketike i roto i ngā o te mātau ture.

He take ano Tino auau te wahi kotahi atu meka ture ranei hononga ture ture e kore te mea e rohe o te State i te pātai, me tua atu ranei. Hei tauira, he tangata o Russia, i ki waho, whai wāhi i roto i te haere waka ara, me te pae hopea riro tetahi whara. Tenei take ko tika te faahoho'araa tino o te rohe i ngā ture, me te tūhura pehea tono kauwhau pūtaiao i roto i te ture tūmataiti ao.