Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich, āwhiwhitanga Ivana Groznogo: A Biography, whakaahuatanga o meka ngā

Prince Kurbsky Andrei Mikhailovich - he pai-mohiotia Russian kaitōrangapū, hoia, kaituhi me te translator, he hoa tata o Tsar Ivan IV te Terrible. I roto i te 1564, i roto i te Livonian War, rere ana i whakama taea ki Poland, te wahi i whakaaetia ai ia ki te mahi o Kingi Sigismund II Akuhata. I muri whawhai ia ki a Muscovy.

rakau whānau

Prince Rostislav o Smolensk ko te mokopuna o Vladimir Monomakh, a ko te kaiwhakaū o te mau utuafare rongonui e rua - te Smolensk me Vyazma. Ko te tuatahi o enei i te maha manga, tetahi o i ko te ahua o Kurbsky, kingi i te rau tau XIII i Yaroslavl. E ai ki te kōrero, ka haere mai tenei ingoa i te rangatira o te kainga, ka karanga Courbet. haere tenei kainga tupu ki a Hakopa Ivanovich. mohiotia tenei tangata e anake i mate ia i roto i 1455 i te Arsk mara, whawhai maia ki te Tatars Kazan. I muri i tona matenga haere te kainga ki te riro o tona teina Himiona, e mahi i roto i te Grand Prince Vasily.

I roto i te tahuri, a ia e rua tama - Dmitry ko Fedor, i roto i te mahi o Prince Ivan III. Ko te tetahi whakamutunga i roto i Nizhny Novgorod kawana. Ana tama hunga whawhai toa, ko te tamariki i tetahi anake Mikaera, i nga kaiamo i te īngoa Karamysh. Fakataha ki tona teina Roma, i patua ia i roto i 1506 i roto i te whawhai o Kazan. whawhai hoki te purapura moenga Fedorovich ki Kazan me Lithuanians. Ko ia i Boyar Vasily III, a tukuna he whakatau he kaha o te whakatau ki te tango i te kakau witi wahine Prince arai.

Ko tētahi o nga tama Karamyshev, Mikaera, te maha whakaritea hoki ngā tūranga whakahau i roto i te kaupapa. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te pakanga hōia i roto i te 1545 ki Lithuania i tona ora. mahue ia i muri e rua tama - Anaru ko Ivan, i muri pai tonu te iho hōia utuafare. Ivan Mikhailovich i te hopu o Kazan i tino werohia, engari kihai i waiho i te parekura, a tonu ki te whawhai. Me mea e ahau e maha whara rawatia kopa tona hauora, a ka mate ia i te tau i muri mai.

He meka ngā he e noa'tu te nui hītori e tuhituhi e pā ana ki Ivan IV o, a he tino ki te mahara e pā ana ki Andrei Mikhailovich ratou - pea te māngai tino rongonui o tona utuafare me hoa tata o te kingi. Mohoa noa nei, kei te tautohetohe kairangahau e pā ana ki ko wai te mea tino Prince Kurbsky: hoa hoariri ranei Ivana Groznogo?

biography

Kāore taipitopito o tau tona tamarikitanga kua tiaki, me te rā o te whanau o Andrei Mikhailovich kahore tetahi e tino taea ki te whakatau, ki te he ia i roto i tetahi o ana mahi ore whakahuatia reira. Na i whanau ia i roto i te ngahuru o 1528. Ehara i Koinei, te wa tuatahi te rangatira Kurbsky, nei haurongo i pā ana ki kaupapa hōia auau, te tuhinga whakahuatia i roto i te hononga ki te pakanga i muri i roto i te 1549. Te Tsar Ivan IV te ope pupuri ia te ana'iraa o te tuari.

Ko ia e kore e ano 21 tau tau, ka tangohia e ia tetahi wahi i roto i te pakanga ki a Kazan. Mahalo te whakahaere ka tonu Kurbski rongonui mo ona mahinga o ringa i runga i te parekura, no te mea he tau i muri i hanga e ia te kawana te kingi, a ka tono tangata te Pronsk ki te tiaki i nga rohe tonga-rawhiti o te whenua. Aita i maoro roa, rite te utu rānei mō te kaiaka hōia, mo te kupu whakaari ki te tae i runga i te karanga tuatahi ki tona kapa o hoia ranei, whakaaetia Ivan Grozny whenua Andrei Mikhailovich kei tata Moscow.

wikitoria tuatahi

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te Tatars Kazan, timata ki te kingitanga o Ivan III, maha huakina whakataunga Russian. Na tenei ahakoa te meka i Kazan rānei ōkawa i runga i te rangatira Moscow. I te 1552, i huaina ano te ope Russian ki te whawhai i muri ki te tangata tutu o Kazan. Huri noa te wa taua i roto i te tonga o mana puta me te ope te Crimean Khan o. haere mai tata hōia hoariri ki Tula, a whakapaea ana e ia. faaoti Tsar Ivan Grozny ki noho ki te ope matua tata Kolomna, me te whakaora o te pa e whakapaea ana ki te tonoa te ope 15000th, whakahaua e papi a Andrei Kurbsky.

mau hōia Russian ki to ratou ahua ohorere Khan atu kaitiaki, na i ia ki te hoki whakamuri. Heoi, e tata ana Tula i tonu he ropu nui o Crimeans, mercilessly pahua ana te tata o te pa, kahore hoki e mohio i haere nga ope matua o Khan ki te steppes. faaoti tonu Andrei Mikhailovich ki te patu i te hoariri, ahakoa ko ia toa hawhe. E ai ki ora tuhinga, roa te whawhai he hawhe haora, a ka puta mai Prince Kurbsky i roto o reira te toa.

Ko te putanga o tenei whawhai ko te mate nui o ngā hōia hoariri: i patua te kapa hawhe 30,000th i roto i te whawhai, me te toenga e rānei horo toremi i whiti Shivoron ranei. Kurbsky whawhai ia te taha o ratou kaiwhakahaere, kia rite ki te hua o nei riro ia rave rahi patunga. Heoi, i muri i te wiki tu ano ia i roto i te pūnaha, me te noa haere noho. Tenei wa, tona ara arahina roto i te whenua Ryazan. I mua i tu ia i te mahi - ki te taupoki ana i te kaha matua o nga whakaeke steppe ohorere.

Ko te whakapaenga o Kazan

I roto i te ngahuru 1552, ka haere mai ngā hōia Russian ki Kazan. whakaritea papi ko Kurbsky i rangatira o te hoia i te ringa matau. Kei o ratou wae puta noa te awa Kazanka. I kitea tenei rohe, na i tukua e te hoia parekura rite ki te hua o te ahi whakatuwheratia i runga i a ratou i te pa. I tua atu, i te hoia Russian i ki whiua Cheremisses patua maha mai i te muri.

Tuarua o Mahuru te whakaekenga a Kazan, i roto i nei a Prince Kurbsky me ana toa ki te tu i te Elbuginyh kuwaha ki te whakapaea kore i taea e mawhiti i te pa. whakamātau maha ki te wahi i roto i te hōia hoariri i tiakina rāngai nuinga kitea. Anake te wahi iti o te hoia hoariri whakahaere ki mawhiti i te pa kaha. hoatu Andrei Mikhailovich me ana tangata whaia. Ia maia whawhai, a akina atu anake whara nui ia ki te mutunga waiho te parekura.

kaitohutohu o te kingi

E rua tau i muri mai ka haere ano Kurbski ki te whenua Kazan, tenei wa ki te whakamarietia te hunga tutu. Me mea e ahau, ko tino uaua te pakanga, rite nga hoia i ki kaukau atu-ara, a ka whawhai i roto i te raau, engari ki te mahi runanga Duke, i muri i nei hoki e ia ki te whakapaipai ki te wikitoria. Ko reira hoki tenei feat o Ivan Grozny, a meinga ana e ia ki te rangatira nui.

I tenei wa Kurbsky Prince ko tetahi o te tata tino ki te iwi Tsar Ivan IV. Āta, ka hoa ki Adasheva ko Sylvester, māngai o te faaapî rōpū ia, a ka tomo tetahi o kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro a te kingi ki Makau Rada. I te 1556 ka mau ia wahi i roto i te pakanga hōia hou ki Cheremisses me ano hoki i te toa pakanga. I te tuatahi, i whakaritea e ia rangatira i roto i Mauī ringa wiki, i tu ana i roto i te Kaluga, a muri ka mau i runga i whakahau o te hoia i te ringa matau, i roto i Kashira.

Ko te whawhai ki a Livonia

takoha tenei tūkunga Andrey Mikhailovich ano ki te hoki ki te pūnaha whawhai. I te tuatahi i whakaritea e ia ki te whakahau Storozhev, a muri i whakanuia, me te wiki ki i tangohia e ia wahi i roto i te hopu o St. George ko Neuhaus. I roto i te puna o 1559 ka hoki ia ki a Moscow, te wahi e hohoro tango ia i te whakatau ki te tonoa ia ki te mahi ki te rohe tonga o te kāwanatanga.

He wikitoria te whawhai ki a Livonia kihai i muri roa. A, no te timata rahunga ki hu'ahu'a tetahi i tetahi, te kingi ka karanga Kurbsky ka hanga kawana o te ope katoa a ia, whawhai i roto i Livonia. Me ahau mea e timata tonu te rangatira hou ki ngāue papau. Te kore e tatari mo te ope matua, tuatahi patua ia he tata ki Weissenstein te kapa hoariri, a ka riro te wikitoria horo whenua.

Te kore whakaaro, e Kurbsky Prince he whakatau hou - ki te whawhai ki ngā hōia hoariri, e fakafo'ituitui arahina e ia te rangatira rongonui o te Order Livonian. Karo hōia Russian te hoariri i te muri, a, i roto i te noa'tu o te po, patua ia. Hohoro shootout tahuri Livonians ki te pakarutanga o. Na ko te wikitoria hoki Kurbski konei. I muri i te taanga manawa tekau-ra, oho hōia Russian i runga.

Ka tae Fellini, te rangatira whakahau ki tahu ona wahi o waho, a ka tīmata te whakapaea o te pa. I roto i tenei whawhai, horo te herehere i landmarshal Order F. Schall von Bell, hohoro ki te āwhina o te whakapaea. Reira ka tono tonu ki a Moscow ki te pukapuka hipoki i Kurbsky. Te reira i ui Andrei Mikhailovich ahau e kore ki te whakamate landmarshal, no te mea whakaaro ahau reira he mahara, maia me te maia. ta tenei kupu e ko te rangatira Russian he toa rangatira nei i kore i mohio noa pehea ki te whawhai pai, engari ki te faatura nui mō hoariri tika. Heoi, ahakoa tenei, e mahi ana tonu Ivan Grozny Livonians. A ehara i te mea maere, mai huri noa i te wa ano i nekehia atu Adasheva me kāwanatanga Sylvester, me nga kaitohutohu ia ratou, o ratou hoa, me hoa - i mahi i.

hinga

ka mau a Andrei Mikhailovich whare Fellin mo e toru wiki, ka haere ki Vitebsk, a ka ki Nevel. Here tahuri waimarie ki a ia, a ka i patua ia. Heoi, ko te reta kingi ki a Prince Kurbsky fokotu'u e kore e haere Ivan IV i ki whakapangia ia o he i. e kore ahau e whiwhi riri ki a ia, me te kingi mo ha feinga kāore i ki te hopu i te pa Gelmet. Ko te meka ko e ki te piri tenei hui faufaa nui, ka tenei e kia kī i te tetahi o ana pukapuka.

Heoi, ko reira ka e te tuatahi whakaaro te Prince e pā ana ki nga mea e pa ki a ia, ina kitea e te kingi i roto i pā ana ki kua pa ki tona tinihanga. E mohio ana te pai riri o te rangatira, i mohio ia e ki te e riro i te hoariri, kihai i whakatuma ia, engari i roto i te take o te mate, ka taea e hohoro hinga i te reira i roto i o te atawhai, ki hei i runga i te poraka poroporo. Ahakoa, i roto i te pono, engari whakama aroha, i tetahi mea ki te faahapa ia.

Whakawa i te meka e muri i te hinga i Nevel Ivan IV whakaritea rangatira o Andrei i St. George, e kore te kingi i haere ki te whiua ia. Heoi, ka rere te rangatira Kurbsky i te riri o te kingi ki a Poland no te mea ua ite ahau e maoro,, ka hinga i te riri o te kingi i runga i tona matenga. wāriutia Kingi Sigismund II Augustus nga mahinga o ringa o te rangatira, a reira i huaina e ia kotahi ki tona mahi, te fafau ia he fariiraa pai, me te ora whakapaipai.

rere

piki timata Kurbski ki te whakaaro i runga i te tuku o te kingi Polish, tae noa faaoti te mutunga o Paenga 1564 kore ki te rere i roto i Wolmar. Ki a ia ka haere ki ana soko a tae noa ki nga tangata. riro Sigismund II ratou pai, a te rangatira whakawhiwhia i ki te tika o te taonga whenua tuku.

Ki runga ki te ako e tuku te rangatira rere Kurbsky i te riri o te kingi, Ivan Grozny ona riri katoa i runga i te whanaunga toe konei Budker. tukua katoa o ratou aitua nui. Ki te whakatika ratou nanakia Kurbsky whakawakia ia o haavareraa, pakaru o kihi te ripeka, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te tahae o tana wahine, Anastasia, me te hiahia ki te kingi i roto i Yaroslavl. Ivan IV taea anake whakamatau te meka tuatahi e rua, te toenga ia āhua whakaaro i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatika ratou mahi i roto i te kanohi o Polish me rangatira Lithuanian.

Life i roto i te whakarau

Tomo te mahi o Kingi Sigismund II, timata tata tonu Kurbski ki te pupuri tūranga hōia tiketike. Iti iho i te ono marama, kua whawhai ia ki a Muscovy. Ki te hōia Lithuanian whai wāhi ia i roto i te pakanga i roto i te Luke nui me te parururaa i Volhynia ki te Tartars. I roto i te 1576, i whakahau ai Andrew M. maha wehe, i ko wahi o nga ope o Grand Prince Stefan Batory, e whawhai ki a Russian Ratiu o Polotsk.

I roto i te Kurbski Poland tata katoa te wa e noho ana i roto i Milyanovich e i Kovel. Whakahaere o ratou whenua, whakaakona ana e ia te kaitiaki. I roto i tona wa e manawapa nga pakanga i whai wāhi ia i roto i te rangahau pūtaiao, hoatu hiahia ki te mahi i runga i te pāngarau, arorangi, rapunga whakaaro me te teolosia, me te ako reo Kariki me te reo Roma.

meka mohiotia e te tangata haereere Prince Kurbsky ko Ivan Grozny nga reta. I tonoa e te pukapuka tuatahi ki te kingi i roto i te 1564. kawea ia e ahau ki a Moscow, te pononga pono o Andrei Mikhailovich Vasiliy Shibanov, i muri nei whakamamaetia, ka mahi i. I roto i ana pukapuka, ua faaite te rangatira tona riri hohonu e te whakatoi kino, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te maha o executions ki te kahore te iwi harakore nei mahi te Hiha pono. I roto i te tahuri, ka awhina Ivan IV te tika pū, i roto i ona whakaaro anake ki te whakarere noa ai i mahi o tetahi o ana kaupapa ranei.

Correspondence i waenganui i nga hoariri e rua roa hoki te 15 tau, ka mutu i roto i 1579. pukapuka Sami, buka iti pai-mohiotia, e tika ana "History o te Prince Grand o Moscow" me ētahi atu reo tuhituhi pukapuka mahi Kurbsky tuhituhia. I tua atu, i roto ratou rawa mahu'inga mōhiohio e pā ana ki te wā o te kingitanga o tetahi o nga rangatira tino nanakia i roto i te hītori Russian.

Kua noho i roto i Poland, marenatia te rangatira he tuarua wā. I te 1571 ka mau ia i te pouaru rawa Kosinski wahine. Heoi, i kore muri tenei faaipoiporaa roa, ka mutu i roto i te faataaraa. kua marenatia hoki te toru o nga wa Kurbski ki te wahine rawakore o te ingoa Semashko. Mai i tenei uniana i te tama, me te tamahine ki te rangatira.

Taimi nounou ki mu'a tona matenga, ka mau te rangatira, he i roto i tetahi atu pakanga ki Moscow arahina e Stefan Batory. Ko tenei wa kihai i whai ia ki te whawhai - pa tata ki te rohe ki a Russia, hinga ia mate, ka i takoha ki te tahuri hoki. mate Andrei Mikhailovich i 1583. I tanumia ia i roto i te ohu whakapono, kua kei nei tata Kovel.

I roto i tona ora ko ia hei tino tuarā o te keresetiano. Whakakake, kei me te huru tōkeke Kurbsky te nuinga wāhi ki te meka e ngā ka ia he rota o hoariri i roto i te hanahana Lithuanian me Polish. I tonu riri o Herora ki ona hoa tata, me te maha ka mau o ratou whenua, a taupokina karere kingi te tūkino Russian.

i muri i te matenga mate Andreya Kurbskogo me tona rōia Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky hohoro. Mai taua taime ra, kua te kāwanatanga Polish kua āta tangohia atu taonga i tana pouaru me te tama, noa, i te pae hopea, e kore e tangohia ake a Kovel. Kōti i runga i te mea roa e rave rahi tau. Ka rite ki te hua, i taea ki te whakahoki mai i etahi o te whenua i ngaro, i muri i nei ia tahuri ki a Katorika tana tama Dmitri.

Prince Kurbsky Āhuahira

maha pato'i whakaaro o ia rite te ahua tōrangapū me te tangata. Ētahi whakaaro ia he momo mea etaeta ki te outlook rawa kuiti, me te iti, te tiaki nei puta noa i te boyars ka whakakeke te autocracy tsarist. I tua atu, tona rere ki Poland i titiro rite etahi ahua o te tātai, hono ki te painga nui o tenei ora, nana nei i korero ai ia Korol Sigizmund August. Andrei Kurbsky noa whakapae o tinihanga o ratou whakaritenga, whakaturia ratou i roto i nga mahi maha i tino arotahi i runga i te tiaki o te keresetiano.

He maha hītori ahu ki te whakaaro e ko tonu te rangatira te tangata rawa mahara, ka mātauranga, me te aau tae, me te pono, tonu i te taha o te pai, me te tika. Hoki taua āhuatanga ka reira mohiotia rite "te dissident Russian tuatahi." No te mea e kore e matau tino te take o nga rerekētanga i waenganui ia ko Ivanom Groznym, me te te pūrākau ratou Prince Kurbsky, ka muri i te totohe e pā ana ki te tuakiri o te ahua tōrangapū rongonui tenei o te wa mo te wa roa.

Tona whakaaro i runga i tenei mea ua faaite a pai-mohiotia Heraldry Polish me kōrero Szymon Okolski, e noho i roto i te rau tau XVII. Tona kiripuaki o Prince Kurbsky i rite whai: ko reira pono he tangata nui, a kahore te mea noa i pā ai ki te whare kingi, ka puritia hōia, me te kāwanatanga tūranga matua, engari ano hoki i te mea o te toa, kia rite ki riro ia rave rahi nui whakaora . I roto i te tua, he tumu kōrero, tuhituhi e pā ana ki te rangatira rite te tangata fiefia mo'oni. Kaiwhakawa mo koutou: tona whakaraua me he rangatira nui tangata haereere, me hōnore faahiahia ka tango ki tona Polish Kingi Sigismund II Akuhata.

Mohoa noa nei, te take mō te hurihanga, me te tinihanga o te rangatira Kurbsky kairangahau kua ngā nui moni, rite te tuakiri o tenei tangata he rangirua me te matamaha. Ētahi atu tohu o te meka i a Andrei Mikhailovich he ngakau faahiahia, a taea te mahi rite te meka e, i te kore e taitama, i taea ki te ako i Latin, e tae noa katahi kihai i mohio i te katoa ia.

I roto i te rōrahi tuatahi o te pukapuka i huaina Orbis Poloni, i whakaputaina i roto i te 1641 i roto i Krakow, whakanohoia te taua Szymon Okolski te koti o ringa o Prince Kurbsky (i roto i te putanga Polish - Krupskaya) ka hoatu ia i te whakamārama. whakapono ia e te tohu heraldic o Russian i takenga. E tano ia tapao e i roto i te anotau Middle, e taea te maha kitea te whakapakoko o te raiona i runga i nga ringa o te rangatira i roto i te āhua rerekē. I roto i te Heraldry Russian tawhito rite whakaaro tenei kararehe i te tohu o te rangatira, te itoito, morare, me te toa hōia. Ko reira reira e kore maere i whakaaturia he raiona i runga i te koti o ringa o te rangatira Kurbsky.