Parahi: kawe, ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga me tono

I roto i te maha manga o ahumahi hou te tino whānui whakamahia rauemi pērā i parahi. Ko te kawenga hiko o tenei whakarewa he tiketike rawa. whakamārama ana tēnei i te whaihuanga o tona tono matua i roto i te engineering hiko. E whiwhi conductors parahi ki te mahi pai. O te akoranga, whakamahia tenei whakarewa i roto i engineering hiko kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te tahi atu ahumahi. Nā ki tona hāngaitanga tae atu ona 'ulungaanga pērā i ātete ki te whakangaromanga ha'iriiri i roto i te tahi mau taiao ha'iriiri, refractoriness, plasticity, me ētahi atu

mōhiohio hītori

Konukura Ko te whakarewa mohiotia ki te tangata mai i nga wa onamata. E whakamārama ana te introduction wawe o te iwi ki enei rauemi matua ona lahi i āhua i te puka o Kowaka. He maha pūtaiao whakapono e ko te reira i te whakarewa parahi tuatahi ora ake i te tangata o pūhui hāora. Kia te kamaka tika te tahu i roto i te ahi, me te tere matao o, meinga ki a ratou anganga. I muri tīmata te whakaora parahi ki te whakaputa i i te tĭtĭ ki te tua o te waro me te whakatangi kaka. Whakapai ake o tenei tukanga hopea arahina ki te hanga o te oumu take. Tonu i muri mai, ka anga te whakarewa ki te riro mā te oxidizing tokahuke tango,.

Parahi: rauemi kawe ia

I roto i te āhua āta, katoa o tetahi irahiko noa whakarewa huri noa te karihi. A, no te e whakaritea te pūtake waho o te te rongo i roto i te raupapa, me te riro kawe o nāianei. Ko te tohu o te kaha whakarewa ki te tika i roto i te reira i huaina whakamutunga kawe ia. tautuhia te wae o te inenga i roto i ona International SI Siemens te rite 1 CM = 1 Ohm ^-1.

Ko te kawe o te parahi he tiketike rawa. E ai ki tenei tohu, taea reira konganuku turanga i tenei ra katoa mohiotia. Pai atu i tona nāianei haere te hiriwa anake. Tohu kawe ia parahi he 57h104 cm ^-1 i te pāmahana o +20 ° C. Ngā mihi ki tenei tona taonga ko tēnei wā tenei whakarewa te noa tino o te kaiwhakahaere katoa whakamahia i roto i ngā take ahumahi, me te kāinga.

Parahi pai te tu kawenga hiko tamau, me te he pono, me te roa hoki. I tua atu, te āhuatanga tenei konganuku e te ira whakakoero tiketike, me te (1083,4 ° C). Tenei, i roto i te tahuri, ka taea te parahi mo te wa roa ki te mahi i roto i te āhua wera. Ka rite ki te kaiwhakahaere o nāianei lahi rite konumohe anake e taea te whakataetae ki te whakarewa.

Ko te pānga o poke i runga i te kawe ia o parahi

O te akoranga, i roto i to tatou wa mo te tango, o te whakarewa whero e whakamahia tikanga nui atu mātanga atu i roto i nga wa onamata. Heoi, whiwhi ara tenei ra rawa parakore Cu he tata e taea. Ko katoa o poke reira tonu te parahi. E nehenehe te reira, hei tauira, silicon, rino teriuma ranei. Na, ko te atu poke i roto i te parahi, te iti tona wāhanga hiko. Hoki te hanga o waea, hei tauira, ko reira pai nui anake whakarewa parakore. E ai ki ngā, mo tenei whakaaro e taea te whakamahi ki te nui o poke parahi kore rawa 0.1%.

Tino maha i roto i tenei whakarewa kei reira he tetahi ōrau o whanariki, te ateneke me te kakano. Ko te taonga tuatahi tino whakaiti te ukanga o te rauemi. Ko te kawe o te parahi, me te whanariki rerekē nui. kihai tenei hawhekaihe i whakahaere o nāianei. Ko te insulator pai. Heoi, e kore e te kawenga hiko o te parahi whanariki pā tata tetahi ara. Ko te taua pā ki te kawe ia ngāwhā. Ki te kakano me te ateneke he pono te ritenga atu. E taea e ki te whakaiti nui te kawenga hiko o te parahi enei āhuatanga.

alloys

Ka taea te whakamahi katoa o tāpiritanga rawa mo te whakapai ake i te kaha o taua he rauemi kirihou pērā i parahi. Ko tōna kawe ia hiko, whakaiti hoki ratou. Ko taea tino ratou whakamahi whakawhānui i te ora o katoa o ngā hua.

I roto i te nuinga o te wā, ka rite ki te tāpiri whakamahia parahi kaha-whakarei Cd (0.9%). Ko te hua ko te parahi cadmium. Ko tōna kawe ia ko 90% o te kawe ia o parahi. I te tahi taime, hei utu o cadmium rite tāpiritanga e whakamahia rite konumohe. Ko te kawe o tenei whakarewa ko 65% o te parahi ahua taua. Hei whakanui i te kaha o te waea i roto i te puka o tāpiritanga kia whakamahia ai, me ētahi atu rauemi me matū - tine, ūkuikui, chromium, teriuma. Ko te hua ko te parahi o te tetahi waitohu. He pūhui o te parahi ki konutea huaina te parahi.

āhuatanga alloys

Rapua a whakarewa kawe ia hiko taea i runga i te maha o poke i roto ia ratou e kore e anake, engari ano hoki i runga i ētahi atu tohu. Hei tauira ki te whakanui ake whakawera pāmahana kaha parahi nāianei e rerengia ana i roto i heke reira. pānga te reira i te kawe ia o te waea ara tona tikanga o te hanga. I roto i te kāinga, me te i roto i te ahumahi taea te whakamahi i rite waea parahi ngohengohe-annealed me pakeke unu. I roto i te kē tuatahi o te kaha ki te haere i roto i ano ki runga ake i te nāianei.

Heoi, ko te pānga tino nui, o te akoranga, whakamahia tāpiritanga me ratou te nui o te kawenga hiko o te parahi. Ko te tepu he hakari i raro i te kaipānui ki te kōrero āmiki e pā ana ki te kaha o te nāianei ki te haere alloys tino noa o te whakarewa.

Ko te kawenga hiko o te parahi, me te parahi rite. Heoi, ko te ahua whakarewa tuatahi, o te akoranga, he iti raro. Ko ia a runga ake i taua o te parahi. Ka rite ki te whakamahia he waea parahi te tino whānui. Nāianei haere reira iti o parahi, engari i te kotahi, me te utu iti iho. Nuinga o ngā wā hanga o parahi hanga hoapā, hononga, me te ngā wahi mo waerehe.

alloys parahi o ātete tiketike

E whakamahia te nuinga rauemi kaiwhakahaere enei i roto i te hanga o parenga, rheostats, mea me ngā pūrere hiko. Nuinga o ngā wā e whakamahia ana mō tenei whakaaro alloys parahi constantan me manganin. Ko te resistivity o te tuatahi (86% Cu, 12% Mn, 2% Ni) he 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, me te tuarua (60% Cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Communication ki te whakarea o ngāwhā kawe ia

Ko te kawe o te parahi - 59.5 miriona / m. Tenei ahua, kia rite ki kua whakahuatia, he tika, engari anake i te pāmahana i waenganui i +20 ^° C kawe ia waiariki o tetahi whakarewa, a reira ko te here kawe ia. Whakau ana tona ture Wiedemann - Franz. Kei te whakamana te reira ki konganuku i pāmahana teitei, me te e whakahuatia i roto i te tātai e whai ake nei: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, te wahi y - te kawe ia, k - tamau, e a Boltzmann - tiaki pūmotu.

O te akoranga, te vai te hononga taua me te whakarewa pērā i parahi. kawenga Thermal me hiko he tiketike rawa. I roto i te wahi tuarua i muri i te mea hiriwa i runga i rua o enei tohu.

Ko te pūhui o te parahi, me te konumohe waea

I roto i nga tau tata nei i roto i te whare, me te ahumahi timata ki te whakamahi mana hiko piki tiketike. I roto i ngā wā Soviet, i hanga te nuinga te waea i te konumohe cheap. Ko te whakaritenga hou o tona mahi, kāore, e kore te whakatau. I teie mahana, na reira, i roto i te kāinga, me te i roto i te ahumahi e maha ke ki te waea konumohe parahi. Ko te painga matua o te muri, i roto i te tua ki te refractoriness, kei e i roto i te tukanga oxidative o ratou āhuatanga conductive kore e iti.

E mea pinepine te ao hou, o te hiko, konumohe, me te parahi waea i ki kia hono. Mahi tenei e kore e tika. Mau, e kore te kawe o te konumohe, me te parahi rerekē rawa nui. Otiia anake i roto i enei konganuku. Oxidizing te kiriata o te konumohe, me te parahi i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. No te mea o tenei, kei te tino heke te kawe ia i te hononga. Oxidative kiriata o te konumohe e faikehekehe ātete nui ki runga ake i parahi. Na reira, me whakamana i te huinga o enei momo e rua o conductors anake i roto i te pūurutau motuhake. E nehenehe te reira, hei tauira, topenga, whakapiri kei roto tiaki konganuku i puta waikura. Kei te tikanga ana tēnei whakatinanatanga whakamahia ki whāurutau honotanga waea i runga i nga ara. I roto i te ruma whakamahia pinepine huinga tubu. Ratou hoahoa ngā te paraharaha motuhake e faaore whakapā tika i waenganui i te konumohe, me te parahi. I roto i te ngaro o taua whakahiko i roto i te taiao kāinga, hei utu i te waea hawai tūtohu ki te whakamahi i tika te mōria me nati ki te "piriti" takawaenga.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

Ko te kupu, i kitea e matou i roto i te mea te kawenga hiko o te parahi. kia rerekē tēnei ahua i runga i te hanga ki runga o nga poke whakarewa rānei. Heoi, i whakaritea te hiahia mo te parahi i roto i te ahumahi te me ētahi atu ona āhuatanga ōkiko pai, ki te riro ngā mōhiohio i runga i te mea e taea i te ripanga i raro.

āhuatanga matū

E ai ki taua āhuatanga o te parahi, te kawe ia hiko, me te ngāwhā kawe ia i te tiketike rawa, a ko takawaenga i waenganui i te ngā āhuatanga o te rōpū tuatahi topu- VIII, me te rōpū kawakore tuatahi o te ripanga pūmotu. Na roto i te ona āhuatanga matū taketake ngā:

• haafifi i ki puka complexes;

• kaha ki te whakaputa i pūhui tae me sulfides rewa.

Te nuinga āhuatanga mō te parahi, ko te āhua divalent. Ritenga ki konganuku alkali kua reira ngā kahore. Ko iti ano hoki tona tauhohenga. I roto i te aroaro o CO ₂ ranei te kiriata wai i hanga pākawa waro matomato i runga i te mata parahi. tai parahi katoa he matū paitini. Ko te ki Pālesi me divalent kī te whakarewa hanga he rawa eu pūhui matatini. Ko te uara teitei mo te ahumahi he haukini.

Scope o te whakamahi

Te kawe ia waiariki, me te hiko tiketike o te parahi whakatau tona tono whānui i roto i ngā ahumahi. O te akoranga, whakamahia te nuinga o te whakarewa i roto i engineering hiko. Heoi, e kore te mea anake te wāhi o tona tono tenei. I tua atu, kia whakamahia ai parahi:

• i roto i te whakapaipai;

• i roto i te hoahoanga;

• ka hanga pūnaha wai me te whakawera;

• i roto i pipelines hau.

Hei whakaputa i rerekē momo o mea whakamahia te nuinga parahi koranu ki te koura. faarahi tenei te ātete ki te deformation o whakapaipai, me te abrasion. Ka taea te whakamahi i te hoahoanga mō te parahi koture mai o tuanui me facades. He roa te painga matua o te mutu taua. Hei tauira, pepa o tenei whakarewa ngā kakahuria tuanui ko te pai-mohiotia tohu whenua hoahoanga - te Katorika Cathedral i roto i te pa Tiamana o Hildesheim. Konukura tuanui o te whare tiaki tona wāhi ā-mo tata 700 tau.

ratonga engineering

E hoki nga painga matua o te parahi paipa wai mauroa me te tika. I tua atu, e taea ki te tāpiri i ngā āhuatanga ahurei motuhake o te wai, te whai hua i te reira mo te rauropi te whakarewa he. Ki te huihui pipelines me whakawera i te ngongo parahi ano Ua tano maitai te - te nuinga e tika ana ki tona resistance waikura me te kōngohe. A, no te pēhanga hua whawhati tata taua rārangi taea ki te tu atu kawenga nui nui atu maitai. Ko te drawback anake o te putorino parahi ko to ratou utu teitei.