Otinga haukini - teuteu me te whakamahi

Hauota (hauota) He maha ngā hononga ki te hydrogenous (hauwai), o nei e te nui tino he haukini taimaha. I roto i te taiwhanga e rite ai i te whakawera i te ranunga o te haukini pūhaumāota ki te konurehu waihā. Tae noa ki te mutunga o te rau tau 19, te moni tāpui Chilean o konutai pākawa whakaaro i anake te puna o pūhui Nitrogen. Ngā mihi ki te rangahau pūtaiao, Utaina e maha ngā tikanga o te warea o Nitrogen kōhauhau i whakaarohia. Ko te tuatahi o enei ko te tukanga haukini te kōtuitanga cyanamide. hāngai ana tēnei tikanga i runga i te taonga o te hauota honoa ki te konupūmā, OmAhA. Hoki tenei whakaaro, haere te hauota wera te roto i te carbide konupūmā:

N2 + CaC2 = CaCN2 + C

whakamahia te CaCN2 (konupūmā cyanide) pākawa kupu whiwhi te rite tongi i roto i te ahuwhenua. kia kī te reira e ki te maimoatanga o tenei pūhui ki mamaoa hua haukini:

CaCN2 + ZN20 = 2NH3 + CaC03

tukatuka haukini ki te waikawa me te pākawa tongi hauota. I roto i te matū hou he whānui atu tikanga o te whiwhi NH3 - tona ariā o Nitrogen me hauwai:

1/2 N +3/2 H2 = NH3

i huaina haukini kupu whiwhi te waihanga. kawea kōtuitanga haukini Industrial te atu i te aroaro o te whakakōkī me i te pāmahana o 500 nekehanga.

Haukini - he hau e kua he kakara āhuatanga wepua, he māmā ake i te hau. e kore e te hau NH3 mo te wa roa, no te mea he reira paitini. Ko te hau, ko te ngā ngāwari wairewa i H2O. Takiwa, haukini wai kei roto 25% NH3.

A, no te matao o (ki te -79 ° C) otinga o te haukini waiwai riro tioata. Kua whakaaturia ngā Scientific e te papatipu matua o NH3 i te wairewa kei roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota hydrated (NH3 · nH2O) ka tali anake te wahi iti o te haukini rewa (e pā ana ki 0.5%) ki te wai:

NH3 + H2O = NH4 + + OH -

tauhohenga kawakore o rongoā haukini tika ki te aroaro o ngā katote waihā. I ngā wā whakaritea otinga haukini kei rite NH4OH. Ko te alkalinity o te otinga meinga e te aroaro o te rōpū hydroxyl, i hanga nei e rite ki te hua o te dissociation o haukinia waihā.

whakaaro otinga haukini te turanga ngoikore. I roto i te taiwhanga i rite ētahi wā haukini mā te whakawera haukinia pūhaumāota. Haukini he pūhui matū kaha rawa e tauhohe ki matū maha, i whakaatu āhuatanga anake whakaiti.

kaitahu haukini ki te hāora i roto i te aroaro o te mura puwhero-kōwhai, i te oxidized ki te Nitrogen noa. A, no te te aroaro o te whakakōkī (konukawata) · haukini piti hāora haere i runga i tae noa ki te waikura Nitrogen. whakamahia tēnei tauhohenga ko i te tukanga o te whakaputa te waikawa hauota. Me mea te reira e pau te nuinga o te haukini kupu whiwhi i runga i te hanga o maniua pākawa me te waikawa hauota.

I roto i te whakaetonga i -33,4 ° C wai NH3 i te taiao absorbs te rota o te wera, faatupu te reira tautauā. Tenei taonga ko tona whakamahi i roto i ngā pūnaha Refrigeration mō te rokiroki huka tāwhaiwhai o ngā hua kai pirau. E mea pinepine whakamahia haukini wai i roto i te hanga o ngā hanganga raro. whakamahia te otinga haukini kei roto i te mahi taiwhanga, te ahumahi matū, taonga whare, a i roto i te rongoā.

haukini tono otinga. Whakamahia rite te tikanga mo te excitation me te tango o te respiration o te manawanui i te kaihapai. nohanga nui o NH3 taea meinga hopu romahā. I te tahi taime whakamahia otinga haukini te rite emetics (10 pata ia 100 ml te wai). Kia mōhio e kore e taea te tono i tenei faaineineraa ho'oraa topically i te aroaro o mate kiri (katoatia, dermatitis). Ki te whakahau kohu poisoning haukini rata tāpia, citrate, tartrate (waikawa tātariki) i te 1% kukū. I roto i te mahi hāparapara te whakamahi i otinga haukini (25 ml / 5 rita o kohua, te wai wera).