Matū hanganga o pūira. Te hanganga, mahi me te whakarōpū o pūira

Pūira - reira hanganga nucleoprotein kei roto i te karihi o ngā pūtau eukaryotic. i pupuri ratou tata katoa te mōhiohio iranga, a ko ratou te mahi o tona rokiroki, whakawhiti, me te whakatinanatanga. Pūira whakauaua kitea ara i roto i te marama karu, engari koutou kēne āta kite i roto i te wā o pūtau wehenga i roto i te whāū pūira me te whāiti pūira.

ture Karyotype me pūira

Karyotype Ko te huinga o te katoa pūira (diploid), kei roto i te whare herehere. Ko momo-motuhake ia, e ko te ahurei ki ia momo o mea ora i runga i te ao, ko ngā iti te taumata o te pähekeheke, engari kia whiwhi ai te tahi mau mau taata etahi āhuatanga. Hei tauira, he waiwai ngā māngai o tane rerekē pūira ōrite (autosomes), te rerekētanga i waenganui i te karyotypes o tetahi anake rua o pūira - nga pūira sex, ranei pūira apatoko.

E ohie Ngā o pūira: (kia roto i roto i te pūtau somatic anake he maha tino o pūira, hei tauira, te ngeru - 38, i roto i te hua rere Drosophila melanogaster - 8, te heihei - 78, me te tangata 46) ratou maha tūturu.

E takirua pūira, ia o ratou kua he rua huirua, ōrite i roto i te tikanga katoa, tae atu āhua me te rahi. Rerekē te takenga anake: kotahi - i tona papa, i te tahi atu - i te whaea.

ngā pūira huirua he takirua takitahi: he rerekē i te ētahi atu e kore anake i roto i te ahua i ia o nga takirua - te āhua me te rahi - engari ano hoki te wāhi o te marama, me nga ope pouri.

Continuity - tetahi atu tikanga o pūira. huaruatia DNA pūtau i mua i te wehenga, hua i roto i te rua o te tuahine chromatids. Ia pūtau tamahine i muri i te wehenga manako tetahi ki tetahi chromatid, i hanga te e i pūira pūira.

huānga faufaa

Pūira, ko tona hanganga, ko te ngā ohie, i hanga te i DNA rāpoi he roa nui. Kei roto te reira i te plurality o ngā rōpū rārangi o ira. Ia pūira he centromere me telomeres, wāhi tukuruatanga tomokanga - ko reira e tika ana huānga mahi. E kitea Telomeres i nga tohutohu o ngā pūira. Nā ki enei me takenga o te tukuruatanga (e huaina hoki e pae tomokanga), ka taea te tāruaruatia te rāpoi ngota pītauira. Ko te taua puta centromere o tuahine tāpiritanga o DNA ki te wehenga muka mitotic e taea ki a ratou titaria tika nga pūtau tamahine i roto i te tukanga whāū pūira.

Mō wheori

Ko te wā "pūira" i whakaarohia tuatahi rite te ti'araa o ngā hanganga angamaheni o ngā pūtau eukaryotic, engari kei te nui haere pūtaiao whakahuatia pūira viral me kitakita. Te hanganga, he tata ngā mahi te taua, na whakapono DE Koryakov ko JF Zhimulov e kua roa kua tika te ariā ki te whakawhānui me te tautuhi i te pūira ko te hanganga ngā he waikawa karihi, me te mea he mahi o te rokiroki, hoko me te whakawhiti o te mōhiohio e pā ana ki ngā ira. I roto i te eukaryotes, roto pūira i roto i te karihi, me te plastids me pungaraungao. Prokaryotes (kore-karihi) i roto i hoki DNA, engari i roto i te karihi pūtau kore. Wheori pūira i te puka o te rāpoi ngota o te RNA DNA ranei, kei roto i te capsid. Ahakoa o te aroaro i roto i te karihi pūtau o te pūira he matū organic, katote maitai me te tokomaha atu matū.

History o whakahura

Kua tae mai Scientists he ara roa ki te haere pūira uiui e i mua. i whakaahuatia ratou tuatahi i roto i nga fitungofulú o te rau tau whakamutunga: kua whakahuatia ratou ngā kaituhi i roto i to ratou tuhinga, pukapuka me pepa rangahau, na pēnei te kitea o ngā pūira e ki te iwi rerekē. I roto i tenei rārangi mohio nga ingoa I. D. Chistyakova, Alexander Schneider, O. Butschli E. Strasburger, me te tini ke atu, engari te nuinga o ngā pūkenga tau 1882 te rite te tau o te whakatuwheratanga o te pūira, ka karanga te pionie W. Fleming, he anatomist Tiamana nei kohia me te whakarite i ngā mōhiohio o pūira i roto i tona pukapuka Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung, tāpiri ki te mōhiohio ake rangahau kē ngā. te whakaaro i te nui rawa taua wā i roto i te 1888 e Mr. Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz histologist. Whakamaoritia pūira tikanga mooni "tae tinana". Ko e tika ana ki te meka e taea te hanganga matū o pūira ki reira herea ngāwari waikano taketake te ingoa.

I roto i te 1900, i reira "kitea akaouia mai" ture a Mendel, a rawa hohoro, i roto i rua tau, kua mutu aivanaa e te pūira i roto i ngā tukanga whāiti pūira me te kikiritanga tikanga rite "matūriki o whakapapa" nei whanonga i whakaahuatia takahi mua. I roto i te 1902, takitahi o tetahi ki tetahi, a T. Boveri W. Setton kua hypothesized e ko unknown tonu te hanganga pūira o nei, kua he mahi ki te tuku me te rokiroki mōhiohio ā-ira.

Drosophila me iranga

I tohua te hauwhā tuatahi o te rau tau whakamutunga i te haamauraa whakamātautau o nga whakaaro e te pūira i te tūranga ira. kaipūtaiao American T. Morgan, A. Sturtevant, C. Bridges ko H. Muller mahi i runga i ngā kaupapa rangahau, e kua riro ngā me te hanganga whakarōpū o ngā pūira me ratou mahi. whakamana ngā i runga D.melanogaster, mohiotia ko pea te rere katoa hua. Ko te raraunga whiwhi i te pūtake mo te ariā pūira o whakapapa, i te mea e hāngai ana ara inaianei, i muri i tata kotahi rau nga tau. E ai ki a ia, e pā ana te pūira ki ngā mōhiohio ira, a ka kua paetata nga ira i roto i te raupapa rārangi i roto i te mārama, engari te hanganga matū me te Morphology o te pūira e ako e aivanaa i roto i to tatou ra.

Hoki te mahi o T. Morgan i whakawhiwhia te Nobel i Physiology Medicine ranei i roto i te tau 1933.

Matū hanganga o pūira

Ka taea te whakarāpopoto reira e te rauemi iranga i roto i te pūira puta rite nucleo-pūmua matatini. I muri ako i te whakahaere matū o pūira i roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic, Ka taea e kaipūtaiao mea e ngā ratou mo te wahi tino o te DNA me te pūmua e hanga i te matatini nucleo-pūmua i huaina pūpūira.

Pūmua tomo te hanganga o ngā pūira, ko te wahi nui o te mea katoa i roto i te pūira, e pā ana ki 65% o te katoa taimaha o te hanganga taka ki runga ki a ratou. E wehea pūmua pūira ki pūmua histone-kore, me te histone. Histones - turanga kaha, kawakore i roto i te natura meinga ratou e te aroaro o te lysine me argenina - waikawa amino faufaa.

Ko te hanganga matū, me te hanganga o te pūira rerekē. Histones e rima wehenga: HL, H2A, H2B, H3 ko H4. E wātea ana i roto i nga pūtau o ngā momo katoa no ki te kararehe teitei katoa ko te hautanga tuatahi i roto i ngā rahinga āhua rite. pūmua iti iho i te hawhe HL.

Synthesis o histone puta i roto i polysomes cytoplasmic. Tenei pūmua taketake he tiaki pai, e tika ana ki e taea te hono mau ki te rāpoi DNA, a ko te kupu e kore e hoatu e te pānui karapoti mōhiohio tuku. Tenei He te ture tūranga o histones, engari i roto i te tua reira ano kua he hanganga mahi, e tika ana ki nei e whakaratohia ana e te mokowā whakahaere o DNA i roto i te pūira.

Ko te hanganga matū angamaheni o interphase pūira me ngā o pūmua histone-kore, e, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea e te neke atu i te kotahi rau hautau. I roto i tenei raupapa ngā whākōkī kawenga mo te kōtuitui o RNA, me whākōkī e kōkiri hanga me te whakahuahua DNA. I tua atu i taketake, waikawa pūmua pūira i te mahi hanganga, me te ture.

Heoi, ko te hanganga matū o te pūira e kore mutu: te pūmua, me te DNA i roto i te RNA hanganga reira, katote whakarewa, lipids me polysaccharides. Ko tetahi wahi pūira RNA hakari rite transcriptional hua kua kore ano maui te ariā wahi.

I roto i te metaphase

āhuatanga morphological o pūira metaphase e whai ake nei: i roto i te hawhe tuatahi o whāū, ngā ratou o te rua o tuahine chromatids, e, e toaati i te rohe o te centromere (constriction tuatahi kinetochore ranei) - he he noa ki chromatids e rua te rohe o te pūira. Kei te huri hoki te hanganga matū o te pūira. Ko te hawhe tuarua o te whāū pūira āhuatanga wehenga chromatid, aru e te hanganga o ngā pūira tamahine kotahi-paea, e kua tohaina ki nga pūtau tamahine. Ko te pātai o te nui o DNA ko wāhanga o te pūira metaphase, noa i roto i ngā whakamātautau i roto i te koiora me te whakapororarutia ana ngā ākonga. I roto i te wā whakamutunga o te interphase me prophase me metaphase pūira dvuhromatidny, na whakaturia ana e ratou te 2n4c tātai.

whakarōpū o pūira

Whakaröpütia te tūranga o te centromere me te roa o te ringa, e kua kei runga i tetahi taha o ona pūira rite metacentric (L-rite) ki te kei te centromere te waenganui, me te submetacentric (neravnoplechie) ki te neke i te centromere te ki tetahi pito. Ano, i reira e acrocentric, pūira tokotoko-āhua (centromere kua kei tata i te mutunga rawa) me te ira pūira, ko hoki tona rahi iti, kia he reira ngā taea ki te whakatau i to ratou āhua ranei. I roto i telotsentricheskih pūira uaua rawa ki te whakatau i te wāhi o te wāhi constriction tuatahi.

raungaitinga

Tetahi somatic pūtau kei roto 23 tatakirua o ngā pūira, ia o nei ngā o te kotahi DNA rāpoi ngota. Ko te katoa roa o 46 ngā rāpoi ngota ko e pā ana ki e rua mita! Ko neke atu i te toru piriona takirua turanga tenei, a ka uru ratou katoa ki kotahi pūtau, te pūira i roto i interphase tata indistinguishable noa i roto i te karu whārahi irahiko. Ko te take hoki tenei - te whakahaere supramolecular o pūira, raungaitinga ranei. I roto i te whakawhitinga ki te wāhanga rerekē o te pūpūira huringa pūtau e taea te huri i tona whakahaere.

Te hanganga me te matū hanganga me te hanganga o te interphase pūira pūira metaphase kaiputaiao whakaaro rerekē rite hanganga neke e kua hono tahi e whakawhitinga tahi i roto i te tukanga whāū pūira.

māngai te taumata tuatahi e te miro raungaitinga nucleosome, e te hoki i huaina "pirepire i runga i te aho". Te rahi āhuatanga - 10-11 nm, e kore nei e tukua ki te whakaaro ratou i raro i te karu.

Matū hanganga o pūira whakatau te aroaro o tenei taumata o te whakahaere: whakarato reira wha momo o histones - pūmua matua (H2A, H2B, NC, N4). ahua ai ratou he kirinuku - te tinana o te rāpoi ngota pūmua āhua mōria. Kei roto i ia kirinuku o waru ngā rāpoi ngota (rāpoi kohu i ia o histones).
Tupu whakaminenga DNA, te miro takaia ana ki i runga i te kiri. Ki te i ia whakapā tinana wāhanga pūmua DNA rāpoi ngota kua 146 nucleotide takirua. e kore e He whai wāhi i roto i te rohe whakapā, ka karanga linker, uwhi ranei. rerekē ratou rahi, engari te toharite ko te 60 o nucleotides (n. N.) takirua.

I huaina rohe DNA nucleosome he roa o 196 BP a ngā pūmua uho. Heoi nucleosome kakawaea miro-rite te kano, me te rohe e kore kei roto i te uho.

E maitai ēnei pae wehewehe pūmua kore-histone, e tika ana ki te aroaro o etahi raupapa nucleotide e tika taurite te i wā o te torutoru mano takirua turanga. He nui hoki te raungaitinga atu o pūpūira ratou aroaro.

tarapēke atu o pūpūira

Pūpūira fibril - raungaitinga taumata tuarua - ka karanga ano hoki he solenoid, taumata nukleomernym ranei. Rahi Ko 30 nm. HI histone Engari. kapa ia ki runga ki te raupapa linker DNA, me te ki e rua parāoa tata, me te "faaho'i" ratou tahi. Ko te hua o te tukanga hanganga riro nui atu te hanganga kiato, Ahakoa i te hanganga o te solenoid. ka karanga taua fibril, i roto i te tua ki te pūpūira te timatanga.

taumata hronomerny aru. Te rahi huru o te taumata o te raungaitinga - 300 nm. Kua kahore he atu hanganga helix, engari hua inihi ripeka e hāngai ana ki te rahi o te replicon kotahi, me te e ngā e te tikanga o te histone-kore (waikawa)

I te taumata hromonemnom (700 nm) o te koropiko ūngutungutu, a tae noa pūpūira atu kompaktiziruetsya. He kitea i roto i te karu marama kua whenu mātauranga o pūira.

kitea paparanga pūira (1400 nm) te i roto i te metaphase.

Irakētanga me ratou tūranga i roto i te rongoa

Ko te irakētanga o pūira - e kore e nohinohi, engari kia whai i te tohu rerekē me ngā pūhanga o. Huringa i roto i te puka hanganga o pūira kei te nuinga o hāngai i runga i te naianei tuatahi. Ki te mea i reira e pakaru i roto i te pūira, ka kua ki te whakaputa i to ratou hanganga, me te hua i reira ko he te tinana irakētanga pūira aberration ranei.

I roto i te crossover ngā pūira huirua whakawhiti wāhi e hāngai ana, me wawahi te tikanga puta reira i tenei wa. Ki te, i roto i te utu o taurite wahi whakawhitinga-mo o te ira, ngā rōpū hononga hou.

momo o irakētanga

He maha ngā momo o irakētanga e hāngai ana i runga i te huarahi o te takenga. Irakētanga o wehenga puta tika ki mate o wāhanga ira. Ki te i tuaruatia etahi wāhanga o te huinga ira - tenei tāruarua. I roto i koaro o te pūira i waenganui i te wahi discontinuities koané te i roto i 180 °.

Translocation i huaina rohe whakawhiti i tetahi pūira ki tetahi, a ki te puta te displacement i waenganui i ngā pūira kore-huirua, ka karanga translocation tauutuutu, a ki te i piri te kongakonga ki te irakētanga pūira taua i huaina transposition. I roto i translocation Robertsonian puta whakakotahitanga ki tetahi o rua hanganga kore-huirua.

He hoki irakētanga pericentric me paracentric.

RNA

Tei runga i te wāhanga i roto i nei kei te pūtau, te huri i te hanganga matū, Morphology, āhuatanga me te rahi o pūira, engari te rauemi ira kore anake te DNA me ngā pūira i roto i te karihi.

waikawa Ribonucleic (tuipūmua) - tetahi atu hanganga whai wāhi i roto i te whakawhitinga me te rokiroki o te mōhiohio ā-ira.

mRNA mRNA (kopu, mōhiohio ranei) ranei, uru te reira i roto i te kōtuitui o pūmua ki ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana ki reira. Hoki tenei te mea e tika ai te wahi o "hanga" riro "tohutohu", e ka korero te tikanga i roto i nei waikawa amino e ki kia whakaurua i roto i te mekameka peptide. Tenei ako Ko te kōrero whakawaeheretia i roto i te raupapa o nucleotides i roto i te mRNA (karere RNA). ka karanga te reira i tuhinga me te karere RNA kōtuitanga.

Ka taea te whakaritea i te tukanga o te tai'oraa i te mōhiohio i te DNA ki te hōtaka rorohiko. kia kitea RNA polymerase kaiwhakatairanga Tuatahi - he wahi motuhake o te rāpoi ngota pītauira, e tohu te tīmatanga o te rohe patohanga. herea RNA polymerase ki te kaiwhakatairanga me tīmata taui i te DNA tahuri-helix pātata. I tenei wāhi, e momotu te whenu e rua o DNA i ia atu, i muri nei tīmata te whākōkī te hanganga o mRNA o tetahi o ratou (kodogennoy anga i te paru 3`-mutunga). Ribonucleotides kohia i roto i te mekameka ture o kïnakitanga ki nga nucleotides o DNA me antiparallel ki te faatura ki te whenu tātauira DNA.

Ko te tukanga o te tuhi

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki neke tatou me te whenu DNA, te whākōkī tika pānui te kōrero katoa, tonu te tukanga tae noa te tika raupapa motuhake hou o nucleotides. Kei te karanga a te reira i te transkripktsii Terminator, me tohu e kia wehea te polymerase RNA i te DNA me te whenu tātauira, me i hou synthesized mRNA. Moni o nga wāhi o te kaiwhakatairanga ki te Terminator, tae atu i te kōwae tuhi patohia hōutia wahi i huaina - transcriptional.

Ka rite ki nga nekehanga RNA polymerase haere kodogennoy mekameka tuhi rohe kotahi-paea o DNA ngā me ano tango i te ahua o te helix rua. te maua e whakaturia mRNA he tārua tangohia o nga raraunga tuhi i te wāhanga DNA. E whakarōpūtia nucleotides o mRNA whakawaehere te raupapa waikawa amino i roto i takitoru me e huaina codons. Ia codon o te mRNA ōrite ki te waikawa ngā amino.

Āhuatanga me mahi o ira

whakaaro te ira te ki he wehewehe waeine mahi timatanga o te whakapapa-rauemi. He whakawaeheretia te ahua o te wahi DNA muingota te hanganga o te iti rawa, kotahi peptide reira.

He etahi āhuatanga, te tuatahi o ratou te ira - he mahi motuhake. Tenei te tikanga e rerekē ira whakahaere te whanaketanga o tohu paetata o takitahi.
te tamau o te taonga i whakaritea e te meka e he tonu ki te tuku tuku te ira, te kore, o te akoranga, i reira ko kahore he irakētanga. Mai i tenei whai reira e kore e taea te huri i te ira i roto i te ora.

Ko te pū o te mahi ko e tika ana ki te whanaketanga o te āhuatanga rōpū o ngā āhuatanga ranei, engari kia whai maha, me te mahi i te ira - huaina tenei ko te pleiotropy.

Āhuatanga dosing mahi whakatau te whānuitanga ki te e kia whakawhanake i tētahi tohu genome tika.

Ko āhuatanga o te kāwanatanga allelic hoki ratou, e ko, tata katoa o nga ira he irarā, tona maha haamata ki rua.