Maroketanga o waiwaihā

Ko te wā "maroketanga" whakamahia i roto i ngā rongoā (te tikanga maroketanga), i roto i te rererangi (ko reira he mate o te wai i te waka rererangi i roto i te rere), i roto i te matū (tauhohenga, i hua i wahia atu te wai rāpoi organic). Tauhohenga o waiwaihā maroketanga āhuatanga o pūhui mohiotia i mua kia rite ki te waipiro. Ko te tukanga puta i te whakawera i roto i te aroaro o te wai e kai ana, e he waikawa pungatara, konutea pūhaumāota, konumohe waikura ranei phosphoric waikawa. Tei runga i te tikanga tauhohenga kia hanga waiwaro hamanga, ethers ranei, e tahuri iho ana e ia, me te, i runga i, ki te intramolecular me te maroketanga intermolecular.

Ethers i hanga ka whakahaere te tauhohenga i te pāmahana o raro, me te waipiro i te taikaha. I roto i te taahiraa matamua o te hākawa waikawa pungatara whiwhi te: C2H5OH + HO-SO2OH ↔ C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O. tali waikawa ethylsulfuric Ki te ka mahana te ranunga tauhohe, ka hanga e te ki te taikaha o te waipiro: C2H5O-SO2OH + C2H5OH → C2H5O-C2H5 + H2SO4. Ko te hua, ko te diethyl (whanariki ranei) Etera. E ai ki tenei kaupapa puta maroketanga intermolecular o waiwaihā. Ka rite ki te hua, e wehe i te waipiro i rua ngā rāpoi ngota o ngota hauwai e rua, me te kotahi ngota hāora (hanga ratou muingota kotahi te wai) ethers i hanga. I roto i te ahumahi, diethyl Etera whakaputaina e haere i te waipiro i runga i te rua o te konumohe ōkai i te pāmahana o te 250 ° C. Ko te kaupapa tauhohe ko e whai ake: 2C2H5-OH → C2H5-e-C2H5 + H2O.

maroketanga Intramolecular o waiwaihā taea puta noa i pāmahana teitei. Ko te kupu i te muingota waipiro kotahi (nui atu i rua rite i roto i te take o mua) e wehe te rāpoi ngota wai me te ngota waro rua i hanga e kotahi here rua. Whakamahia tenei tikanga mo te faaineineraa o waiwaro hamanga. Whakamahia hoki tenei whakaaro monoalcohols anake. Hei tauira, kawea te wāhinga o te wai ki te waihā i roto i te pāmahana o te 500 ° C i runga i te whakakōkī dehydrating, hei tauira, alumina Al2O3 konutea ranei pūhaumāota ZnCl2.

Maroketanga o waiwaihā - ko te tikanga ohie mō te whakaputa waiwaro rua haurehu waihā i roto i te taiwhanga. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te hanga o te ethylene i te waihā: CH3-CH2-OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O. kia tango i maroketanga wahi i roto i te aroaro o te whakakōkī i te alumina. Takirua o Ethyl waipiro haere te i runga i te paura alumina wera. wai Segregated whenumi rite mamaoa, te kupu tu te ethylene parakore. I roto i tenei tukanga, ka taea te whakamahi i te kounga o te whakakōkī waikawa takiwa, hei tauira, pungatara phosphoric ranei. Ratou, ano he konumohe ōkai, riro nga āhuatanga dehydrating. Heoi, mai i te mea ano hoki waikawa pungatara te kaihoko kaha oxidizing, hua reira he rota o e-hua (hei tauira, oxidized he waipiro te ki te hauhā, ka heke te waikawa ki te pūngāwhā hāora rua), na titau te hau hua purenga atu.

Maroketanga o waiwaihā o hanganga huringa, hei tauira, maroketanga o cyclohexanol, kia tango i te wahi i roto i te aroaro o te waikawa phosphoric. Kei te maha hiahia reira waikawa pungatara, rite he reira, he āhuatanga pai dehydrating, iti iho āwhina ki te hanganga o e-hua, me te haumaru ake. Ka rite ki te hua o taua tauhohenga hua cyclohexene. Ko te take i kore e te ngota waro ngā i roto i te whakakai e whakarereketia te matū o te tauhohenga: C6H11-OH → C6H10 + H2O. te tahu Cyclohexanol te ki phosphoric takiwa (V) waikawa. Ko te pūwaro huringa hua he kotahi here rua i roto i te mowhiti ko te taonga wai, Heoi hoki te purenga e maturuturu i poke i te reira.

Ko reira ano hoki maroketanga taea o waiwaihā kei roto i roto i te rāpoi ngota rōpū hydroxyl maha. Ka rite ki te tauira mo nga waiwaihā polyhydric taea whakaaro hua tauhohenga i te whakakorenga o e rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te wai i rua ngā rāpoi ngota o te ethylene glycol, reira hanga he Etera huringa, dioxane: 2Aue-CH2-CH2-OH → (C2H4O) 2. Ko maroketanga i roto i te Māturu o ethylene glycol i te aroaro o te waikawa pungatara. Tenei Ko tetahi o nga hangarau ahumahi o te fariiraa o te dioxane.

Ko te kupu, Ka taea e tatou te mea e te maroketanga o waiwaihā me he ahumahi, me te taiwhanga tono. Ka rite ki te hua, e hanga e pūhui matū, e kua whakamahia mō te rangahau, me te rauemi raw tauhohenga pŭpŭ tauturu mō te ahumahi matū ranei.