Leonid Kravchuk: haurongo, whakaahua me ngā meka ngā o te ora

Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich (whanau January 10, 1934) ko te kaitōrangapū Ukrainian me te tuatahi peresideni o Ukraine, kua nei kua i roto i te mana mai Hakihea 5, 1991 tae noa ki tona rīhainatanga Hōngongoi 19, 1994 ko ia ano hoki Tiamana o te Verkhovna Rada me tuarua o Ukraine a iwi, pōtitia e te Social rōpū -demokraticheskoy o Ukraine (fā'ūtaha).

Ko te whakarau o Western Ukraine - Kravchuk Leonid whenua - i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau whakamutunga

Hea tīmata ia tona mahi, Leonid Kravchuk? timata Biography tona kainga nui Zhitin i rohe Rivne ki te whānau kaiahuwhenua. Katahi ka ko reira te whenua Polish. I roto i te kotahi tekau nga tau i muri i roto i o ratou whenua Maori kua puta ke Leni toru mana hauhautanga. Tuatahi, i roto i te Mahuru 1939 rite ki te hua o te pakanga whakaoranga o te Army Whero i uru Ukraine, i apitiria reira ki te Ukrainian SSR. Na, i roto i te Hōngongoi 1941 riro Nasí Germany te whenua mō ngā tau e toru. I te pae hopea, i roto i te ngahuru 1944, konei ko hoki ia mana Soviet. Otiia whakahaere anake te reira i roto i te ra, me te i te po i Western kainga Ukrainian i raro i te kāwanatanga iwi hoki. Na haere ana tenei i runga i hoki te maha o nga tau.

A feruri na pēhea te kitea enei whakapawera katoa i roto i te huru o te iwi rohe, ina koa i roto i te whakatupuranga o muri? Hei ora i roto i taua tikanga, i matou ki te ako ki te huna ratou whakaaro, ki te whakaaro tetahi mea, me te mea tetahi, whakawhirinaki kahore tetahi, kahore ki te whakapono. A pera i hanga reira he whakatupuranga katoa o pou-pakanga tamarikitanga Ukrainian Western, ki i no ia, a Leonid Kravchuk.

tamarikitanga

Ngā kaupapa whakahaere o te pakanga pānga koi te whakarau o te utuafare to tatou aito o me ia. Matua Lenny Makar Kravchuk, te āpiha hikareia kaieke mua o te Polish Army me te kaimahi Polish i roto i te Pākehā, i tuhia ki te Army Whero i 1944 me, he poto te wa ki te mahi i etahi whawhai i roto i te taua tau, whakatakotoria ana e ia tona matenga i roto i Peraruhia.

haere mai te whaea hoki faaipoipo, me te tahi ki tona pāpā i taea ki te tupu Leonid. noho ratou i roto i te rawakore, e ia haamana'o Leonid Kravchuk e haere hu tae noa ki te hukarere tuatahi. Heoi, kei te anake i konatunatua fakamasiva i te āhua o te peresideni heke mai.

tau o te ako

I muri i te kura nui, Leonid Kravchuk, oho ki te pa, me te haere ki Rivne Cooperative College. E ai ki a ia, tahi ki hoa ākonga, tukua ia he ruma ki kahore he taonga. Na i roto i te 1953, i muri i ta'na haapiiraa tuarua ki hōnore, kua tika ia ki te tomo i waho whakamātautau i roto i te Kiev State University i te Faculty o Economics.

Ako kihai i reira ngāwari, te karahipi i 24 moni (ahakoa me te tina i roto i te wharekai ākonga te utu 50 hēneti!). I roto i te tikanga ki te ora, i te po i haere nga ākonga ki te ruke waka ki ika tio i te tipu tukatuka ika kei tata. Te peresideni i mua nei, Leonid Kravchuk, noho i roto i te ruma ētehi mo 12 iwi, engari te whakahaere ki te ako i "pai", me te riro i te nui haere tahua - 30 moni kua.

Anake te hui ora

Ko te whare wānanga Leonid tutaki tana wahine ake nei. Ataahua sumchanka pīrahi Tonya kohiko tonu polonium tona ngakau. i ratou i te rota i roto i te noa, e rua tupu ake kahore matua, puta i te kāreti ki te hōnore me te tomo i te whare wānanga, kahore whakamātautau. fakafetongi mai Tonya Leonid, i timata tango tiaki o ia, i roto i te kīhini o i tunu i te ākonga mō te rua te akoranga tuatahi, a tamata Leonid ki te tiki i te perk, nga wahi katoa e taea, ki te tutuki ai o ratou pūtea.

Kua tīmata te whenua huringa nui, a ka mau ratou i roto i te awa o ngā ākonga Kiev. A, no te timata te whanaketanga o nga whenua wahine, haere te Leonid me Tonya i muri i te toru o nga akoranga ki a Kostanai oblast o katatānga, te wahi i mahi ai ia rite te taraiwa tarakihana, te haamau'araa i te po i roto i te tapenakara matao tae noa ki te mutunga o te ngahuru. Here Leonid matao, kia pakeke e ngaro ia mahara, me te tata mate. whakaorangia Tonya ia, e kitea te motokā, ka tangohia ana te tino i roto i te fare ma'i, te wahi kua ora ia. I muri hoki mai i te whenua wahine i faaipoipo Leonid me Tonya. Marriage ratou toro ki te wa nei.

mahi tuatahi

I roto i te 1958, puta Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich i KSU, a i wehea i roto i Chernivtsi, te wahi lau ia te ōhanga tōrangapū o te kāreti pūtea.

Poor tikanga ora me e whaia e Leonid rite waimarie kino. hoatu matou ia i roto i te whare o te wahine, e tika ana i roto i te "kokonga whero". Hoki te hunga e e taitamariki, me te kore e mohio he aha te mea te reira, te whakamārama. Na i roto i te pūtahi Soviet huaina motuhake (kore-noho) whare, te whakapaipai ki te tohu Soviet (he māhunga o Lenin, te kara (ki te ko reira), ngā tiwhikete, pennants me ētahi atu huanga o te āhua noho Soviet). No te mea e kore rawa e rere i roto i te totohu o te wahine wharepaku ranei, i te kaiako taitamariki i tenei ata, me nga po ki te rere a tawhio noa te waharoa o te pa i roto i te haumiti tūmatanui ki te horoi, heu, ka whakanui te hiahia tūturu. Fun? Just katakata pai. Ko whakamanawanui Leonid tenei tūkino mō tau e toru.

mahi rōpū

I te pae hopea, i roto i te 1960, ka kite he ohanga tōrangapū taitamariki i roto i te whakahaere rōpū rohe, ka i whakawhitia ki te Whare o tōrangapū Mātauranga mātanga me te kaiwhakaako. I aru tenei e whakawhiti ki te kōwae o te Komiti rohe Chernivtsi o te Pāti Communist. Here i to tatou hero mahi rōpū mō runga i te 7 tau, maranga ki te pou o te rangatira o tari o te rohe komiti rōpū whakatö.

Muri ki te ara noa o te Soviet Union he kaimahi nui rōpū. Tuatahi e toru nga tau o rangahau paetahi i te Academy o Social Sciences i raro i te Komiti Central CPSU, ka waru nga tau o pikitanga āta roto i nga rarangi o te Komiti Central o te Pāti Communist noa te upoko o te tari o te whakatö-o te Komiti Central, ka upoko o te tari o te Māoritanga. ka Kravchuk hēkeretari o te Komiti Central me i te whārangi o te press Iukereiniana ka karanga hoki te tiaki o Ukraine i te USSR. Ko te tihi o te mahi tona ope - he mema i roto i te Politburo me te pou o te hēkeretari tuarua o te Pāti Communist o Ukrainian.

Ka rite ki ka Kravchuk te heamana o te Verkhovna Rada

I muri hekenga i roto i te 1989, hoa Brezhnev Vladimir Shcherbytskyi Ukrainian Communist Party haere e te Māori o Poltava Vladimir Iwashko nei i hanga te umanga rōpū i roto i te rohe Kharkiv. I roto i te 1990, tū Ukraine pōtitanga pāremata. i pōtitia Iwashko te kawana o Kiev. Mai i Kominiusi te nuinga o nga kawana, he reira tino maori e te Tiamana o te Pāremata i Pipiri 1990, pōtitia ratou te upoko o te rōpū, arā, Iwashko. I muri i taua, i te wairua o te wa, whiriwhiria ana e ratou he upoko hou o te Pāti Communist o S. Hurenko kia kore ko te matenga o te Pāremata me te ārahi ope tōrangapū te tangata kotahi.

pōtitia te kawana i te Party Communist, ko Kravchuk ko Leonid Kravchuk. Tona haurongo i taea e kore pai te e tahi atu mau ohipa faahiahia whakakiia, ki te Iwashko e marama kihai i mahia e ia te mate i te wairangi, te tākaro he wāhi whakatakotoria i roto i tona ora, me te heke mai o to tatou hero. Ko te meka Ko e i te wa Peresideni o te USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, a i roto i te huinga, ko te whānui kaituhituhi o te katoa-Union Communist Party, titiro hoki te ara ki te pehea e ratou mau ohipa rōpū, hiahia ki te puta ki te aroaro o te feia faatere Western (ki nei nuitia ngohe ia) anake i roto i te puka o te kāwanatanga, a kahore kominiusi rangatira. Heoi ka haere mai ia ki runga ki te tūranga hou i roto i te rōpū - hekeretari tuarua tuatahi whānui - ka karangatia ia Iwashko reira ki te mārama tiaturiraa o hoko te whānui hekeretari muri o te tumu parau rōpū ki te whakakāhoretanga o te inarā o te Soviet Union. Iwashko mārama kore "prointuichil", e waha ana tūponotanga taua whakarite, i pai ki te Verkhovna Rada Tiamana tuku a mahue hoki Moscow.

tarekatia tona mahi kawana poauau. kawea Tuatahi Hekeretari o te Hurenko Ukrainian Communist Party ki te pou wātea o te hēkeretari tuarua o te Komiti Central o te Pāti Communist o Ukraine Kravchuk. Ko mārama tona ahua he ngāwari. I runga i te ringa kotahi, ko ia he kaimahi rōpū e pono kawana pro-hapori-whakaaro, i runga i te tahi atu te ringa - te Ukrainians hauauru taketake,, rite ki kawana o te iwi hoki, ko nei he taurangi o tona motuhake i ngā kaupapa here a Moscow. O te akoranga i runga i te mana motuhake āhua o Ukraine ki te korero reo kahore tetahi.

Hōngongoi 23, ka 1990 Kravchuk te tiamana o te Hupirimi Soviet o te Ukrainian SSR, e te tikanga e te matenga ränei o te Republic.

Tiamana o te Pāremata - peresideniraa

Ko wai mahara inaianei te wa uaua i muri i te mau haafifiraa katoa o te 25 tau kua hipa? Katahi ka, me te take o Gorbachev kaha kōrero te whakaaro o te tiriti uniana hou i waenganui i te lepupilika ngā te Soviet Union. whakamana kaiwhakahau o tenei huarahi te ko Kravchuk rite te ātete ki te rangatira iwi V. Chornovil, rangatira o te kaupapa "Movement o te tangata", i karangatia e nuitia mo te putanga o Ukraine i te Soviet Union.

Ahakoa i muri i te ärai o te mana i roto i te whenua i te tukipoto i tukipoto i August 1991, tonu ia ki te karanga mō te hanganga ture i raro i te mana e hānga ana Central. Ko te kupu, i te hui o te Verkhovna Rada o August 19 ka mea a Kravchuk: "I roto i te Ukraine, he āhua o te whawhati tata e kore e tomo. Na reira, haere tonu tatou ki te mahi i ta ratou mau ohipa noa i roto i te tikanga ano. "

Na anake i runga i August 24, ka ko kua nga ngā mema o te Komiti Emergency i te whare herehere, ka Soviet te peresideni Mikhail Gorbachev, korero ki nga kawana o te Kaunihera Hupirimi, i korerotia kinotia nuitia ratou, a Boris Yeltsin i te pupiti i matau i te hui kotahi, hainatia he tikanga kati te Pāti Communist - anake ārahitanga o te Verkhovna Rada, ahu e Kravchuk i raro i te pēhanga te nuinga o nga kaitohutohu i haere ki te hanga i te whare ki te pōti i te Whakapuakanga i te mana arii āhua o Ukraine, i whakaaetia.

I maoro i whakatikatikaina Ukrainian Constitution ki te hanga i te pou o tona peresideni. I homai Kravchuk mana peresideniraa, a ko te kupu hoko i te de märena me de haamamae upoko o te kāwanatanga. I roto i te taua tau, Hakihea 5, 1991, nga kaipōti ōkawa whiriwhiria e te Peresideni o Ukraine mo te pōtitanga tuatahi peresideniraa i roto i i patua e ia Vyacheslav Chornovil ki pepeha penapena o hoa whanaunga ki Russia, me te te tiaki o te tikanga ōhanga motu kotahi i roto i te wāhi pou-Soviet.

peresideniraa Kravchuk

pepeha aroha mai te mea e korerotia tetahi o ratou ki te aroaro o te pōtitanga, e kore ia kua rite. Ahakoa Kravchuk a hainatia te whakaaetanga i runga i hanganga o nga Kihi, engari i ia mea katoa ki te Verkhovna Rada kihai i whakamana ona Ture. karbovanets - I roto i te Hānuere 1992, i whakaurua he moni Ukrainian hou. Tenei meinga he hononga ōhanga break tūturu me hoa o hinonga Iukereiniana i roto i te Soviet Union, na kua taupokina te whenua te tupuhi inflationary tūturu i roto i te tau e toru i muri mai. Ki te i te mutunga o 1991 "hoahoa aunoatanga sKP" i mata utu kaipūkaha (Dnepropetrovsk) e pā ana ki 200 moni Soviet, i 1994 i te pou o CMC "Yuzhvetroenergomash" tino mātanga, ko reira e pā ana ki 2 miriona. Karbovancev i āhua i te mana hoko taua, arā, .e. kua tupu te supply moni i roto i te whenua e te iti rawa 10,000 wā.

Enterprises katia massively, kua tahuri nga ara o nga pa Ukrainian ki huanui taupua noa te wahi i ngana te iwi ki te hoko mo te hore taonga whaiaro me ngā tūemi whare. Mai i te kāinga ki te mākete me te hoki ki te tangata ki te whakaora i te taonga i roto i te kaata parahi e kapi iriirihia iwi "kravchuchkami". Kei te tere te whenua hurihia ki te hohonu. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, haere te whiriwhiri Ukrainian kua ki te whakawhāiti i te mana o te peresideni me te Paremete, haere nga mana nui o te pirimia, tae atu i te tika ki te puta tikanga i i te mana o te ture. pirimia Heoi katoa-kaha ko Leonid Kuchma. Ko e mo'oni, e ki waenganui ia me te peresideni o te pakanga, i hua i roto i te pirimia tuatahi rihaina i te mutunga o 1993, a ka, ki te tautoko o te whiriwhiri i roto i te rāwhiti Ukraine, kua hanga o nga pōtitanga peresideniraa faahiahia i roto i te mea i patua e ia e Leonid Kravchuk. whakaaturia Whakaahua o tona wā peresideniraa te raro nei.

Ko te whakaahua tōrangapū o Leonid Kravchuk

Kia i runga i te whakaatu TV tata patua i roto i Kiev kaituhi me te kairīpoata Oles Buzina Kravchuk ui pehea e taea e ia, he ideologist rangatira mua o te Pāti Communist, mohiotia hoki tona whawhai ki Nationalists Ukrainian mea taua i teie mahana ko ia to ratou hoa tōrangapū, me te ara he akonga. I taua Leonid Makarovich, ka mea "sumnyashesya kau": "Znaєte scho? Tona Dumka kore mіnyaє te abo kino, abo mate. au ahau e kore nga mea e kore i mahi Rota Ētahi ".

E ai ki te arorau o Kravchuk, katoa nei kihai i whakarere i o ratou whakapono, ara te aufauraa i hoki ratou to ratou oraraa, he wairangi. I roto i tona roa te ora tōrangapū nukarau tonu ia, huri tū tōrangapū. I te mutunga o 2004, ngā whiriwhiringa ki Yushchenko, tautoko ia Yanukovych (mo te mea i, i te ara, i tangohia e ia o te taitara o hōnore Doctor o te Kiev-Mohyla Academy), ka riro nga pōtitanga 2009 ko ha taha falala◊anga o Yulia Tymoshenko, te taua tāwhai Yanukovych.

Āta, kei te hoko i tona tūranga ake me te ake tuwhena tika, neke ofi ki nga whakaaro o hāngai Russophobia. Na, ka haere mai te wa whakamutunga ia ki te wāhi e kia wehea Ukraine te Donbass i roto i te tikanga ki te ārai i tona pānga kino i runga i te iwi Ukrainian. Ko tenei te ara, ko te commissar tōrangapū mua o te Ukrainian Communist Party, he kaikorero a ahi, e huaina i rangatira mano tiketike ki internationalism proletarian me te autaea'eraa o iwi, ka ko inaianei te kaupapa here de märena o te Pharoah i runga i te papa whenua tōrangapū, me te motu.

Kravchuk huru ki te iwi

I roto i te poto, e kore e to tatou hero rite te iwi. E pā ana tēnei ki te whiriwhiri, me te iwi noa. Ko te whiriwhiri, ko reira tauira rawa korerotanga o tenei huru hoatu Vladimir Litvin, nei i te tau torutoru ki muri, ka ko ia ia Tiamana o te Verkhovna Rada o ratou, i roto i tetahi o ana kupu i runga i te pouaka whakaata Kravchuk huaina "arai kairau tōrangapū ngaio."

Tohu o te tuatahi Ukrainian Maidan 2004 ruau Paraska Koroljuk riria nuitia Kravchuk me tae noa tamata ki te whakaū i to ratou huru ki reira te mahi, na i takoha ia ki te putere atu i a ia i raro i te tiaki o te hauora. Ko reira wahi o te hononga o te iwi noa.

Ko tonu Leonid Makarovich ki hei te aroha nei o te pāpāho, he reira ei tuhaa faufaa rahi i roto i ngā whakaaturanga TV tokomaha, tonu ia ki te noho i runga i te presidium Ngā Huinga maha whakaturia o ngā rōpū pāpori, i roto i te kupu atu - he i roto i te titiro i roto i te coterie tōrangapū Ukrainian.

Nä te tētahi atu take e te aro ki tona tangata - ara, ko wai te mea he iwi Kravchuk Leonid Makarovich? Tona ingoa tūturu, kia rite ki te tahi mau puna, ehara i te mea Kravchuk, ko Blum, t. E. whakapae Hurai ia. Ko e tino pāhekeheke enei raraunga. ingoa Real Leonid Kravchuk, tino pea, te tetahi i nei mohiotia e ia huri noa te ao.