Konganuku: āhuatanga whānui o te konganuku me te alloys

Ko te rauemi tuatahi, e kua ako ki te whakamahi i te iwi mo to ratou ake hiahia - he kohatu. Otira i muri, ka ka mohio o nga āhuatanga o konganuku te tangata, oho tawhiti hoki kohatu. Enei matū me ratou alloys hei kua te nui tino me te rauemi matua i roto i nga ringa o te iwi. O enei, tūemi whare hua, taputapu, whare i hanga. Na reira, i roto i tenei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki te mea ko te whakarewa, whānui ngā āhuatanga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā tono e he na nui ki tenei ra. I muri noa i waho te kohatu Age i aru e te tupuni katoa o te whakarewa: parahi, parahi, rino, me te.

Konganuku: āhuatanga whānui

He aha tahoê nga mema o katoa o enei matū ohie? O te akoranga, ko reira te hanganga o ratou wini whakakahokaho karaihe, momo o here matū me ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga hiko o te ngota. I muri i te katoa, i konei nga āhuatanga motuhake tinana e à te whakamahi o enei rauemi i te tangata.

Tuatahi, whakaaro te konganuku rite ngā āhuatanga matū o te pūnaha wā. I roto i ia e tū ratou tino noa, noho 95 pūtau mohiotia ki te rā 115. He maha ngā āhuatanga o ratou wāhi i roto i te pūnaha whānui:

• Puka nga subgroups matua ahau me II rōpū, me te III, tīmata i te konumohe.
• subgroups kino katoa ngā anake o konganuku.
• E tū ana i raro i te hauroki notional i boron ki astatine.

I runga i enei raraunga, e mea ohie ki te whai, e kua kohia nga konganuku-kore i roto i te wahi tika o runga o te pūnaha, ka no te toenga o te wāhi i raro i whakaaro ki huānga tatou.

E ratou katoa te maha ngā āhuatanga o te hanganga hiko o te ngota:

• Ko te pūtoro nui ngota, ai haaparuparu te hononga o te irahiko waho me te karihi, reira, e mea ohie ki te hoatu konganuku, mahi rite whakaiti āpiha.
• He nui iti o irahiko i roto i te kahu o waho o te pūngao.
• I roto i te rōpū o runga-iho āhuatanga konganuku e whakarei āhuatanga, me te wā i mahue ki te matau, i roto i te rerekē, whakawarea. Ko te kupu, ko te kaha tino maitai-kore - he hau köwhai, me te ngoikore - France.

āhuatanga whānui o te konganuku me te-konganuku kore heheu tauira i roto i to ratou hanganga. Ko te kupu, ko te wini whakakahokaho karaihe o te tuatahi - maitai, motuhake. I roto i ona kōpuku he maha ngā momo o matūriki:

• katote;
• ngota;
• irahiko.

Roto te katoa hau irahiko kapua-ka karanga putu, e whakamārama te āhuatanga ōkiko katoa o enei matū. konganuku i roto i te momo here matū o te taua ingoa ki a ratou.

ngā āhuatanga ōkiko

He he maha o ngā tawhā e kua ngā konganuku katoa. āhuatanga General o ratou āhuatanga ōkiko e whai ake.

• umeraa konganuku. He mema o te katoa o tenei rōpū o matū tona. He wāhanga nui whakaata te marama o te roangaru kotahi, reira, E faatae mai te tae ma, me te hiriwa ngohengohe. Ko etahi (koura, parahi, he maha alloys) whiti urukehu kōwhai.
• Kōpoke me te kōngohe. Ko tūturu i roto i te konganuku hoki tenei kōwhiringa. āhuatanga General mo te huru i homai, Heoi kahore he, tika rawa, rite reira kei roto i te tino ngohengohe, ngohengohe me te kōngohe, me i reira e he pakarukaru, machining. Ko te tino ngohengohe me te kōngohe - koura, he hiriwa, parahi, konumohe, me ētahi atu. Iti iho e ngawari noa - he tine, he mata, konupora me etahi atu.
• kawe ia hiko, me te ngāwhā. Ko tōna māngai i te katoa, kahore okotahi. Konganuku he conductors ahau ahua.
• Te rewa me koropupu ngā tiketike. faaite ratou E ai ki tenei āhuatanga i roto i te whakangutungutu (pāmahana i runga 1500 nekehanga) fusible - i raro i tenei ahua.
• Marama me konganuku taimaha i runga i to ratou kiato rānei. Ko reira te iti, te iti te taimaha o te huānga ngota. Ko te māmā - he konukōhatu me taimaha - osmium.
• Pakeke. Record mō tenei tohu, Konqueror, i te ngohengohe - Cs, rewa te reira i roto i o koutou ringa.

Ēnei tawhā - ko te āhuatanga whānui o konganuku tenei, e ko katoa e tahoê ratou i roto i te kotahi te utuafare nui. Heoi, kia mohio ki taua mea e nga tikanga i reira he okotahi. Rawa e ngā āhuatanga o tenei ahua e maha rawa. Na reira, i roto i te utuafare i hoki ratou wae ki ngā rōpū rerekē, ka e kia kōrero i raro nei, a mo e tohu tatou i nga āhuatanga āhuatanga.

āhuatanga matū

Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te pūtaiao o te matū, konganuku katoa - kei te whakaiti. Ano, te tino kaha. Ko te iti te irahiko i roto i te taumata waho, te pūtoro ngota nui, te kaha te whakarewa i te tawhā i whakaritea.

Ka rite ki te hua, ka taea e te konganuku ariu ki:

• -Konganuku kore;
• wai;
• waikawa;
• ki kawakore (whakarewa amphoteric);
• waikura;
• tai whakarewa o ngoikore.

Ko te tirohanga whānui noa o te āhuatanga matū tenei. I muri i ia rōpū o ngā huānga he tino takitahi.

konganuku whenua kawakore

āhuatanga General o te konganuku kawakore-whenua e whai ake:

• E rua ngā irahiko waho.
• Puka te rōpū tuarua o te Huingaiti matua o te pūnaha wā, he okotahi he teriuma.
• I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa - ko tenei , he taonga totoka, e kore te maripi tapahi.
• Tae hina hiriwa whakarewa ohie, e hipokina te rangi ki te kiriata waikura.
• nui haere o ratou te tauhohenga tiketike e konupora ki konutuki.
• I roto i te āhua whānui, rawa konupūmā. I roto i te puka māmā e kore e puta tika ana ki te mahi nui, engari te hanga i te plurality o ngā nui ki hononga tangata.
• He o faufaa nui i roto i ngā koiora. Konupūmā, konupora - āhuatanga wahi nui o te tinana o te tangata me te kararehe. Ko hoki Konupora he wahi o te chlorophyll tipu.

Ko te kupu, te konganuku whenua kawakore - he āhuatanga noa o te s-whānau, whakaahua te tauhohenga tiketike, me te kaha āpiha whakaiti me he kaitākaro nui i roto i te tukanga koiora i roto i te tinana.

konganuku alkali

āhuatanga General o te whakarewa alkali tīmata ki o ratou ingoa. Tona ka ratou mo to ratou kaha ki te tareka i te wai, hanga alkali - waihā waihā. Tauhohenga ki te wai ko te tino ririhau, ētahi wā ki te mumura. I roto i te āhua noa i roto i te natura, e kore e kitea i enei matū, mai te mea tiketike rawa o ratou tauhohenga. huru ratou ki te hau, kohu wai,-konganuku kore, waikawa, waikura me tai, i.e. tata katoa.

He tika ki to ratou hanganga hiko tenei. I runga i te taumata waho, kotahi noa irahiko e e ngāwari ana ki te hoatu ratou. Ko te kaihoko kaha whakaiti, i te mea he aha ki te whiwhi ratou i roto i te puka parakore ka mau te reira rawa he wa roa tenei. I mahi tuatahi tenei e Gemfri Devi i te rau tau XVIII i te iahiko o te konutai waihā. Na tangohia ngā mema katoa o tenei rōpū e tenei tikanga.

āhuatanga General o te konganuku alkali ko tonu i roto i te meka e hanga ake e ratou te rōpū tuatahi o te rōpū matua o te pūnaha wā. Ko ratou katoa - ngā āhuatanga nui e hanga ake te rota o matū tūturu tino whakamahia e te tangata.

āhuatanga General o te r- whakarewa me te f-mau utuafare

Tenei rōpū ngā aua āhuatanga katoa, e taea rerekē te tohu o te piti hāora. tikanga o tēnei e i runga i nga tikanga rānei, ka taea e te whakarewa mahi hei āpitihāora, me te kaihoko whakaiti. Taua āhuatanga kaha nui ki te tauhohe. I roto ia ratou, he maha nui o ngā matū amphoteric.

ingoa General mo enei ngota katoa - huānga whakawhitinga. ka ratou ia mo taua whakaatu āhuatanga tino e, me te mea i roto i te waenganui, i waenganui i te whakarewa angamaheni s-whānau, me te rohe utuafare-kore.

matau āhuatanga General o konganuku whakawhitinga te ki rawea, āhuatanga rite. Ko ratou e whai ake:

• he maha nui o irahiko i te taumata waho;
• pūtoro nui ngota;
• e rave rahi nekehanga o hāora (+3 ki +7);
• honohono, irahiko kei i runga i te r- f-sublayer ranei;
• 4-6 hanga he wā nui o te pūnaha.

Ka rite ki nga konganuku taonga ohie i roto i tenei rōpū e tino roa, ngohengohe me te kōngohe, na kua auraa nui ahumahi.

Te taha iti-rōpū o te pūnaha wā

āhuatanga General o te whakarewa taha-subgroups he ōrite ki taua o te whakawhitinga. E kore te mea poitirere tenei, no te mea, i roto i te meka, he reira tino te taua. Just i hanga he Huingaiti taha o te pūnaha e ngā māngai o r- me f-hapu, e ko, te konganuku whakawhitinga. Na reira, ka taea e tatou te mea e enei ariā - taurite.

Ko te hunga tino kaha, me te nui - te raupapa tuatahi o 10 māngai i konutaketake ki konutea. E ratou katoa faufaa nui ahumahi, a kei te maha whakamahia e te tangata, i roto i ngā mo tango,.

alloys

āhuatanga whānui o te konganuku me alloys taea ki tatou mahino wahi me pehea e taea ki te whakamahi i ēnei matū. Taua pūhui i roto i ngā tekau tau tata nei pehia he hurihanga nui, no te mea synthesized te tuwhera me tāpiritanga hou ki te whakapai ake i to ratou kounga.

Ko te alloys pai-mohiotia hoki tenei ra ko:

• parahi;
• duralumin;
• maka rino;
• maitai;
• parahi;
• riro;
• Konumāmura, me ētahi atu.

He aha te mea hononga? Tenei ranunga whakarewa whiwhi i roto i te oumu whakamutunga whakaaro motuhake. meatia tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i te hua pai ki nga āhuatanga o ngā matū parakore, ona generators.

Whakatauritenga o nga āhuatanga o te konganuku me te nonmetals

Ki te kōrero tatou e pā ana ki te āhuatanga whānui, ka rerekē te whakaahuatanga o te konganuku me te-konganuku kore tetahi wāhi rawa faufaa: e kore hoki e taea e te muri tautuhi ōritenga, rite he ratou rawa rerekē i roto i ngā āhuatanga faaite e rua tinana, me te matū.

Na reira, ki te waihanga i tētahi whakautu taua e kore e taea e hoki-konganuku kore. Ka taea e anake tatou whakaaro wehe nga māngai o te pŭpŭ tata'itahi, a te whakaahua ratou āhuatanga.