Ko te whanui o te rerewē mehua i Russia me ētahi atu whenua

transportation Rail - tetahi o nga momo ārahi o te transportation o ngā pāhihi me te utanga. whakaaro torutoru iwi o te whanui ara, e noho ana i roto i te pereoo auahi. e matau Ahakoa iti te iwi he aha e mangai enei tawhā. Hoki ngā take, he rerekētanga nui i roto i nga whenua ngā te ara tereina ara.

He hītori iti

Science fiction kaituhi i Ingarangi Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells ta e kia whakarahia te ara e hāngai ana i runga i te tawhiti i waenganui i nga wira o te kaata hoiho noa. Ka taea te kitea Information i roto i tona mahi "ngarahu".

Ko te whanaketanga o te waka tereina i roto i te waenganui o te rau tau 19. Katahi nga kamupene nui i roto i tenei rāngai nui taea ake i tona mana i roto i ngā porowhita pakihi. O te akoranga, i te wa ano tuhia tupu nui i roto i te ahumahi.

ka kite a nga locomotives tuatahi i rite ki te kē ki horsepower. E tino hāngai ki te rahi o te kauhoe ratou tawhā. Ko te mea fakahā atu e te rahi o te rail tuatahi, me te ara whanui (1,435 mm).

Kihai i whakatakotoria katoa o te ara tuatahi i runga i te pūtake o ngā tikanga whänui ana te whakaaetia. Hei tauira, ko te whanui o te ara rerewē i runga i te ara i Dublin ki Drogheda (Ireland) 1600 mm.

Ko te pakanga mo te rahi mehua

Izambart kaipūkaha Brunel, e noho i roto i nga tau 1806-1859, tonu kua paruru te toronga o te ara. I te 1835 ka oti te reira i te hanga o te Great Western Road. Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i nga huapae i 2135 mm.

Tautohenga i runga i te take e rite ana ki te mea e te whanui o te rerewē mehua e tangohia rite te paerewa, tonu reira tae noa ki te tau 1845. I roto i te tautohe kua āta ako matou te mahi o ngā momo rerekē o rori. Hoki te hanga i te whakatau tika anake i roto i te Ingarangi i hanga i te kōmihana pāremata motuhake, i ko ki te whakatū i te rahi te kākahu o te ara rerewhenua. Ko te kupu, i roto i te 1845 i reira ko tetahi ture i runga i te hanga o rerewē ki te mehua ara 1.435 mm o. Ko reira he ara e kore e e hāngai ana ki tenei raraunga, i matou ki te toe langa. Ofati i fehangahangai he pai o £ 10 mo ia maero ia 1 ra o te oraraa o rori ture.

ngā āhuatanga motuhake mō te Ireland

i takoha Great Western Road ki te hanga tetahi, he toru o tereina. Hoki Ireland, hanga te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi he okotahi (ara whanui i konei me noa nei 1600 mm). I roto i te whenua i roto i nga 40s o te rau tau 19 pai coexisted mehua o ono paerewa. Ki Kua te raruraru kua whakatau tika, kua tāutuhia te kāwanatanga he paerewa kotahi, ki te tātai i te toharite.

Iron ara USA

I roto i te US, kua rapua āhua ki te tutakina ratou ki te whawhai ture. O te akoranga, kia kitea tenei i roto i te waka. Ko te ara tuatahi he tawhiti rawa momo i waenganui i nga huapae. I roto i te te ture New York City i whakapumautia reira e rāhuitia atu manga hono ki rori (tātari i ratou 1524 mm).

Mai i 1865 ki te 1886 i reira ko te rōpū o ara American. Kei te tīmata o Amerika ki te kitea huarahi ki te taunekeneke, te hoko paerewa English ake me te ake kaitautoko.

Anake i roto i te Hui-tanguru 1886 tangohia te "Convention", i tohutohu te whakataki o te ara kotahi i roto i te United States. i pereshito 21,000 roa km o huarahi i roto i rua noa ra. ka mau te faaineineraa 79 ra. Kua te whanui o te ara United States Railway kua heke ki te 1.435 mm. Te rahi taua i te rerewē i Canada.

rerewē Pākehā

Kua mehua Ingarihi (1,435 mm) Nana hoki i whakaputa ki te fenua Pākehā. Whāngai tenei te rahi i roto i whenua rerekē i rerekē wa: i roto i te Bavaria i 1836, Prussia i 1837, te TC Tiamana katoa - 1850.

Mai tereina mehua i Europa, tangohia i roto i Ingarangi, tangohia rite te pūtake, me te ko te noa tino.

Heoi, kia rapua nga takenga mai o enei tawhā i Roma i tahito. I aua ra, i roto i te tikanga ki te ārai hariata kino tūturu, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i te pereoo ki te tawhiti ano i waenganui i nga wira (a ko reira rite ki te 1.435 mm).

mehua whānui

I tua atu i Ireland, Kei te whakamahia hoki te ara whanui (1600 mm) i roto i whenua pērā i Ahitereiria (wāhanga mai 1854), me te Brazil. Ko te whānui (1676 mm) whakaurua i roto i Spain i 1848, i roto i Portugal - i roto i te tau 1854, i roto i Argentina - i roto i te 1857-m, a tae noa i muri mai - i roto i India, Chile, Ceylon.

I roto i enei whenua katoa whāngai ka tātari tonu noho tino.

He aha te i roto i te Russian

mehua tereina i roto i Russia i neke atu i te reo Ingarihi. Mai i te whika i roto i 1829 mm utaina ki runga ki te ara o te Tsarskoye selo, kua oho te whenua i runga i te rahi 1524 mm o. Ko reira huru o te huarahi Moscow - St Petersburg. I roto i te heke mai, kua meinga tenei kōwhiringa me te täkupu. Te āhua, kua tono nga Engineers Russian te ahua i roto i te United States. I te wa o nga whakaaro American kua whai wāhi i roto i Vanuatu, ara hou.

Kua Whānui 1524 mm kua whakamatauria e tātaitanga ohaoha. A, no te hanga koe i whanau i te kāwanatanga ara he iti iho i te horihori te utu. Mahalo ko reira ano hoki te whakatau rautaki. Ka rite ki te whenua i tata kore e taea ki te whakaekea te whenua i roto i ngā ara tereina waka.

I roto i te mutunga o 60-doma o te rau tau whakamutunga, i heke ki te ara 1520 mm o. I meatia tenei mo te haratau o te tātaitanga. Ki te rā, ara waka ki ara 1520 me 1524 mm he tuarua i roto i te ao i roto i ngā o te roa o rori (roanga katoa).

I tangohia te whanui o te mehua rerewē i Russia me Europe rite te paerewa i ngā wā rerekē. Hoki te mea take kore e nga rohe mai ki te ahua noa, e kore e mohiotia hoki etahi.

subways Russian

Ko te whanui o te rerewē mehua i Russia i metros katoa ko te rite i roto i te nuinga o te pereoo whenua. E pā ana hoki tēnei ki katoa te whenua Kihi. He rite ki te tawhiti i waenganui i nga huapae rārangi Wilkes i Russian - 1520 mm. Vai nei te tahi pa e te hunga rerekē i roto i tenei whakaaro. I roto i Rostov-i runga i-Don, mo te tauira, whakatakotoria Pākehā ara. Ko tōna whanui ko te 1435 mm. I roto i te tahi mau hinonga Russian me pa o nga Kihi mo te kaupapa o Ruxmaniben whakamahia te ara whanui kuiti 1000 mm o. Ko nga pa pērā i Kaliningrad (Russia), Pyatigorsk (Russia), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) me ētahi atu.

Whenua ki te mehua Russian

whanui Track ki tohu 1520 me 1524 mm o puta ake i roto i te tahi mau āhua. Ko te nuinga tenei te mua Soviet Union me tata Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. O te akoranga, e kore e tenei tikanga e kore te tahi atu ara reira e tono.

He etahi kōwhiringa ka whakamahia e rave rahi papa reo tereina, he rerekē i te paerewa whakaae te whanui o nei. Hei tauira, i roto i te Bulgaria ko te wāhanga iti o te ara i roto i Varna i runga i te waka. I roto i Germany - i roto i te tauranga o Sassnitz. Ko te whanui o te mehua rerewhenua i Haina i te whakawhitinga rohe ki a Russia me ko te rahi tika. Te Tai Tokerau Korea i roto i 2011, whakahokia te whenua i te Hasan rohe whakawhitinga - Tumen. Romania he aho e hono te Metallurgical Plant me Moldova. Ano, E wātea ana enei pokatata i Slovakia, Sweden, Iran.

Ahakoa te meka e he rerekē i to tatou tawhā te tereina mehua i Europe, ngā wāhi ki te mehua Russian whakaora moni mo te transportation auau o taonga i wheketere, ngā tipu, me te nui hokohoko pāhihi pūmau.

Ko te whakamahi o te mehua kuiti

A, no te timata noa ki te takoto i te huapae i Ingarangi puta i roto i te ara ki te ara 590 mm o. Na he stele ara rerewē i France, Belgium, me Scandinavie. I roto i Russia, i whakaurua rawa rerewē kuiti-mehua (i roto i te 1871).

I roto i te tahi mau whenua, kei te whakamahia tonu taua rori. Hei tauira, i roto i te Cape Koroni ratou roa ko na nui (112,000 kiromita), kua noho ratou tonu. huaina te ara ko - "mehua Cape", ona whanui - 1067mm.

I roto i nga whenua o Āwherika ki te Tonga me te Africa Central, nga Philippines, Aotearoa, ano i taua kuiti w / w o te ara wahi o Hapani me Ahitereiria. Ko te whanui o te ara rerewhenua i runga i Sakhalin ano i te rahi 1067 mm o. Mai 2004 JSC "Railways Russian" hanga hōu ki te whakapiki ake i pukapuka waka.

I roto i te Hapani, mō te tere tiketike whakaako raina hanga ki te tawhiti i waenganui i nga huapae 1435 mm.

Ko te whanui o te rerewē mehua i Russia i runga i te rohe ki a Poland ko Kaliningrad ki te taua. Na ki te Tonga Teihana o te pa whakarite e rave rahi o teie mau huarahi.

I roto i te USSR, kua whakamahia te reira rite ara 750 mm i roto i te whanui. ko te tuarua tino rongonui, me te whakamahia tae noa ki te tau 1980 enei ara. I tēnei wā, kua puta ke ratou i raro i rānei te paerewa noa, katia noa ranei.

I roto i te tahi mau whenua Pākehā te whakamahi i te ara 1000 mm.

huakore o kuiti-mehua rerewē

i whiriwhiria tonu mehua Narrow mō ngā take o te ōhanga. i noa ki te neke a tawhio noa ia anake tito marama. Ua tauturu te reira i te whakaiti i te utu o te hanganga o te r / peita w. whakakitea tātaitanga e te ara ki Festinoge e utu e toru nga wa rite nui, ki te i te reira noa.

Kia aroha mai, e kore te mea ranea ki te makona hiahia katoa tenei whanui. I roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 19, ka anga te whenua ki te neke kaha ki te rahi nui.

Ahakoa te whakawhirinaki o te kaitautoko o te rerewē mehua kuiti, me te hiahia ki te whakamatau i te whai huanga, me te māmā o enei papa reo, kihai i enei whakaaro whakaaetia e te nuinga. A 1435 mm-ara horapa ki te tere nui i runga i nga rori o uara rerekē.

Na mehua kuiti whakamahia mō te transportation ahumahi i roto i wheketere nui me mira, mo ara tūruhi, i roto i maina, i runga i te tahi mau ngā rārangi i roto i te whenua mo te waka o ngā pāhihi.

Ētahi tatauranga me pākiki

Road ki te ara 1.435 mm o ko te noa tino. Ratou rahi he 75% o w wahi / d. Whānui ngā waenganui i 11% me te NGR - 14%.

Ko te roa o te w / e ara i roto i te ao - 1.2 miriona km. whakatakotoria te nuinga o ngā rori i roto i te US (tata 240 mano kiromita). I roto i te wahi tuarua Canada (90,000 km). wahi Tuatoru no ki Russia (86,000 km).

Ko te ara whanui Whāiti (0 mm) te whakamanamana wahi w / w o te ara i roto i Germany te wahi e whakamahia kotahi tereina. mau whakamātautau tēnei ara.

Ko te ara ara tereina whānui (3000 mm) Fakaafe'i te General kaimahi o Hitler ki te tango i roto i o te Ukraine nohoia me ētahi atu whenua Pākehā rauemi raw. Kaha i nga kau Nasí hanga tenei mahere taea. Kua noho te whanui e toru-mita o te rerewē mehua i Ukraine anake i runga i te pepa.

Ko te mehua tino noa

Track Whānui (mm)	Roa (km)	ingoa ara	Whenua te wahi te whakamahia ai
1676	42300	Indian	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Iberian	Spain ko Portugal
1600	9800	Irish	Ireland, Brazil me Ahitereiria (kanohi)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia ko Finland
1520	220000	Russian	i roto i te whenua Kihi, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (wāhanga)
1435	720000	Pākehā	Europe, Canada, USA, China, Ahitereiria, Korea, Africa Te Tai Tokerau, Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	Awherika ki te Tonga, Central Africa, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, Aotearoa, Ahitereiria, Sakhalin (Russia)
1000	95000	mita	Asia (Tonga), India, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Fifi ki te whakamahi o rerekē ngā whānuitanga ara

Ko te whakamahi o papanga ki gauges rerekē i roto i whenua rerekē hanga he momo o te oti◊ao ki te kawe o taonga me ngā pāhihi. I roto i te wahi o te "hui" enei ara i ki kia whakatokia iwi (neke taonga). whakamahia hoki hangarau utu bogie ki ētahi atu taraka.

āhuatanga te whanui o te rerewē mehua i Russia me Europe e 85 mm. Na reira, e pā ana te whakawhitinga katoa rohe ki fifi atu. Ko te paerewa tino whakamahia - ko te mehua Pākehā, me te Russian.

E hāngai ana te maha rawa o honotanga ngā (15 nga wahi) i roto i te wāhi rohe ki Ukraine. taurima te reira i roto i Poland, Slovakia, Hungary me Romania. Ko te whanui o te rerewē mehua i Russia ko Ukraine te taua. Otiia, nga waka katoa i ki hurinaha. Tenei mahi e te iti rawa kia rua haora mo te waka pāhihi. kia tereina utanga wiki i roto i te rārangi ki te mahi raupapa.

Ko tētahi atu hangarau he i whakawhanakehia i roto i 1968 te huringa mehua aunoa. puta tenei i te tere iti waho te whai wāhitanga o rerewē kaimahi.

Ko e mo'oni, whakaaro enei āhuatanga katoa, hiahia maha iwi ki te tonoa ratou taonga i te moana. Kei te tino utaina tauranga Paratiki. Māngai o Pākehā kamupene rerewhenua me te whakahaere o Railways Russian e matapaki tonu te taea o te whakapai ake hononga ara i roto i te aratau aunoa.