Ko te whakaaro taketake o Voltaire me ana whakaaro taumauri me tōrangapū

Ko te whakaaro o te French Māmá takoto i roto i te houtanga morare o te sotaiete, i ko ki whakatika ki te tutu. ngā tino ko Sharl Monteske ko Voltaire, a muri mai Jean-Zhak Russo ko Denis Diderot.

kihai i te taua i runga i nga take o te kāwanatanga me te hapori i te whakaaro o Montesquieu ko Voltaire. Heoi, kua meinga e ratou faufaa i roto i te whanaketanga o te hapori hou. Ko te whakaaro taketake o Voltaire rerekē i te whakaaro o ētahi atu māngai o te wā.

tāhuhu tangata

whanau Voltaire i (i whanau i homai te ingoa o François-Mari Arue), Paris (Basileia) Whiringa 21, 1694. Tona whaea ko te tamahine o te marae taihara. mahi tona papa rite te kaikohi rōia me te pupirikana. kihai i Voltaire tangohia tikanga o tona papa, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki a ia, na i roto i 1744 whakaaturia ara ia ia te tama poriro a te musketeer rawakore tito rotarota.

I roto i tona tamarikitanga, ako ia i te Kāreti Jesuit, ka timata ki te ako ture. Neke atu i te wa, te tangata taitamariki hēmanawa ki te whakarongo ki tona papa, ka anga ia ki te kitea to ratou ara i roto i te ora. Mai 1718 kua hainatia reira te pseudonym Voltaire, i te mea he pūrite o tona ingoa tonu ki te tuhipoka "teina".

I roto i te whakangungu pūhohe rohi pehe noho e rave rahi mau taime i roto i te Bastille. Ko te wā tuatahi i tupu te reira i roto i 1717. Ko te take mo te hopu i pūhohe kohukohu ki te whakatutuki i te Duke o Orleans, nei i Regent o France.

I roto i te ora o Voltaire, fehangahangai ano a ano ki te riri o te puke. I takoha ia ki te waiho France. Philosopho puta noa i tona ara noho i roto i Ingarangi, Prussia, Switzerland. Na roto i te 1776, ka e ia te tangata momona i roto i France, i hoatu ki a ia te whai wāhi ki te waihanga i ō rātou ake "rangatiratanga motuhake" i roto i te whenua o Ferney.

Voltaire i tona wahi, whakaaro tōrangapū i nga monarchist, i roto i te reta ki te maha iwi rongonui o te wā. ngā enei te upoko o nga tauiwi:

• Kingi o Prussia - Frederick 2.
• Empress o Russia - Catherine 2.
• Kingi o Poland - Stanisław August Poniatowski.
• Kingi o Sweden - Gustav 3.
• Ko te Kingi o Denmark - Karaitiana 7.

I te tau o 83 tau, ka hoki te kaiako pai-mohiotia ki Paris, mate ia te wahi i muri tata. E puritia ana kōiwi i te Crypt o te iwi tino motu - Pahiona.

Ko nga whakaaro taumauri o Voltaire

Poto e pā ana ki te rapunga whakaaro o Voltaire taea mea tenei - ko ia he tautoko o empiricism. I roto i etahi o ana i tuhituhi ai, taunaki e ia te whakaako o te reo Ingarihi filōsefa Locke. Heoi, ko ia he hoariri o te kura materialist French.

Tona tuhinga taumauri nui whakaputaina e ia i roto i te "Pūkoro Dictionary o Philosophy." I roto i tenei mahi whakahē ia idealism me te karakia. hāngai Voltaire i runga i te matauranga pūtaiao o tona wa.

whakaaro taketake o Voltaire mo te tangata heke ki te meka e kia whai katoa tika tūturu:

• haere noa;
• haumarutanga;
• taurite;
• taonga.

Heoi, kia tiakina nga mana tūturu i ture pai no te mea "e riri nga iwi." Heoi, uru maha ture o tenei philosopho ahua taurite.

whakaaro pāpori-taumauri

iti te whakaaro taketake o Voltaire i te whakaaro pāpori e ki te tikanga o te kore ōritenga i roto i te hapori. I roto i tona whakaaro, kia ngā reira o taonga, mātauranga me te hunga e titauhia ki te mahi hoki a ratou. whakapono ia e te iwi mahi ki te mea tohu, no te mea o ratou e whakaaroaro ana e taea ururua katoa.

Voltaire ko te piri o te absolutism marama. Tae noa te mutunga o tona ora ko ia he monarchist. E ai ki a ia, me whakawhirinaki te ariki i runga i te wahi marama o te hapori i roto i te mata o pūkenga me philosopho.

Ko te whakaaro taketake e pā ana ki te whakapono

Ko te whakaaro taketake o Voltaire, heke te oraraa o te Atua te ki te meka i ko ia he ahua o te mataaro e whakaaro, hanga, me te haere tonu ki te fehoanaki te pūnaha o te ao.

ko Voltaire ki ta'e. whakapono ia e: "Ki te kahore i te Atua te tīariari, kia kua i whakaaro ai." Ko te oranga pai whaitake aroaro rite tonu, me te tika tenei. Heoi, tūnga o te tangata tohe ko e ki te whakamatau i te oraraa o te Atua e kore te mahi i te whakapono, engari i te tūhuratanga whaitake.

Ko e tika ana ki te meka i kore e taea e ki te whakakitea tona oraraa whakapono tenei. Kei te hanga te reira i runga i karakia, me te maha nga mea whakahē. Te pono anake i roto i tenei āhuatanga ko te karakia o te Atua, me ana whakahau. E ai ki a Voltaire, ta'e, rite theism, he tika ke ki tona absurdity deism.

Tōrangapū me whakaaro ture o Voltaire

kihai i waiho i te philosopho nui i muri i te kaupapa here mahi motuhake me te ture. Heoi, nga whakaaro tōrangapū, me te ture o Voltaire tika tokanga makehe. ana whakaaro katoa i runga i te āhua o te ture, whakanohoia te ture i roto i ngā mahi.

I roto i te tuhi tutuki reira te huru tino o te kaituhi, e te taunu ki a whakakahore nga turanga wä o te hapori feudal. E î nga mahi ki te wairua o te haere noa, kātakí, me te tangata.

mātanga matua

Ko te take o pāpori katoa kino philosopho whakaaro te mana o te ite ore, täpiritanga me mana'o hape e tāmia hinengaro. ka haere mai katoa o tenei i te Ekalesia, a Katorika. Ko te aha i roto i tona kaiako mahi fifi ki tohunga, e fakatanga fakalotú, me te laulanú.

Last, whakatokia he hahi, whakamate te haere noa o te hinengaro , me te whakapuaki. Ko te ora-foaki timata i tetahi haere noa tenei. Ko te kupu kihai i Voltaire whakakahore i te oraraa o te Atua, me te hiahia mō te haapa'oraa.

kihai i manapori te whakaaro taketake o Voltaire. kihai i e fakamaama hangaia mō kaimahi noa. E kore te philosopho i whakaaro te iwi o mahi tinana, na tona whakaaro kihai i tangohia e ia ratou ki pūkete. I tua atu, te nuinga o te katoa i wehi o te iwi ia. Tenei Voltaire me ana whakaaro tōrangapū rerekē i te tahi atu te mau melo o te wā.

Takatāpui o te iwi i mohio ia anake i roto i te tikanga tōrangapū, me te ture. iwi katoa kia tangata nei e tika rite whakawhirinaki i runga i te ture, ka tiakina e ratou. I te wa ano, i whakapono ia e kia whakawhirinaki tūranga o te tangata i roto i te hapori i runga ranei te mea rawa. Hei tauira, te tika ki te pōti i roto i te pā ana ki te pai tūmatanui kia anake nga tangata, engari e kore te tangata mau katoa.

I roto i te take marae, taunaki Voltaire he tamataraa ataahua, i roto i nei e whai wāhi te ture. Whakamamae, kihai ia i whakaae, ka hiahia ki te tūraki ratou.

I roto i ngā o te philosopho kāwanatanga, ko ia he tautoko o tu'i pūmau, ki te rangatira marama, haere. Heoi, pai hoki ia ki te mahi i te pūnaha o te kāwanatanga i roto i Ingarangi. ture arikitanga me te aroaro o te rōpū e rua nei e taea e ki te whai tetahi i muri i tetahi, wehi Voltaire.

Ka rite ki te Māoritanga, kua hanga e kore te whakaaro ki tona ake ariā tōrangapū. Heoi, whariki nga whakaaro ture o Voltaire te ara mo te whanaketanga atu o te mau parau haapiiraa tōrangapū, me te ture. whakaaro a Voltaire ki te whānuitanga nui iti ranei, ngoto ki nga whakaaro katoa o te French Māmá.

Advocacy

whakahuatia te reira e kore i Voltaire faatura i te mahi o tona papa. Heoi, kei te tonu reira hono to ratou oraraa ki te take ture i roto i te tau 1760-1770. Na, i roto i te 1762, pau ia te kamupene ki te whakakore i te kupu o te mate kua e kua whakaritea Porotetani Jean Calas. I whakawakia ia o patu tana tama ake. i taea e ki te whakatutuki i te wetenga Voltaire.

Ētahi atu patunga o te hamani-tōrangapū, me te karakia, e tiaki te mātauranga ko Sirven, Comte de Lally, Chevalier de La Barre. whakaaro tōrangapū me te ture o Voltaire i ki te whawhai ki te Ekalesia, me ona mana'o hape.

Voltaire-kaituhi

I roto i te tuhinga, I mamae Voltaire kahurangi rau 18. Kei te mohiotia e ia mo tana pūrākau taumauri, mahi whakaari, whiti. Ko te taa o ana mahi i roto i te reo ohie, me te wātea, aphoristic, pūhohe.

Fiction i hoki e kore te mea te mutunga i roto iho, engari he tikanga te kaituhi. Ki te awhina o taua mea ka whakanuia e ia tona whakaaro, ki te whakahē i ki te minita me te autocracy, kauwhau kātakí me wāteatea ture.

whakaari

Neke atu i te te ora o te kaituhi kua tuhituhia e ia 28 ati puāwaitanga, i roto i nei te tino pinepine taratahi, "Oedipus", "Zaire," "Hiha o," "pani Hainamana" me etahi atu. Kua roa takatakahi ia ki te haerenga mai o te whakaari hou, engari i roto i te mutunga ka ia whakauru tahi te fakamamahi me te kōmeke.

I raro i te pēhanga o te ora bourgeois hou whakaaro tōrangapū, me te ture o Voltaire ke kua ki te faatura ki te whare matakitaki, ka uakina e ia te tatau ki ngā akomanga whakaari katoa. kitenga ia e te iwi kitea reira māmā ki te faauru ratou whakaaro ki te awhina o pūāhua i te akomanga o raro. kawea te kaituhi ki te atamira i te kari, he hoia, he kotiro ohie, kupu, me ngā take e he ofi ange ki hapori. I hanga e ratou he ongo kaha, me te whakatutuki i ō rātou whāinga e te kaituhi. Ēnei whakaari bourgeois ngā "Nanin" "maumau", "tika ki te ariki."

puna Voltaire

I muri i te matenga o te tangata tohe hiahia i roto i tona whare pukapuka Ekaterina 2, me nei tuhituhi ia. tukua Russian Empress te mea ki tona kaihoko, nana nei i kōrero katoa ki te kainga o Voltaire. I roto i tenei mahi i ki te haere i roto i, me pukapuka whaiaro o Catherine, Heoi, i hokona ratou e Beaumarchais. whakaputaina e ia a ratou, ki etahi menemana, a ka haere i runga i te tono o te Empress.

tangohia te whare pukapuka ano i te taha o te kaipuke i te 1779. Kei roto te reira i 6814 pukapuka, me te 37 tuhinga. I te tīmatanga noho reira i roto i te Hermitage. I roto i te kingitanga o Nicholas 1, i kati te uru ki te whare pukapuka. Kei te mohiotia te reira i mahi A. S. Pushkin ki a ia i runga i te tikanga motuhake o te kingi, ka tuhituhi ia "Te History o Pita".

I roto i te 1861, Alexander 2 whakahau te whakawhitinga o te rauemi katoa e wātea ana i roto i te Imperial Public Library i St Petersburg.

he rota o ngā kōrero whaiaro o Voltaire roto i nga pukapuka. Ua riro raua na te kaupapa motuhake o te ako. Voltaire, whakaaro tōrangapū rite te toenga o te ora, kukume tonu maha philosopho, kaituhi, pūtaiao tōrangapū me kōrero, ko nei, he tangata rawa ngā. tonu Interest i roto i tona tangata, me te mahi ki te tīariari.