Ko te parau tumu o te mahi taiaho: āhuatanga o taiaho iraruke

I tika ai te parau tumu matamua o te mahi o te taiaho, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te ahupūngao o te ture radiation o Panēke, i roto i te ariā, Einstein i 1917. whakaahuatia e ia te absorption, māhorahora me whakaongaongatia radiation hiko mā te whakamahi i tau whakarea tūponotanga (Einstein whakarea).

trailblazers

ko Teodor Meyman te tuatahi ki te whakaatu i te parau tumu o te mahi o te taiaho harariu, e hāngai ana i runga i te köurarangi whatu mā te whakamahi i te harariu waihanga flash rama, mahia te radiation pipiri ki te roangaru o 694 nm.

I roto i te 1960, hanga pūtaiao Iranian Iawana ko Bennett te lasers hau tuatahi mā te whakamahi i ngā ranunga o ia ko Ne hau i roto i te ōwehenga o 1:10.

I roto i te 1962, hanga R. N. Hall te tuatahi laser ngōhiko hanga o gallium arsenide (Kaaha), emitting i te roangaru o te 850 nm. I muri mai i taua tau ano, whakawhanakehia Nick Golonyak te generator Semiconductor aronui tuatahi o te marama kitea.

Ko te pūrere me te parau tumu o lasers

Ia pūnaha taiaho ngā he reo kaha optically whakanohoia i waenganui i te rua o whakaata whakarara, me te tino whakaata, tetahi o te mea translucent, me he puna mana no te kutētē reira. Ka rite ki taea te reo taonga mahi rite te totoka, wai hau ranei, e whai te kaha ki te faananea i te kaha tīwera o te ngaru marama haere i roto i te reira a roto ki te radiation köurarangi hiko whatu ranei. whakanohoia ana te rawa te i waenganui i te rua o whakaata kia e te marama kitea i ratou ia wa e tika ana i reira, ka, ka tae te hua nui, te ô i te hawhe whakaata.

taiao Matarua

A feruri i te parau tumu o te mahi taiaho ki te reo hohe i rua anake taumata pūngao nei ngota: E oaoa E ₂ me te turanga _1. Ki te he fiefia ki he E kāwanatanga ₂ nga ngota mā tetahi tikanga köurarangi (optical, o nāianei rere hiko ranei transmittance irahiko _pū), i roto i te torutoru nanoseconds hoki ratou ki te tūranga taketake, anaana pūaho pūngao hν = E ₂ - E _1. E ai ki te ariā o Einstein, whakaputaina te tukunga i roto i ngā huarahi e rua rerekē: rānei e piri te reira i te pūaho, ranei puta reira noa. I roto i te take o mua, puta tukunga whakaongaongatia me te tuarua - māhorahora. I waiariki taurite, he nui i raro i te noa (1:10 ³³⁾ te tūponotanga o te tukunga ^whakaihiihi, kia ai he taea tino tikanga puna marama incoherent, me lasing i roto i nga tikanga atu i te waiariki taurite.

Ahakoa ki te pūnaha köurarangi taumata-taupori rawa kaha e taea anake te hanga rite. Na reira, ki te whakatutuki i te koaro taupori atu tikanga köurarangi whatu ranei titau te pūnaha taumata-wha toru ranei.

pūnaha taumata-maha

He aha te mea te parau tumu o te taiaho taumata-toru? Ko te irradiation o te marama kaha o te auau ν ₀₂ papu ake he maha nui o ngota i te raro taumata pūngao E ₀ me te E ₂ o te runga. whakawhiti Radiationless ki te ngota E ₂ ki te E ₁ whakau ana te koaro taupori i waenga i E ₁ me te E _0, i roto i te mahi, ko te taea anake ka ko nga ngota he roa te wa i roto i te E kāwanatanga metastable _1, me te whakawhiti i E ₁ ki te E ₂ puta tere. Ko te parau tumu whakahaere o te taiaho taumata-toru i roto i enei tikanga, na e i waenganui E ₀ me te E _1, tutuki te koaro taupori kei a kua rahi roa'tu, pūaho pūngao E ₁ -e ₀ whakaongaongatia paheke. Whānui te taumata E ₂ taea ake i te whānuitanga absorption roangaru ki te papu atu pai, hua i roto i te tupu o te tukunga whakaongaonga.

-Taumata toru titau pūnaha te mana köurarangi tiketike rawa mai te taumata o raro, e whai wāhi i roto i te whakatupuranga, ko reira he turanga. I roto i tenei take, i roto i te tikanga ki te koaro taupori i puta ki te E kāwanatanga ₁ ki te kia mäminga neke atu i te hawhe o te katoa maha o ngota. I roto i tenei take, maumauria te pūngao te. Ka taea te nui iti te mana papu ki te kahore te mea te taumata lasing raro te turanga, e titau i te iti rawa i te pūnaha taumata-wha.

Tei runga i te āhua o te taonga kaha, kua whakarōpūtia nga lasers ki toru ngā kāwai taketake, ara totoka, wai, me te hau. Mai 1958, ka kite te whakatupuranga tuatahi i roto i te karaihe harariu, kua ako aivanaa me kairangahau he whānui o ngā rauemi i roto i ia kāwai ngā.

taiaho mārō-kāwanatanga

E hāngai ana te mahi i runga i te whakamahi o te reo kaha i hanga nei e te tāpiri i te whakarewa karaihe wini whakakahokaho whakawhiti te tuuraa i (Ti ^+3, Cr ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, a na i runga i. D.) , katote whenua onge (Ce ^+3, PROV ^+3, nd ^+3, Pm ^+3, Sm ^+2, Eu ^{+ 2, + 3,} TB ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, Ere ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , et al.), me te actinides pērā i U ^+3. Ko te taumata pūngao o te katote haepapa anake mo te whakatupuranga. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o te rauemi turanga, pērā i kawe ia waiariki me te ngāwhā roha e nui ki te mahi pai o te taiaho. Wāhi ripekapeka o ngota huri noa te katote doped taui ona taumata pūngao. E tutuki e doping ngā rauemi i roto i te katote taua roa rerekē o te whakatupuranga poipoi i roto i te reo hohe.

taiaho Holmium

He tauira o te taiaho totoka-kāwanatanga ko te generator aronui, whakakapi ai holmium ngota te rauemi turanga o te wini whakakahokaho karaihe. Ho: YAG ko tetahi o te pai rauemi lasing. Ko te parau tumu whakahaere o te taiaho holmium ko e kapakara yttrium konumohe doped ki katote holmium, optically mäminga e rama flash me tuku hoki i te roangaru o te 2097 nm i roto i te whānuitanga pōkākā e pai whenumi e nga kopa. Whakamahia tenei taiaho mō ngā mahi i runga i te hononga, maimoatanga niho, ki te vaporize pūtau mate pukupuku, tākihi me gallstones.

He generator Semiconductor aronui

He ngāwari, tukua production papatipu lasers pai aronui me he ngāwari tauineine. Ko te parau tumu whakahaere o te taiaho Semiconductor i runga i te whakamahi o te PN-ngōhiko komititanga, e hua te marama o te tetahi roangaru i te tauhono o te kawe i te rītaha pai, rite LED. LED emit noa me te p taiaho - compulsively. Hei whakaritenga i te koaro taupori huru, kia nui te nāianei whakahaere he paepae. Te reo kaha i roto i te ngōhiko Semiconductor kua he tirohanga o te rohe hononga o paparanga e rua-ahu.

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o tenei momo o te taiaho ko e ki mau tonu oscillations hiahiatia kahore whakaata waho te. Te kaha huritao, hanga e tika ana ki te taupū hakoko papa me whakaata ā-o te reo kaha, he rawaka hoki tenei whakaaro. piri nga papa mutunga te p e whakarato papa whakaata whakarara.

huaina te pūhui i hanga e te rauemi Semiconductor o te momo kotahi e te homojunction, rite whakapumautia e tūhono rua rerekē - heterojunction.

Semiconductors o p me n momo ki te kiato nui o kawe te hanga i te p-n-komititanga ki te tino angiangi (≈1 mm) paparanga mauriora.

taiaho hau

Ko te parau tumu o te mahi me te whakamahi o tenei momo o te taiaho hanga reira taea ki te hanga i ngā pūrere o tata tetahi kaha (i milliwatts ki megawatts) me wavelengths (i katinga ki pōkākā) a taea mahi i roto i aratau pākau i, me te tonu. I runga anō i te āhua o te pāpāho kaha, i reira e toru ngā momo o lasers hau, ara ngota, katote, me te rāpoi.

Te nuinga o lasers hau mäminga e rere hiko. E whakatere e te mara hiko i waenganui i nga electrodes te irahiko i roto i te ngongo rere. tutuku ratou ki ngota, katote rāpoi o te reo kaha ranei, ka kaha ai whakawhitinga ki teitei taumata pūngao ki te whakatutuki i te āhua o te koaro taupori me te paheke whakaihiihi.

taiaho rāpoi

hāngai ana te parau tumu o te mahi taiaho te i runga i te meka e, pērā i te ngota motuhake me ngā katote i roto i lasers ngota me te katote riro rāpoi ngota here pūngao whānui o ngā taumata pūngao motuhake. he torutoru hurihuri - I roto i te tua, he maha nui o ngā taumata vibrational, me te hunga i roto i tahuri ia taumata irahiko pūngao kua.

Ko te pūngao i waenganui i nga taumata pūngao irahiko kei roto i te UV me kitea rohe o te hihinga, i waenganui i nga taumata vibrational-takahuri - i roto i te rohe pōkākā tawhiti me e tata ana. Ko te kupu, te nuinga o nga lasers rāpoi mahi i roto i te rohe tawhiti ranei tata-pōkākā.

lasers excimer

Excimers e taua rāpoi ngota rite ArF, KrF, XeCl, e kua wehea kāwanatanga whenua pūmau me te taumata tuatahi. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi o te taiaho i muri. Tikanga, he iti te tokomaha i roto i te āhua whenua o nga rāpoi ngota, na e kore e taea te köurarangi tika i te āhua whenua. Ko te rāpoi ngota i hanga i roto i te āhua hiko oaoa tuatahi i te pūhui he halides pūngao tiketike ki hau e mangere. tutuki ana te koaro taupori kei te ngāwari mai te maha o ngā rāpoi ngota i te taumata taketake he iti rawa, whakaritea ki te oaoa. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi taiaho, i roto i te poto, ko te ki te whakawhiti i te āhua hiko fiefia herea ki te dissociative kāwanatanga whenua. Ko nga wa katoa te taupori o te kāwanatanga whenua i te taumata iti, no te mea i tenei wāhi dissociate te rāpoi ngota ki ngota.

Kei roto i te taputapu me lasers parau tumu i roto i ki tonu e te te ngongo rere ki te ranunga o te kōnakonako (F ₂₎ me te hau onge (Ara). Ko te irahiko i roto i reira dissociate me ionize te rāpoi ngota kōnakonako me te hanga i ngā katote tōraro. katote takatika Ar ⁺ ko F tōraro ^- huru me te hua rāpoi ArF i roto i te āhua oaoa tuatahi e pā ana ki te whakawhiti i muri ki te fo'i kāwanatanga turanga me te whakatupuranga o te radiation pipiri. taiaho Excimer, te parau tumu o te mahi, me te whakamahi o nei e whakaaro tatou i teie nei, i taea te whakamahi mo te köurarangi o te reo kaha o te waikano.

taiaho wai

Ina whakaritea ki totoka, he ake ōrite wai, me te whai i te mātotoru teitei o ngota kaha, i roto i te rite ki te hau. I tua atu ki tenei, e kore e ratou uaua ki te whakaputa i, tukua tohanga wera ngāwari, me te taea te ngāwari whakakapi. whakamahia te parau tumu o te mahi o te taiaho te rite te reo taonga o tae organic, pērā i DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-mewaro-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, me te rite. D ., rewa i roto i te whakarewa e tika ana. He otinga o te rāpoi ngota tae he oaoa i radiation nei roangaru he whakarea absorption pai. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi taiaho, i roto i te poto, ko te ki te whakaputa i te roangaru roa, ka karanga fluorescence. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i te pūngao whenumi ka whakamahia pūaho tukuna whakawhitinga pūngao nonradiative me heats te pūnaha.

Whānui pēne fluorescence lasers wai he āhuatanga ahurei - te roangaru kita. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi me te whakamahi o tenei momo rite te taiaho tunable me te puna marama pipiri, te rahi noa'tura te faufaa i roto i te hihinga, holography, a i roto i tono biomedical.

Aita i maoro a'e, kua kua lasers whakamahia ki te tae mō te kanoirite wehenga. I roto i tenei take, te taiaho tīpakongia whakaongaonga tetahi o ratou, te kipakipa tīmata te tauhohenga matū.