Ko te hītori o Russian FSB

FSB ranei Russian Federal Ratonga Haumarutanga, ko tetahi o nga riiwhi o te Komiti USSR State Haumarutanga (KGB), he whakahaere mohiotia hoki ona mahi terrorism me maramarama, i whakahaeretia i roto i te Soviet Union i roto i te rau tau XX.

pirihimana Secret - te Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

History o te Ratonga Haumarutanga Federal kua he maha o ngā rerekētanga i roto i tona ingoa, me te whakariterite anō i muri i te revolution i roto i Russia i 1917 Mana, kakahu e ia te ingoa KGB mo 46 nga tau, i te tau 1954 ki te 1991. Kua roa kua whakahaere repressive wahi o te hanganga tōrangapū o Russia. Ko te mahi o enei whakahaere kua tino whakawhānui i rite ki te tūranga o te pirihimana tōrangapū, takaro e te pirihimana ngaro i roto i te kingitanga o Tsar Nicholas II.

I roto i te 1917, hanga Vladimir Lenin i te toenga o nga pirihimana ngaro Tsarist te Cheka. Tenei whakahaere hou, e faifai tahuri ki te KGB, i mahi i roto i te whānui o ngā mahi, tae atu ki te mahi torotoro, counter-mahi torotoro me te noho wehe te Soviet Union o i ngā hua Western, rongo me whakaaro ngā. I roto i te 1991, hinga te Soviet Union, ārahi ki te wāwāhitanga o te Komiti mo te maha o ngā rōpū, te nui rawa o e ko te FSB.

History o te Ratonga Haumarutanga Federal Russian

I roto i te 1880, i hanga Tsar Alexander II Manga tiaki te haumaru tūmatanui, me te kia, e mohiotia ana ko te "pirihimana ngaro." Tenei whakahaere i roto i te mutunga o te XIX - wawe rau XX. pūpuri ngā rōpū tuwhena i roto i Russia - tirotiro o ratou i te mau melo i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ratou, me te neutralizing ratou. Ki te ngā mema o te pirihimana ngaro i roto i te whakahaere o ngā rōpū pāhoro, ko nga wa katoa te kingi ki runga, ki te rā, me te ngāwari i taea te ārai i tetahi whakaeke pea. Hei tauira, i waenganui i 1908 me 1909, 4 o nga mema o 5 o te Petersburg Komiti St. o te Pāti Bolshevik nga ngā mema o te Okhrana. ko na tino o tona kaha ki runga ki enei rōpū, i roto i Noema 1916 waiho nga faaararaa o te revolution tu'unuku Nicholas II.

I muri i te Hui-tanguru Democratic Revolution, whakaritea puku Lenin me tona Bolshevik Party kaha, me te rua o te ngana te tahuritanga. Lenin i he kaitautoko pūmau o te wehi, ka whakamoemititia e nga Jacobins, nga tahae Wīwī tino tuwhena i roto i 1790 whakaritea e ia Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo tiamana o o nga tangata Commissariat mo Taiwhenua (NKVD), te whakaaro matua o nei i ki te whawhai ki hoariri o te tikanga me te ārai o te auru huna puta noa i te whenua. tīmata History o te Cheka (FSB) me tona hanga 20 Hakihea 1917 ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika o te mahi o te NKVD. ko Komihana faahiahia te pūtake mō te KGB muri. Ko tōna tiamana, whakaritea Lenin Dzerzhinsky, he rangatira nui Polish, e kua pau 11 tau i roto i te whare herehere mō ngā mahi kaiwhakatuma ki te kingi.

Ko te wehi whero

I maoro timata Zheleznyy Feliks ki te hanga huringa i roto i te Cheka. i tohua History o te Ratonga Haumarutanga Federal i Hakihea 1920 i te whakawhiti o te tari matua kamupene i St Petersburg i te tari o mua o te katoa-Russian Insurance Company, i reira tonu ia ki tenei ra. Cheka iho whakahaere te tūhuratanga ano ki te hanga hopukia, whakawakia ano, i roto i roto i te puni kukū, me te mahi i.

History o te KGB-FSB Kei te patu o neke atu i te 500 000 tangata i roto i te wā mai i töna tïmatanga i roto i 1917 ki te whakaingoa anō i te 1922. He mahi noa ko te "Whero wehi." Mai i ia kainga ka mau rangatira haumarutanga 20-30 iwi purutia, a puritia ratou ake rite te roa rite te peasants kihai i hoatu e te katoa o ratou rahui kai. Ki te kore e tenei pa, ki te kopere i taumau. Ahakoa kua he pūnaha taua kua whai hua i roto i te pupuri i Māoritanga o Lenin, ki te whakapai ake ōhanga whanaunga ki te Te Hau-ā-uru, i whakamararatia te KGB me whakakapi e kore iti nanakia te whakahaere - te State Tōrangapū Directorate (GPU).

I te tīmatanga, ko te GPU raro i te mana o te NKVD, a i iti iho te mana i te te Cheka. Ki te tautoko o Lenin Dzerzhinsky noho tiamana me te mutunga whai tona kaha mua. Ki te i tangohia te Ture USSR i Hōngongoi 1923, i whakaingoatia te GPU te OGPU, ranei i te United State Political Whakahaere.

matekai

I roto i te 1924, ka mate a Lenin, a ka muri e Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, e tautoko ia ia i roto i te whawhai mo te mana, mau tona pou. I muri i te matenga o Pirika te Iron i 1926 ka upoko o te OGPU Menzhinsky. Ko tētahi o nga whāinga matua o te whakahaere i taua wa ko o te tikanga o te tautoko i roto i tangata Soviet, ka tahuri Stalin te 14 miriona pāmu kaiahuwhenua ki pāmu ngā. Ko te hītori toto o te FSB Kei te meka e whai ake. Ki te whakatau i nga hiahia whakawhiti ke o te OGPU takoha ki te raupatu i witi, me te witi hoki te kaweake hoko reira ki runga ki, te hanga matekai, no te mea o nei patua neke atu i rima miriona iwi.

Mai i hua ki Yezhov

I roto i te 1934 ka mate a Menzhinsky raro huru fakamisiteli, ka i whakakapi e Henry Berry, he rongoā i te whakangungu. I raro i tona kaiārahi, ka anga te OGPU ki te kawe i rangahau i roto i te mara o te patu koiora, me te matū. Berry aroha ki te kawe i roto i ngā i runga i herehere fakatāutaha. I koperea ia i raro i Stalin i muri i whaki ki te kohuru Menzhinsky ki te arahi i te OGPU.

I roto i te whakahaere o Nikolai Yezhov o mono Berries, tae wehi i roto i te USSR tona tihi. History o te Ratonga Haumarutanga Federal ngā te meka e whai ake: i waenganui i te tau 1936 me te 1938. kaimahi anake OGPU koperea iwi e toru mano nga. Wehi i te tipu mana o Yezhov, tamata Stalin ka koperea ia i roto i te tau 1938.

15 nga tau Peria

I muri Yezhov rite upoko o NKVD mō te rima tau tū Lavrenty Peria. whänui e ia te whakahaere ki te whānuitanga taua e i roto i 1941 ka te mahi haumaru i te whakahaere motuhake. ko NKGB kawenga mō te haumaru ā-, counter-maramarama, haumarutanga rohe, puni mahi, me te pakanga, me te pakanga huna ki Tiamana i roto i te Tama'i II o te Ao. I te mana te upoko o te NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov e Peria. I roto i te 1950, ka whakakapi ia e Viktor Abakumov, ko tona mateaki ki te matenga o te NKVD i kore pera matapo. Ka rite ki te hua, Stalin, whakakikitia e Peria ki riria ia o e whakatakotoria ki te rangatira o nga iwi katoa. I te tau 1951 i koperea Abakumov.

I muri i te matenga o Stalin i 1953, i tamata Peria ki te tango i tona tonotono wahi o te USSR. Ko te maha o ngā kau taki matua o te Army Soviet i tautokona e Nikita Khrushchev, i kawea Peria ki tamataraa a mahi i ia i roto i 1953. I roto i te Maehe 1954, i reira ko te KGB, i ko te kawenga mō te mana o te pirihimana, whakahaere ngā mahi piringa, haumarutanga rohe me te haumaru ā-.

Ko te hītori o te FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

i hanga e Komiti Haumarutanga State March 13, 1954 Ko tōna tiamana tuatahi ko Ivan Serov. Ko te mahi tuatahi o te komiti, ko te "ma" kāwanatanga o te iwi Peria, nei i ngana ana ki te hopu mana o te Soviet Union i muri i te matenga o Stalin.

Tīmata ki te tuatahi i roto i 1958, me te whakarite Aleksandra Shelepina rite te heamana hou o te KGB (Serov ahu e te General Intelligence Department), kawea Khrushchev etahi huringa ki te mahi whakahaere o te Komiti. Tona whāinga i ki hoki ki te Soviet Union, te KGB, me i ngā, i runga i te akoranga rite ki te timatanga Cheka Dzerzhinsky o nga 1920. whenua Western Kua ingoa matua "hoariri" o te USSR, tae atu i te US, UK, me Japan. tika ratou ki te tukinohia me te haaparuparu. Ka rite ki te hua, i roto i te wā Khrushchev kite he hua i roto i te maha o kohuru tōrangapū me te terrorism tautoko e te Soviet Union.

I te wa ano i tamata te KGB ki te huri i te whakapakoko repressive hanga e te tonotono Stalinist. Hanga mahi tuhituhi whakanui i te takoha hautoa ki te tiaki o te KGB o te Soviet Union, me ngā pane kuini tukuna ki te whakapakoko o Dzerzhinsky.

I roto i te Hakihea 1961, whakakapi ia e Vladimir Shelepina whitu.

Ko te tau o Andropov

I tonoa whitu i te pou o te tiamana o te KGB: te hītori o te FSB i muri i te hurihanga o te Khrushchev Oketopa 11, 1964 me te haere mai ki te kaha Leonida Brezhneva hanga te tahuri. I roto i te Mei 1967, i whakakapi ia e Yuri Andropov, upoko o te tari mō ngā whanaunga ki te whenua-pāpori. riro ia Chairman- "te pikinga", ki te pupuri i roto i tae noa ki Haratua 1982.

Ko te upoko hou o te KGB tonu anō timata e Khrushchev me Shelepin i te 1960. Ua pato'i ia te pato'iraa tōrangapū, hinengaro, motu, me te karakia; pūnaha whänui o puni mahi , me ngā hononga; whakamahia i roto i te mate hinengaro ki te mahi ki dissidents. I tua atu, ka nui haere te reira i ona kohinga o maramarama pūtaiao, me te hangarau, te āwhina ki te hanga i tētahi hanganga whakahaere mo te pūtea, me te mana o te hōia, ahumahi korero me te rererangi. I raro rave te kaiārahi o te KGB Andropov i apee, falsification o ngā tuhinga o ngā pokapū maramarama Western, utua pakanga i roto i te press Western, me te te whatunga whänui o āpiha tāwāhi. I roto i te Mei 1982, ka Andropov te rangatira o te Pāti Communist, a faatere haere te Komiti ki Vitaly Fedorchuk, heamana o mua o te KGB rohe i roto i Ukraine.

ka Just whitu marama te Minita whakamutunga o te Interior. I roto i te Hakihea 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, tuarua tuatahi. Fedorchuk, ka mau te wahi takoto kau. I roto i te Oketopa 1988 i muri ia e Vladimir Kryuchkov, upoko o te tuatahi tino Directorate o te KGB.

mahi matau rite tiamana o te KGB noa August 18, 1991, ka whakarewahia e ia, me te tahi atu mau melo matua e whitu o te kāwanatanga Soviet te ngana tahuritanga rahua ki Mikhail Gorbachev, rangatira o te Pāti Communist i 1985 tae noa ki te whakakorenga o te rōpū Hakihea 25, 1991

Te whakahaere me te mahi o te KGB

I 1954 i timata te hītori o te KGB-FSB, te pirihimana tōrangapū o te Soviet Union, i ka mana mohiotia rite te Komiti Haumarutanga State, ka kitea e tona hanganga whakahaere taketake.

Na i reira ko he whakaiti nui i roto i tona mana i te Tāhuhu ki te komiti. Heoi, ahakoa tenei, i pupuri te KGB atu motuhake atu i te nuinga o te tahi atu tari kāwanatanga Soviet, a ko motuhake o te mana Kaunihera o Minita ki te tuku mana i roto i te USSR. Ka rite ki te Komiti State o te KGB kaimahi ōkawa ki te Kaunihera o Minita i raro i te Tūtohinga. Ko te hītori o te okana FSB haapouri e te meka i kore whakaputaina tūtohinga o te Komiti, i roto i te rerekē ki te nuinga o ētahi atu ture Soviet. He maha ngā āhuatanga o te whakahaere, Heoi, kua whakaputaina i roto i te pukapuka, me ētahi wā o te whākinga o ngaro kāwanatanga.

He he hanganga hamarara, i ngā o te komiti rite i roto i ia o nga āhua Soviet 14 KGB. I roto i te RSFSR, Heoi, kihai i te whakahaere ā-rohe. komiti haumaru tūmatanui puta noa i Russia tika awhenga ki te mana pokapū i roto i Moscow.

ārahitanga KGB faaohipa i te Peresideni, whakaaetia e te Kaunihera Hupirimi o te Tōrangapū Bureau o te whakaaturanga. Ko ia te 1-2 tuatahi me 4-6 tika whakakapi. Ratou, me ki nga upoko o etahi tari, i hanga te poari - i te tinana ki te hanga whakatau nui e pā ana ki ngā mahi a te whakahaere.

Ko te mahi matua o te KGB hipokina 4 wāhanga: tiaki kāwanatanga i tutei ke me āpiha, kite me te tūhuratanga o hara tōrangapū, me te ōhanga, te tiaki o rohe kāwanatanga me ngaro kāwanatanga. No te faatupu i mahi enei mahi i roto i te ono tari nui i 390 ki te 700 mano. Tangata.

anga whakahaere

ko 1 Matua Directorate kawenga mō ngā mahi ke katoa me te maramarama-kohikohinga. Tuhinga reira o te maha wehenga, e ngā rua whakamana nga ngā mahi (razvedpodgotovka, kohinga, me te tātari), me i rohe matawhenua o te ao. Pū o te mahi e hiahiatia ana ki te tīpako i te kaimahi tino tohu i tari katoa; taritari i te record mātauranga pai, e matau ana tetahi atu ranei reo, a mau whakapono i roto i te Māoritanga kominiusi.

2 State ki te whakarato i te mana tōrangapū ā-o tangata Soviet manene e noho ana i roto i te Soviet Union. Tenei mana ārai whakapā o diplomats ke ki nga tangata o te whenua; Kei te tūhura te reira i te tōrangapū, hara ōhanga, me te roto i te kupenga o informers; aroturukitia e ngā tūruhi me ngā ākonga ke.

whai wāhi Tuatoru State i roto i te counterintelligence hōia me te mātakitaki tōrangapū o te ope patu. Tuhinga reira o 12 wehenga, tiaki te ngā ope hōia me te paramilitary.

5 PG tahi me mahi te haumaru ā-2. Hanga i roto i te 1969 ki te mahi ki dissent tōrangapū, he reira haepapa mo te kite, me te neutralization o te pato'iraa i roto i ngā whakahaere karakia, iti motu me te whiriwhiri hinengaro (i roto i te Vol. H. o te hapori tuhituhi, me te toi).

State 8 kawenga mō kōrero kāwanatanga. I roto i te ngā whakahaere reira aroturuki o kōrero ke, i hanga ciphers whakamahia e te waeine o te KGB, ki te tuku karere ki ngā kaihoko ki waho, ki te whakawhanake i ngā taputapu haumaru kōrero.

whai wāhi State Taitapa Troops i tiaki i te rohe i runga i te whenua, me te i te moana. I wehea te reira i ki 9 nga wāhi rohe, i hipoki 67 mano. Km o nga rohe o te USSR. Ko te mau ohipa matua o nga hoia ko te whakaata o te pūmanawa o te whawhai; pehi pokarekarenga ture puta noa te rohe o iwi, patu, pahū, mea mau huna me te tuhinga Whakawhati; aroturuki o kaipuke Soviet me ke.

I tua atu ki te State ono i i te iti rawa i te torutoru atu tari, iti i roto i te rahi me te whānui:

• whai wāhi 7 i roto i te titiro, me te whakarato ngā kaimahi me te taputapu hangarau ki te aroturuki i te mahi o nga tangata ke, me te tūpato o tangata Soviet.
• 9 fakapapau'i te tiaki o te feia faatere rōpū matua, me te mau melo o to ratou utuafare i roto i te Kremlin me ētahi atu whakaurunga kāwanatanga puta noa i te whenua.
• 16 whakaratohia ki te waea, me te reo irirangi hononga whakamahia e te mana tūmatanui.

Ka rite ki te whakahaere nui, me te matatini, te KGB, i roto i te tua ki enei tari, i te taputapu whānui whakarato mahi ia rā o te whakahaere. Ko reira te tari HR, ohu, ngā kaimahi tautoko hangarau, te tari pūtea, whare pukapuka, tari whakahaere, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki te whakahaere rōpū.

Ko te heke o te KGB

August 18, titiro mai 1991 Mihaila Gorbacheva rangatira o te USSR i te dacha kāwanatanga i runga i te Moana Black i roto i te Crimea i te taha o te maha o he,, i roto i te Vol. H. Rūtene-Tianara Yuri Plekhanov, te rangatira o te mahi haumaru peresideniraa, ko Valery Boldin, upoko o te whakahaere Gorbachev, e ua e te rōpū ko reira i raro i riri. ka ui ratou ki a ia ki te rānei rihaina whakarerea te mana peresideniraa i roto i te manakohia o Vice te peresideni Gennady Yanayev ranei. I muri karapotia te kore o Gorbachev kaitiaki tona whare, e kore tuku ki a ia waiho kōrero ki te ao waho ranei.

I te wa ano i roto i Moscow "Arepa" rōpū 7 o te KGB i whakahaua ki te patu i te whare o te Russian Pāremata, ka tango i te mana ki runga i te reira. Ko te wehenga i ki te whakahaere i hāpaki piringa o te whare i runga i August 19, me te ka tomo a hopu ana 20 th me August 21 th. Anga ke ki nga tūmanako o te ngā mema o te Komiti Emergency, he rōpū ahu e Mikhail Golovatova faaoti kore ki te kawe i te mahi. faataimehia ratou i te reira tae noa kihai i haere mai i te ope pato'iraa arahina e Boris Yeltsin ki te tiaki i te whare.

I muri te kitenga i te he e ruarua whakamaheretia te tukipoto, a kore e e angitu, tamata ratou ki te whiriwhiri ki Gorbachev, nei ko ratou herehere. kihai te peresideni ki te whakatau ki ngā mema o te Komiti Emergency. i mauheretia ētahi o nga poka, a ka ka tāmia te tahuritanga.

Ko te "rōpū o waru" ko Vice-peresideni, te tiamana o te KGB, te minita korero, te Pirimia, he mema o te Kaunihera Defence, mema Kaunihera Supreme, tiamana o hinonga kāwanatanga-fatuhia o te Association, me te Minita o Internal Affairs. E whitu o ratou i mauheretia, ka mau. koperea te waru ia i roto i te upoko i mua i te hopukina.

I muri i te tukipoto, Vladimir Kryuchkov, te heamana KGB mua mō ngā tau e toru, i whakakapi e Vadim Bakatin, mahi i mua kia rite ki Minita o te Interior i 1988 ki te 1990, i huaina ka hoki te tuuraki o te Komiti Haumarutanga State. Na ka tenei tūranga te take o tona rītaha me ūnga i muri Borisa Pugo, muri tautoko te tahuritanga.

Na ka mana-nuku 24, 1991 rewa te KGB.

fanauraa

Ahakoa ōkawa mutu te KGB ki te tīariari i roto i 1991, i wehea ai ki nga wahi, e tahi mahi i te taua mahi rite te Komiti.

Foreign Ratonga Intelligence, i whakapumautia i roto i Oketopa 1991, ka mau ia ki runga i te mahi o te 1 State ki te whakahaere tāwāhi ngā mahi, kohinga, me te tātaritanga o te maramarama.

Federal Agency hoki Communications Kāwanatanga me Information hoki kua hanga i runga i te kaupapa o te Whakahaere State me 16 8, me he kawenga mo te haumarutanga o te kōrero me te tuku o te maramarama.

8-9 mano. Soldiers e kotahi whakaturia te mana 9, i piri ki te mahi haumaru Federal me te mahi haumaru o te peresideni. He kawenga mō te tiaki o te Kremlin me ngā pūtahi nui katoa o te Russian Federation enei whakahaere.

timata te hītori o te FSB o Russia raro tona ingoa reira i muri i roto i te 1993 i whakamararatia te Tāhuhu o Haumarutanga. ngā reira 75,000 iwi i tuarua, tuatoru, me te rima o te State. Te kawenga mō te haumaru ā-i roto i te Russian Federation.

Whakamua ki te mua ...

I muri maha nga tau o te wehi tangata Soviet, e wehi tonu uiui nanakia te KGB te rerenga ranei ki te mahi i roto i nga tikanga pakeke o nga puni mahi, kua mutu te Komiti Haumarutanga State ki te tīariari i raro i tona ingoa o mua. Heoi, e ora tonu maha iwi i roto i te wehi o tenei whakahaere nanakia, me te repressive. He tonu o meka taimaha te hītori o te FSB o Russia. Writers nei mahi i mohio e anti-Soviet me ko wai e kore i kite ana pukapuka i roto i te tā, i te patunga o te State 5 o te KGB. i pakaru te mau utuafare, no te i mauheretia āpiha o te Komiti, tamata ka whiua mirioni o te iwi ki te whare herehere i roto i puni mahi i roto i Siberia ranei te mate. Te nuinga o nga herehere kihai i mahia e ia te tetahi hara - ko ratou patunga o huru, he i roto i te wahi he i te wa he, e tika ana ranei ki te parau maharakore i hanga i te kāinga. i patua etahi o ratou noa no te mea o āpiha KGB i ki te ū ki te motunga, a ki te kahore he reira nui tutei i roto i to ratou mana whakahaere, ratou ka mau noa te iwi harakore, a whakamamaetia ratou tae noa tae noa whaki ratou ki hara kahore ratou i mahi i te.

E au ra te reira e kua tenei moepapa te ake. Otiia e kore e mutu te hītori o te Cheka-KGB-FSB reira. Aita i maoro a'e haehae mahere ki te whakatū i te Tāhuhu o State Haumarutanga i te pūtake o te SVR me FSB e haamana'oraa o te hanganga Stalinist o te taua ingoa, i te tikanga ki te tiaki i nga ngākau nuitanga o te rōpū te faatere.